Shellfish & crustaceans
Cherabin (freshwater prawn)
wukujuMacrobrachium species, chiefly the giant river prawn M. spinipes (formerly M. rosenbergii) and the long-arm prawn M. lar
Wukuju is the Kuku Yalanji word for 'freshwater prawn, the big one with long legs'[1]: the big river prawns that north Queenslanders call cherabin[2]. The largest, the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium spinipes), is a prized catch[3]. Its larvae must reach salt water within a week of hatching, so every wet season they drift down to the sea and the young prawns climb back up the rivers afterwards[4]. Which prawns and crayfish live where, and how people caught them, is under each place on this page.
Hann River Cape York
Possum People's country on the upper river and Thaypan (Kuku Thaypan) country downstream: stringybark and bloodwood woodland and a spring-fed sandy river that runs north-east from the Great Dividing Range, past the Peninsula Developmental Road, into Rinyirru (Lakefield) and the North Kennedy. Not Kuku Yalanji country: the Kuku Yalanji words on this page are the dictionary's, not the Hann's own languages. Place guide
Cherabin and freshwater crayfish live in the Hann. A member of the Possum group, whose country takes in the upper Hann, describes in his evidence to the Federal Court 'how he can find Cheribin and freshwater crayfish'[29]. The Atlas of Living Australia holds 12 river-prawn records from 1973 to 2022, four of them the giant river prawn, and four redclaw records from 1973 to 1984, in a box of about 90 × 85 km around the middle Hann, Laura and western Rinyirru[30]. In 1898 Roth watched hollow logs being worked for crayfish in this country[25].
Where they live here
The Atlas records from the Hann box are of the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium spinipes, 4 records), the small river prawn (M. australiense, 3), M. handschini (2) and three prawns not named to species, and of redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus, 4 records). No spiny crayfish (Euastacus) is recorded there[30].
The Hann never stops. It is fed by springs from the sandstone, and its gauge has never recorded a day without flow since 1968[31][32]. So even in the late dry there are deep holes and a clear run between them for prawns and crayfish to live in.
The year here
The Hann's flow is highest in February–March and lowest in September–November[32], and in the wet it carries on through the North Kennedy to Princess Charlotte Bay[33]. That road to salt water is what the giant river prawn's larvae need (see Seasons above). Whether the young prawns' run back upstream keeps the same calendar here as in the Daly River study is not recorded.
How people used them here
In his evidence for the Possum native title determination, a member of the Possum group 'describes fishing for barra, jewfish, catties and spotties, and how he can find Cheribin and freshwater crayfish'[29]. The Possum native title group 'is made up of a number of clans, languages and dialects which include Freshwater Crayfish, Kangaroo-Rat, Tomahawk, Wind and Crow clans'[29]; what the Freshwater Crayfish connection means belongs to that clan, and is theirs to tell. Nothing more on cherabin is published for the Thaypan, Kuku Warra or Lama Lama peoples in the sources used here.
The hollow-log trap
Roth: 'Hollow logs are in great evidence for (cray-fish), eels, and certain fish somewhat resembling "rock-cod," on the hinterland and coast-line of Princess Charlotte Bay.' He first saw it in November 1898 in the Musgrave district, 'where at one and the same time some ten or twelve lads were working these logs', and 'both on the North Kennedy, and the (lower) Normanby Rivers I passed several water-holes which showed signs — by the number of logs lying on their banks — of the manner that they had been fished in'[25]. His steps[25]:
- Throw hollow logs of paperbark or bloodwood, 4–7 feet long, into a waterhole.
- Leave them for three or four hours, or all day.
- Tread water or dive down to the log, and bring it up at an angle with one hand closing the lower end.
- Hold it above the surface and let the water trickle out through your fingers; you can tell at once whether anything is inside.
On country today
Fishing in Rinyirru. 'Recreational fishing is permitted at all camping areas' and 'Fisheries regulations apply'[34]. The Hann is on the eastern fall of the Great Dividing Range, so trap entrances are limited to 5 cm; check the official map[27].
Native title. The upper Hann is the Possum People's country[29]; the middle and lower Hann are in the Thaypan determination of November 2023, held by the Awu-Laya Indigenous Corporation[35]. Ask them before setting a trap off the park.
