A language family spreading is NOT people arriving. Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander presence in Australia is ~65,000 years. This animates a much more recent ~5,000-year LINGUISTIC expansion(Pama-Nyungan, root ~5,578 yr BP; 95% HPD ~4,456–6,967) across country that was already long populated. Every arrow is a language lineage moving through existingcommunities via contact & shift — not a migration of first peoples.

A model-inferred hypothesis from historical linguistics (Bouckaert, Bowern & Atkinson 2018; Glottolog 5.3). Tree topologyis well supported; geographic diffusion paths & dates are inferred and uncertain. Method & sources