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Pama-Nyungan

Wiradhuri

Autonym candidate: Berrembeel unverified — from alt-names· 99 name candidates recorded

Comprehensivenearly extinct· AES 5LocatedIn the dated tree

Classification

Glottolog family tree

Country & location

Glottolog point

-34.0742, 145.9940

Provenance: glottolog

A point locates a language for reference; it never represents the full extent of a people’s Country.

Grammar profile

19 coded · 56 unknown

14 Grambank 75 coded features in total across 70 Grambank, 5 AUS extension.

Grambank’s 195 variables are a cross-linguistic baseline— a fixed questionnaire asked of every language — not “the grammar” of Wiradhuri. Read each cell as an answer to a standard typological question. Compare languages in the grammar lens →

Showing 75 of 75 coded features.

Grambank

70 features
Clause and Syntax12
  • Order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase: 1=Numeral-Noun, 2=Noun-Numeral, 3=both orders occur.

    Grambank GB024

    unknown
  • Unmarked order of S and V in intransitive clauses: 1=SV, 2=VS, 3=both.

    Grambank GB130

    unknown
  • Whether the language has clause chaining (long strings of dependent clauses + one final finite verb).

    Grambank GB150

    unknown
  • Whether there is a morphological simultaneous-vs-sequential clause distinction.

    Grambank GB152

    present
  • Whether yes/no questions can be marked by intonation alone.

    Grambank GB257

    unknown
  • Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a special word order.

    Grambank GB260

    unknown
  • Whether content interrogatives normally stay in situ (not fronted).

    Grambank GB326

    absent
  • Whether a relative clause can follow its head noun.

    Grambank GB327

    unknown
  • Whether a relative clause can precede its head noun.

    Grambank GB328

    unknown
  • Whether there are internally-headed relative clauses.

    Grambank GB329

    unknown
  • Whether there are correlative relative clauses.

    Grambank GB330

    unknown
  • Whether there are non-adjacent (extraposed) relative clauses.

    Grambank GB331

    unknown
Demonstrative1
  • Whether demonstratives make three or more distance contrasts (e.g. near/mid/far).

    Grambank GB035

    absent
Nominal16
  • Whether indefinite nominals commonly take an indefinite article (like English 'a/an').

    Grambank GB021

    absent
  • Order of an adnominal demonstrative ('this/that') and noun: 1=Dem-Noun, 2=Noun-Dem, 3=both.

    Grambank GB025

    unknown
  • Whether an action/state noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'run' -> 'running').

    Grambank GB047

    unknown
  • Whether an agent noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'teach' -> 'teacher').

    Grambank GB048

    present
  • Whether an object/result noun can be productively derived from a verb.

    Grambank GB049

    unknown
  • Whether the language has numeral classifiers (a sortal element required when counting).

    Grambank GB057

    unknown
  • Whether the language has possessive classifiers.

    Grambank GB058

    unknown
  • Unmarked order of possessor noun and possessed noun: 1=Possessor-Possessed, 2=Possessed-Possessor, 3=both.

    Grambank GB065

    unknown
  • Whether an adjective-like property word can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

    Grambank GB170

    absent
  • Order of adjective-like property word and noun: 0=not used attributively, 1=Adj-N, 2=N-Adj, 3=both.

    Grambank GB193

    unknown
  • Whether there is a clause-initial yes/no question particle.

    Grambank GB262

    unknown
  • Whether there is a clause-final yes/no question particle.

    Grambank GB263

    unknown
  • Whether there is a yes/no question particle sitting neither clause-initially nor clause-finally.

    Grambank GB264

    unknown
  • Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a question particle plus verbal morphology.

    Grambank GB285

    unknown
  • Whether standard negation can be marked by a non-inflecting negative particle.

    Grambank GB299

    unknown
  • Whether plural number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

    Grambank GB318

    unknown
Numerals2
  • Whether the numeral system is decimal (base 10).

    Grambank GB333

    absent
  • Whether there is any synchronic evidence of a quinary (base 5) element.

    Grambank GB334

    absent
Other8
  • Whether noun-conjoining ('X and Y') and comitative ('X with Y') use different markers.

    Grambank GB027

    unknown
  • Whether there is productive overt singular marking on nouns.

    Grambank GB042

    unknown
  • Whether the language has prepositions.

    Grambank GB074

    unknown
  • Whether the language has postpositions.

    Grambank GB075

    unknown
  • Whether the recipient of a ditransitive ('give') can be marked like a monotransitive object.

    Grambank GB105

    unknown
  • Whether there is grammatical marking of direct (sensory) evidence.

    Grambank GB322

    unknown
  • Whether there is grammatical marking of indirect evidence (hearsay, inference).

    Grambank GB323

    unknown
  • Whether there is a politeness (T/V) distinction in 2nd-person forms.

    Grambank GB415

    unknown
Pronoun2
  • Whether the pronoun system distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive ('we excl. you').