Upper Mitchell Western Yalanji
Western Yalanji country west of the Great Dividing Range: dry open woodland cut by the sandy, paperbark-lined upper Mitchell River, around Karma Waters and Mount Carbine. Place guide
On the upper Mitchell at Karma Waters the freshwater crustaceans on record are the smaller Macrobrachium australiense prawn and the redclaw crayfish[6].
What you will find here
Redclaw is common through the Mitchell drainage, and the small river prawn (M. australiense) is the prawn most often recorded near Mount Carbine[6].
Where they live here
Karma Waters lies on the north side of the Mitchell about 25 km west of Mount Carbine[36]. The prawn the Atlas records most often in the Mitchell drainage is the smaller Macrobrachium australiense (22 records), including Queensland Museum samples near Mount Carbine (1997 and 1998). The giant river prawn has six records in the drainage, some far downstream and some in the headwaters near Mount Molloy[6]. Redclaw is well recorded through the Mitchell drainage (32 records), including an Australian Museum record a little upstream of Karma Waters[6].
Today's way here
Visitors use a legal trap in a quiet hole, as set out in the Queensland rules under On Country today.
On country today
Native title. In 2013 the Federal Court recognised Western Yalanji native title that includes rights to hunt, fish and gather from the waters, and to take and use their natural resources[37]. Further Western Yalanji country, 170,827 ha, was recognised in August 2026[38]. On Karma Waters, ask the station and the Western Yalanji Traditional Owners before you set a trap.
At Karma Waters. Karma Waters Station falls under the earlier 1998 Western Yalanji or 'Sunset' Peoples v Pedersen consent determination, the first consent determination of native title over a pastoral property in Australia[39][40]. See the Karma Waters guide for what it covers, and ask the Traditional Owners and the station before hunting, fishing or gathering.
Eastern coast Eastern Kuku Yalanji
Eastern Kuku Yalanji country: rainforest, beaches, mangroves, reef and the short steep rivers from the Daintree to the Bloomfield and the Annan.
Bloomfield Kuku Yalanji used small freshwater prawns as bait for eels, catfish and perch[41]. The dictionary's words for prawns and crayfish were made here[1].
Where they live here
In the Daintree drainage, which includes the Bloomfield, the Atlas of Living Australia holds records of the long-arm prawn (M. lar) and the giant river prawn (M. spinipes), along with several smaller Macrobrachium prawns and two spiny crayfish, Euastacus robertsi and E. fleckeri[6]. Bloomfield people fished the inland freshwater creeks, where small freshwater prawns were a usual bait[41].
Bait
At Bloomfield, the bait for the freshwater lines that took turtle, eelfish, catfish and perch was 'generally grubs, small freshwater prawns or small frogs'[41].
Everywhere
Names
The dictionary gives wukuju as 'freshwater prawn, the big one with long legs'[1]. The general word for prawns is wakal, 'prawn, lobster'. A third crustacean word, ngajay, is 'species of small crayfish, not eaten'; the dictionary does not say which crayfish that is[1].
'Cherabin' is the north Australian English name for the big freshwater prawns, used in the Queensland fishing rules for Macrobrachium lar and M. rosenbergii[2]. The Australian prawn long called M. rosenbergii has since been recognised as its own species and renamed M. spinipes[5].
These words come from Bloomfield and Daintree speakers. Western Yalanji people on the Mitchell may use the same word or their own.
Description
Cherabin are large freshwater prawns, the 'big one with long legs' of the dictionary[1]. The giant river prawn (Macrobrachium spinipes) is Australia's native giant freshwater prawn[5], an 'iconic' species of the northern rivers[4]. It is a freshwater animal for most of its life, but closely tied to the sea: its larvae cannot survive in fresh water for more than about a week[4].
Redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus) is a freshwater crayfish, not a prawn. The Queensland rules list it separately from cherabin[2]. The spiny crayfish (Euastacus) are another group again, and are fully protected[2].
What it can be confused with
- Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus): a crayfish, not a prawn, with broad flat claws (the males with a red patch on the outer claw), a heavier body and a fan tail. The Queensland rules treat it separately from cherabin[2][6].
- The small river prawn (Macrobrachium australiense): the same shape in miniature, rarely much longer than a finger[6].
- Shrimps (Caridina and the like): tiny, translucent, in clouds in the shallows; bait, not food.
A cherabin is told by its size and by the second pair of legs, which in a big male are longer than its body, slender and blue[5].
