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Pama-Nyungan

Yuwaalaraay-Gamilaraay

Autonym candidate: Cam ell eri unverified — from alt-names· 62 name candidates recorded

Comprehensivenearly extinct· AES 5LocatedIn the dated tree

Classification

Glottolog family tree

Country & location

Glottolog point

-29.9037, 149.5430

Provenance: glottolog

A point locates a language for reference; it never represents the full extent of a people’s Country.

Grammar profile

55 coded · 0 unknown

46 WALS — 55 coded features in total across 46 WALS, 9 AUS extension.

Grambank’s 195 variables are a cross-linguistic baseline— a fixed questionnaire asked of every language — not “the grammar” of Yuwaalaraay-Gamilaraay. Read each cell as an answer to a standard typological question. Compare languages in the grammar lens →

Showing 55 of 55 coded features.

WALS

46 features
Lexicon1

  • Tea

    WALS 138A

    Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te
Morphology1

  • Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

    WALS 26A

    Strongly suffixing
Nominal Categories7

  • Coding of Nominal Plurality

    WALS 33A

    Plural suffix

  • Definite Articles

    WALS 37A

    Demonstrative word used as definite article

  • Indefinite Articles

    WALS 38A

    No indefinite, but definite article

  • Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan

    WALS 39B

    Inclusive and exclusive differentiated

  • Indefinite Pronouns

    WALS 46A

    Interrogative-based

  • Position of Case Affixes

    WALS 51A

    Case suffixes

  • Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

    WALS 57A

    No possessive affixes
Phonology4

  • Fixed Stress Locations

    WALS 14A

    No fixed stress

  • Weight-Sensitive Stress

    WALS 15A

    Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere

  • Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems

    WALS 16A

    Long vowel

  • Rhythm Types

    WALS 17A

    Dual: both trochaic and iambic
Simple Clauses8

  • Expression of Pronominal Subjects

    WALS 101A

    Optional pronouns in subject position

  • Periphrastic Causative Constructions

    WALS 110A

    Purposive but no sequential

  • Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions

    WALS 111A

    Morphological but no compound

  • Negative Morphemes

    WALS 112A

    Negative particle

  • Polar Questions

    WALS 116A

    Question particle

  • Predicative Adjectives

    WALS 118A

    Nonverbal encoding

  • Nominal and Locational Predication

    WALS 119A

    Different

  • Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals

    WALS 120A

    Possible
Verbal Categories1

  • Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes

    WALS 69A

    Tense-aspect suffixes
Word order24

  • Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb

    WALS 143A

    NegV

  • Preverbal Negative Morphemes

    WALS 143E

    NegV

  • Postverbal Negative Morphemes

    WALS 143F

    None

  • Minor morphological means of signaling negation

    WALS 143G

    None

  • Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb

    WALS 144A

    NegSOV

  • Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb

    WALS 144B

    Beginning, not immed preverbal

  • The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages

    WALS 144L

    NegSOV

  • NegSOV Order

    WALS 144P

    NoDoubleNeg

  • SNegOV Order

    WALS 144Q

    No SNegOV

  • SONegV Order

    WALS 144R

    No SONegV

  • SOVNeg Order

    WALS 144S

    NoSOVNeg

  • Order of Subject, Object and Verb

    WALS 81A

    SOV

  • Order of Subject and Verb

    WALS 82A

    SV

  • Order of Object and Verb

    WALS 83A

    OV

  • Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

    WALS 85A

    No adpositions

  • Order of Genitive and Noun

    WALS 86A

    No dominant order

  • Order of Adjective and Noun

    WALS 87A

    Adjective-Noun

  • Order of Demonstrative and Noun

    WALS 88A

    Demonstrative-Noun

  • Order of Relative Clause and Noun

    WALS 90A

    Internally headed

  • Internally-headed relative clauses

    WALS 90D

    Internally-headed relative clause dominant

  • Position of Polar Question Particles

    WALS 92A

    Initial

  • Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

    WALS 93A

    Initial interrogative phrase

  • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun

    WALS 96A

    Other

  • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

    WALS 97A

    OV and AdjN

AUS extension

9 features
Case1

  • Where case marking sits: suffix, prefix, clitic, tone, stem change.

    AUS extension AUX007

    suffix
Negation1

  • How declarative clauses are negated: affix, particle, negative auxiliary, etc.

    AUS extension AUX036

    particle
Number1

  • How nominal plural is coded: suffix, prefix, reduplication, plural word, clitic, none.

    AUS extension AUX017

    suffix
Pronoun1

  • Whether interrogatives ('who/what') double as indefinites ('someone/something') — an 'ignorative' series. Partially derivable from WALS Indefinite Pronouns (interrogative-based).

    AUS extension AUX051

    yes
Pronoun-Marking2

  • How pronominal subjects are expressed: obligatory free pronoun, subject affix on the verb, clitic on a variable host (e.g. second position / auxiliary), etc.

    AUS extension AUX010

    optional-free

  • Whether bound pronouns form a clitic cluster on a variable (typically second-position/auxiliary) host rather than being fixed to the verb.

    AUS extension AUX011

    no
Syntax2

  • Dominant order of subject, object and verb (often 'no dominant order' in free-word-order Australian languages).

    AUS extension AUX038

    SOV

  • Prepositions vs postpositions vs no dominant adpositions.

    AUS extension AUX039

    no-adpositions
Verb1

  • Where TAM inflection sits on the verb: prefix, suffix, tone, mixed, none.

    AUS extension AUX026

    suffix

Dictionary & lexicon

Open lexical resource available — 608 entries, open licence, not yet ingested here.

English Wiktionary — Category:Gamilaraay lemmas

Deep-time position

Bouckaert 2018 tree
Divergence from nearest relative
~467 yr BP
95% HPD 281–727 BP

Dates the LANGUAGE lineage (Bouckaert 2018 BEAST tree), NOT a population arrival.

Trace this lineage in the deep-time spread

Codes & sources

Identifiers

Glottolog gami1243ISO 639-3 kldAUSTLANG D15AUSTLANG D23AUSTLANG D27AUSTLANG D28AUSTLANG D39AUSTLANG D54AUSTLANG D55AUSTLANG D65AUSTLANG D66

Per-facet provenance

Classification
Glottolog 5.3 CLDF (CC-BY-4.0)
Coordinates
Glottolog 5.3 (CC-BY-4.0)
Endangerment
Glottolog AES (CC-BY-4.0)
Grammar
Grambank v1.0.3 / WALS 2020.4 (CC-BY-4.0)
Lexicon
CC-BY-SA-4.0
Deep-time
Bouckaert, Bowern & Atkinson 2018 (Phlorest CLDF, CC-BY-4.0)
Identifiers
Glottolog 5.3 + AIATSIS AUSTLANG

Data-completeness for this profile: name, any id, glottocode, iso639 3, austlang, classification chain, coordinates real, coordinates any, endangerment, grammar profile, lexicon data, deep time dated, autonym candidate. Autonyms are unverified candidates drawn from alt-name lists; coordinates carry a provenance flag; a spreading language lineage is not a moving population. Coverage tier: Comprehensive.