    Grambank GB028

    present
  • Whether there is a phonologically independent reflexive pronoun.

    Grambank GB305

    unknown
Verb and Valency29
  • Whether core adjectives behave like verbs when used as a predicate ('the dog is big' patterns like 'the dog runs').

    Grambank GB068

    unknown
  • Whether there is a dedicated overt future-tense marker on the verb.

    Grambank GB084

    unknown
  • Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

    Grambank GB091

    unknown
  • Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

    Grambank GB092

    unknown
  • Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

    Grambank GB093

    unknown
  • Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

    Grambank GB094

    unknown
  • Whether there is a benefactive applicative marker on the verb ('do X for someone').

    Grambank GB103

    unknown
  • Whether there is an instrumental applicative marker on the verb ('do X with an instrument').

    Grambank GB104

    unknown
  • Whether verbs carry directional or locative morphology (associated-motion-type marking).

    Grambank GB108

    unknown
  • Whether verbs are suppletive for participant number (different root for singular vs plural participant).

    Grambank GB109

    unknown
  • Whether verbs are suppletive for tense or aspect.

    Grambank GB110

    absent
  • Whether there are verbal affixes/clitics that transitivize intransitive verbs (causative-like).

    Grambank GB113

    unknown
  • Whether there is a bound (affixal) reflexive marker on the verb.

    Grambank GB114

    present
  • Whether there is a bound (affixal) reciprocal marker on the verb.

    Grambank GB115

    present
  • Whether there are serial verb constructions (two+ verbs in one clause without a linker).

    Grambank GB118

    unknown
  • Whether verb compounding is a regular process.

    Grambank GB122

    unknown
  • Whether there are verb-adjunct (light-verb / coverb) constructions.

    Grambank GB123

    unknown
  • Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

    Grambank GB124

    unknown
  • Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-initial.

    Grambank GB131

    unknown
  • Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-medial.

    Grambank GB132

    unknown
  • Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-final.

    Grambank GB133

    unknown
  • Whether the order of core (S/A/P) constituents is fixed.

    Grambank GB136

    unknown
  • Whether prohibitive (negative imperative) negation differs from declarative negation.

    Grambank GB139

    unknown
  • Whether there is a morphological passive marked on the lexical verb.

    Grambank GB147

    absent
  • Whether there is a morphological antipassive marked on the lexical verb.

    Grambank GB148

    unknown
  • Whether there is a switch-reference marker (signals same/different subject across clauses).

    Grambank GB151

    unknown
  • Whether yes/no questions can be marked by verbal morphology alone.

    Grambank GB286

    unknown
  • Whether standard negation can be marked by an inflecting negative auxiliary verb.

    Grambank GB298

    unknown
  • Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing distance in time (e.g. recent vs remote past).

    Grambank GB309

    present

AUS extension

5 features
Demonstrative1
  • Number of distance contrasts (2, 3+ deictic terms).

    AUS extension AUX023

    two
Numerals1
  • Base of the numeral system: decimal, quinary, vigesimal, body-part tally, or restricted (many Australian languages have very small numeral systems).

    AUS extension AUX043

    restricted/none
Valency2
  • A phonologically bound reflexive marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -ji-).

    AUS extension AUX031

    yes
  • A phonologically bound reciprocal marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -wa-).

    AUS extension AUX032

    yes
Verb1
  • Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing temporal distance (e.g. recent vs remote past) — common in Australian languages.

    AUS extension AUX027

    yes

Dictionary & lexicon

Open lexical resource available — 212 entries, open licence, not yet ingested here.

English Wiktionary — Category:Wiradjuri lemmas

Deep-time position

Bouckaert 2018 tree
Divergence from nearest relative
~1,480 yr BP
95% HPD 9132,183 BP

Dates the LANGUAGE lineage (Bouckaert 2018 BEAST tree), NOT a population arrival.

Trace this lineage in the deep-time spread

Codes & sources

Per-facet provenance

Classification
Glottolog 5.3 CLDF (CC-BY-4.0)
Coordinates
Glottolog 5.3 (CC-BY-4.0)
Endangerment
Glottolog AES (CC-BY-4.0)
Grammar
Grambank v1.0.3 / WALS 2020.4 (CC-BY-4.0)
Lexicon
CC-BY-SA-4.0
Deep-time
Bouckaert, Bowern & Atkinson 2018 (Phlorest CLDF, CC-BY-4.0)
Identifiers
Glottolog 5.3 + AIATSIS AUSTLANG

Data-completeness for this profile: name, any id, glottocode, iso639 3, austlang, classification chain, coordinates real, coordinates any, endangerment, grammar profile, lexicon data, deep time dated, autonym candidate. Autonyms are unverified candidates drawn from alt-name lists; coordinates carry a provenance flag; a spreading language lineage is not a moving population. Coverage tier: Comprehensive.