Signs
- Eyeshine at night. Prawns are near-invisible by day and out in the open by night; a torch across an algae-covered sand bank after dark picks up a field of small bright eyes[7][4].
- Where they hide by day changes through the dry: early on, banks with cover (sticks, undercuts, roots); by mid dry, the sand banks that algae and plants have colonised; by the late dry, the big breeding males are under the rock bars and undercut banks[4].
- The run. On the lower rivers in April and May, the year's young come upstream at night by the hundreds of thousands, with young barramundi and mullet; the timing follows river flow, moon phase and the hour of the night[3][4].
- Moulted shells on the bottom and empty claws on the bank under a kingfisher's perch[8].
- Little pied cormorants on an inland pool are usually there for crustaceans[9].
Where it lives
Cherabin live in the pools and runs of rivers that reach the sea, because the larvae must get to salt water within a week of hatching[4].
In the Daly River, Northern Territory, giant river prawns used banks with plenty of sticks, undercuts and roots early in the dry season, then the algae-covered sand banks; by the end of the dry, the big breeding males held the rock bars and undercut banks[4].
Who eats whom, and when
In the waterhole, the prawn is the animal everyone else is waiting for. Mitchell River research found the pools' fish are supported by the algae and biofilm growing on sand and rock in the sunlight, and the prawn is one of the main grazers that turns that algae into meat[10]. Prawns 'featured prominently' in the diets of the pool's big-mouthed and big-bodied fish: mouth almighty, spangled perch, sooty grunter, Hyrtl's catfish, sleepy cod and barramundi[11]. A big barramundi's diet is about 40 per cent crustaceans, mostly prawns, and the giant river prawn is called a critical prey species for it[12][13]. Freshwater crocodiles of every size had shrimp in their stomachs[14]. Little pied cormorants, azure kingfishers, egrets and the black-necked stork take them from above[9][8][15]. Turtles take what they find on the bottom[16].
The prawn's answer is the dark. Like other Macrobrachium, the river prawns shut down their activity in bright light and spend the day in cover; in experiments, prawns with a predator present stayed in the refuge more and crossed open ground less[7]. They come out at night to graze the sand banks. That timetable decides who gets them: the sooty grunter, feeding by day around the rocks and runs, gets the prawns that move in daylight[17][18]; the catfish, which forages the shallows at night, and the mouth almighty and sleepy cod, which ambush at night from the weed and snags, get the prawns on the sand[19][20][21]. The crocodile hunts the edge mostly by day[22][23]. There is no safe hour, only safer places: roots, undercuts and rock.
Through the dry. The Daly River study followed one year's prawns: larvae hatched December to March drift to the sea; the juveniles run back upstream in April and May; early in the dry they live along banks with cover, then move onto the algae-covered sand banks; and by the end of the dry 'the juveniles had grown or been eaten' and the rock bars and undercut banks belong to the big breeding males[4]. As the pools contract, everything that eats prawns is crowded in with them, and fish biomass in isolated waterholes falls through the dry from short food and predation[24]. The prawn population is rebuilt each year by the wet-season flows that carry the larvae down and bring the juveniles back[3].
Seasons
The giant river prawn breeds from November to March[5]. Its life runs with the wet season. In the Daly River study, the larvae drifted downstream with the wet-season flows from December to March, because they must reach salt water within seven days of hatching. After the rains, about 14 million young prawns migrated back upstream over about six weeks, alongside barramundi and mullet[4], the main run coming in April and May[3].
On the lower Tully River, far to the south, Roth saw shrimps and prawns caught when the river was at half-flood[25].
Uses
Bait. The dictionary's word for bait is mandurr, 'bait (any kind)'[1].
Food. Prawns were eaten as well as used for bait. On the lower Tully, Roth recorded that shrimps and prawns, 'besides being utilised as bait, are eaten subsequent to baking in ginger leaves or tea-tree bark'[25]. On the Tully the bait was 'always tied onto the hook, never transfixed', and was chewed before use[25].
How they were caught and cooked
The Kuku Yalanji sources record cherabin as bait but do not describe how they were caught. The fullest accounts come from neighbours, and are labelled by district.
Lower Tully River (Mallanpara country, far south of Kuku Yalanji country)[25]:
- Pulling the water-grass. When the river is about half-flood, the women wade in and root up the bundles of water-grass with their hands, throw them on the bank, and pick out the prawns and shrimps from among the blades.
- The dilly-bag sweep. At the same half-flood, a woman holds the mouth of a dilly-bag close against one side of a grass tussock and drives the shrimps into it with a movement of her other hand on the far side.
- Scooping at the river mouth. At spring tides, when the prawns swarm so thickly that the water looks reddish, the men wade in and scoop them up in long baskets of split lawyer cane, up to 10–12 feet long.
Crayfish were caught 'with the hands, in nets, or, as on the Musgrave, etc., in logs'[25]. The log method, from the hinterland of Princess Charlotte Bay, is under the Hann River on this page.
Cooking. Wrap the prawns in wild-ginger leaves or tea-tree bark and bake them[25]. The Kuku Yalanji word for cooking on the coals is dindal, 'to roast on coals'[1].
Safety
Crocodiles. Setting and checking traps puts you at the water's edge. Follow the Crocwise rules: stand back from the edge, never lean out over the water or stand on overhanging logs, don't wade in to free a trap, and take extra care at night, dusk and dawn[26]. See the freshwater-crocodile and saltwater-crocodile entries for which crocodiles live where.
Traps. Use only legal traps, tagged with your name and address[27].
On Country today
Recreational rules (Queensland fresh waters)[2]:
- Cherabin (Macrobrachium lar and M. rosenbergii): no size limit; 10 in total.
- Redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus): no size limit; 40 within its natural range. Females carrying eggs or young must be put back.
- Spiny crayfish (Euastacus): no take.
Traps[27]:
- You may use up to 4 traps in total: canister traps, collapsible traps, dilly nets, funnel or round traps, or open-top pyramid traps.
- Tag every trap with your surname and full address. If it isn't tied to something fixed above the water, it needs a light-coloured float at least 15 cm across, marked with your surname.
- Funnel and round traps may be up to 70 cm long (funnel) or 70 cm across (round), with mesh no bigger than 25 mm.
- Entrances of up to 5 cm are legal in all Queensland fresh waters. Entrances up to 10 cm are allowed only in fresh waters west of the line that follows the Great Dividing Range and the Gore Highway. The Mitchell runs west to the Gulf, but check the official map before using the larger entrances.
- Crab pots, cast nets and spears are not allowed in fresh waters.
Native title. Under section 211 of the Native Title Act 1993, native title holders do not need a licence or permit to fish for personal, domestic or non-commercial communal needs[28]. Whose country it is, and whom to ask, is under each place on this page.
Language
wukuju 'freshwater prawn, the big one with long legs'; wakal 'prawn, lobster'; ngajay 'species of small crayfish, not eaten'; mandurr 'bait (any kind)'; kuyu 'fish'; dindal 'to roast on coals'[1].
Images
References
- Hershberger, H. D. & Hershberger, R. (1982). Kuku-Yalanji Dictionary. Work Papers of SIL-AAB, Series B, Volume 7. With Toby Bloomfield, Roy Friday, Billy Roberts, Hector and Doris Sykes, Joe Walker and others. www.sil.org/resources/archives/18038
- Queensland Government. Size and possession limits in fresh waters (web page, last updated 27 March 2026, accessed 5 October 2026). www.qld.gov.au/recreation/activities/boating-fishing/rec-fishing/rules/limits-fresh
- Charles Darwin University. 'Wet season flows crucial to Cherabin survival' (news release on P. Novak's research on Macrobrachium spinipes in the Daly River, NT; accessed 5 October 2026). www.cdu.edu.au/news/news-archive/wet-season-flows-crucial-cherabin-survival
- Charles Darwin University. 'Graduate discovers "key to cherabin survival"' (news release on P. Novak's PhD research on Macrobrachium spinipes in the Daly River, NT; accessed 5 October 2026). www.cdu.edu.au/news/news-archive/graduate-discovers-%E2%80%98key-cherabin-survival%E2%80%99
- Lober, M. (2015). Investigation of the aquaculture potential of an Australian freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium spinipes (Schenkel, 1902). MSc (Research) thesis, James Cook University. researchonline.jcu.edu.au/46193/
- Atlas of Living Australia. Occurrence records for Macrobrachium, Cherax and Euastacus in the Mitchell–Coleman Rivers and Daintree River drainage divisions, including Queensland Museum and Australian Museum records near Mount Carbine and Karma Waters (accessed 5 October 2026). biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?q=genus%3AMacrobrachium%20OR%20genus%3ACherax&fq=cl1059%3A%22MITCHELL-COLEMAN%20RIVERS%20(QLD)%22
- Lammers, J. H., Warburton, K. & Cribb, B. W. (2009). Anti-predator strategies in relation to diurnal refuge usage and exploration in the Australian freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium australiense. Journal of Crustacean Biology 29: 175–182. academic.oup.com/jcb/article/29/2/175/2547994
- Wikipedia. Azure kingfisher (Ceyx azureus). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_kingfisher
- Australian Museum. Little Pied Cormorant: feeding and diet. australian.museum/learn/animals/birds/little-pied-cormorant/
- Jardine, T. D., Hunt, R. J., Faggotter, S. J., Valdez, D., Burford, M. A. & Bunn, S. E. (2013). Carbon from periphyton supports fish biomass in waterholes of a wet–dry tropical river. River Research and Applications 29: 560–573. Mitchell River. doi.org/10.1002/rra.2554
- Jardine, T. D., Pettit, N. E., Warfe, D. M., Pusey, B. J., Ward, D. P., Douglas, M. M., Davies, P. M. & Bunn, S. E. (2012). Consumer–resource coupling in wet–dry tropical rivers. Journal of Animal Ecology 81: 310–322. Mitchell River sites sampled in the early dry season. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01925.x
- Northern Territory Government. Barramundi: what they eat, spawning and migration (fish species page). nt.gov.au/marine/recreational-fishing/types-of-fish/fish-species/barramundi
- Australian Society for Fish Biology conference 2016, oral presentation on Macrobrachium spinipes: a critical prey species for predators such as barramundi (Lates calcarifer). asfb-2016.p.asnevents.com.au/tracks/1722/abstract/38152
- Tucker, A. D., Limpus, C. J., McCallum, H. I. & McDonald, K. R. (1996). Ontogenetic dietary partitioning by Crocodylus johnstoni during the dry season. Copeia 1996(4): 978–988. 324 crocodiles stomach-flushed over three dry seasons in Queensland. doi.org/10.2307/1447669
- Australian Museum. Black-necked Stork: feeding and diet. australian.museum/learn/animals/birds/black-necked-stork/
- Petrov, K. et al. The risk of inter-specific competition in Australian short-necked turtles (Emydura, Myuchelys): omnivory, benthic invertebrates in clear water, algae and terrestrial invertebrates in turbid water. researchers.westernsydney.edu.au/en/publications/the-risk-of-inter-specific-competition-in-australian-short-necked/
- Davis, A. M., Pusey, B. J., Thorburn, D. C., Dowe, J. L., Morgan, D. L. & Burrows, D. (2010). Riparian contributions to the diet of terapontid grunters (Pisces: Terapontidae) in wet–dry tropical rivers. Journal of Fish Biology 76: 862–879. doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02541.x
- Crook, D. A., Keller, K., Adair, B. J. et al. (2021). Use of radiotelemetry to quantify diel habitat preferences and minimum environmental flow requirements of a tropical riverine fish (Sooty grunter Hephaestus fuliginosus). Ecohydrology 14: e2290. doi.org/10.1002/eco.2290
- Pusey, B. J., Kennard, M. J. & Arthington, A. H. (2004). Freshwater Fishes of North-Eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing. Hyrtl's catfish account, as summarised in the Wikipedia article 'Neosilurus hyrtlii'. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosilurus_hyrtlii
- Wikipedia. Mouth almighty (Glossamia aprion). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_almighty
- Australia New Guinea Fishes Association. Oxyeleotris lineolata, sleepy cod (species profile). rainbowfish.angfa.org.au/gudgeons/oxyeleotris_lineolata.html
- Seebacher, F., Franklin, C. E. & Read, M. (2005). Diving behaviour of a reptile (Crocodylus johnstoni) in the wild: interactions with heart rate and body temperature. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78: 1–8. doi.org/10.1086/425192
- Webb, G. J. W., Manolis, S. C. & Buckworth, R. (1982). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. I. Variation in the diet, and a new method of assessing the relative importance of prey. Australian Journal of Zoology 30: 877–899. doi.org/10.1071/ZO9820877
- Australian Society for Fish Biology conference 2018, poster: fish biomass and condition in isolated perennial waterholes of the Flinders River catchment, Queensland, through a dry season. asfb-2018.p.asnevents.com.au/days/2018-10-10/abstract/53604
- Roth, W. E. (1901). North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 3: Food — its search, capture, and preparation. Brisbane: Government Printer. Bloomfield River information from R. Hislop. — Sect. 13 'Crustaceans'; sect. 15 'Fish' (f) fish-hooks and bait, (g) hollow logs (Princess Charlotte Bay hinterland, Musgrave, North Kennedy and lower Normanby, 1898) archive.org/details/northqueensland00landgoog
- Queensland Government. Be Crocwise top tips (web page, accessed 5 October 2026). www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/animals/living-with/crocodiles/becrocwise/be-crocwise-top-tips
- Queensland Government. Fishing gear: fresh waters (web page, accessed 5 October 2026). www.qld.gov.au/recreation/activities/boating-fishing/rec-fishing/rules/equipment
- Australian Law Reform Commission. Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (DP 82), ch. 8: Relevant provisions in the Native Title Act (s 211). www.alrc.gov.au/publication/review-of-the-native-title-act-1993-dp-82/8-the-nature-and-content-of-native-title/relevant-provisions-in-the-native-title-act/
- Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 21) (Possum determination) [2023] FCA 1316 (Federal Court of Australia, 2 November 2023). — Determination area (upper Hann and Kennedy rivers); prescribed body corporate; affidavit evidence on hunting and fishing www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2023/2023fca1316
- Atlas of Living Australia. Occurrence records of Macrobrachium river prawns (12 records, 1973–2022: M. spinipes 4, M. australiense 3, M. handschini 2, unidentified 3) and freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus 4 records, 1973–1984; no Euastacus) in a box of about 90 × 85 km around the middle Hann River, Laura and western Rinyirru (lat −15.6 to −14.8, long 143.5 to 144.3), queried 28 October 2026. biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?q=genus%3AMacrobrachium&fq=decimalLatitude%3A%5B-15.6%20TO%20-14.8%5D&fq=decimalLongitude%3A%5B143.5%20TO%20144.3%5D
- Queensland Government, WetlandInfo. Normanby catchment story: physical features (springs and base flow). wetlandinfo.detsi.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/processes-systems/water/catchment-stories/normanby/norm-physical.html
- Bureau of Meteorology, Water Data Online. Station 105001B, Hann River at Sandy Creek: daily and monthly mean discharge 1968–2026 (recent data provisional), retrieved 28 October 2026. No day of zero mean flow in 20,711 days of record; mean flow highest in February–March, lowest in September–November. www.bom.gov.au/waterdata/
- Wikipedia. Hann River (Queensland) (accessed 28 October 2026). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann_River_(Queensland)
- Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Things to do: Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park (CYPAL) (web page, last updated 20 April 2020; Wayback Machine copy of 27 September 2026). — Boating and fishing parks.qld.gov.au/parks/rinyirru-lakefield/things-to-do
- Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 20) (Thaypan determination) [2023] FCA 1315 (Federal Court of Australia, 2 November 2023). — Determination area and waters; prescribed body corporate (Awu-Laya Indigenous Corporation); affidavit evidence on hunting www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2023/2023fca1315
- Karma Waters Station. About (web page, accessed 5 October 2026). www.karmawatersstation.com/about.html
- Brady on behalf of the Western Yalanji People #4 v State of Queensland [2013] FCA 958 (Logan J, 24 September 2013), determination orders 6–7. www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2013/2013fca0958
- National Indigenous Times (13 August 2026). 'Western Yalanji determination brings Cape York native title to the finish line.' nit.com.au/13-08-2026/25941/western-yalanji-determination-brings-cape-york-native-title-to-the-finish-line
- Western Yalanji Aboriginal Corporation & CRC for Developing Northern Australia (2020). Western Yalanji Land Use and Economic Diversification Plan. CC BY 4.0. — Western Yalanji story; historical timeline (Table 1); Native Title Determinations 1–4; ILUAs (Table 4); pastoral stations (Table 5); heritage sites crcna.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/westernyalanjilanduseplan_nov2020.pdf
- Karma Waters Station. About: location, native title (web page, accessed 5 October 2026). www.karmawatersstation.com/about.html
- Anderson, C. (1996). Traditional material culture of the Kuku-Yalanji of Bloomfield River, North Queensland. Records of the South Australian Museum 29(1): 63–83. — Fishing: hook and line in freshwater creeks and waterholes hdl.handle.net/2440/13994
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