Eastern Arrernte

Order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase: 1=Numeral-Noun, 2=Noun-Numeral, 3=both orders occur.

Grambank GB024

Unmarked order of S and V in intransitive clauses: 1=SV, 2=VS, 3=both.

Grambank GB130

Whether the language has clause chaining (long strings of dependent clauses + one final finite verb).

Grambank GB150

Whether there is a morphological simultaneous-vs-sequential clause distinction.

Grambank GB152

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by intonation alone.

Grambank GB257

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a special word order.

Grambank GB260

Whether content interrogatives normally stay in situ (not fronted).

Grambank GB326

Whether a relative clause can follow its head noun.

Grambank GB327

Whether a relative clause can precede its head noun.

Grambank GB328

Whether there are internally-headed relative clauses.

Grambank GB329

Whether there are correlative relative clauses.

Grambank GB330

Whether there are non-adjacent (extraposed) relative clauses.

Grambank GB331

Whether demonstratives make three or more distance contrasts (e.g. near/mid/far).

Grambank GB035

Whether the language has a definite or specific article (a grammatical word like English 'the').

Grambank GB020

Whether indefinite nominals commonly take an indefinite article (like English 'a/an').

Grambank GB021

Order of an adnominal demonstrative ('this/that') and noun: 1=Dem-Noun, 2=Noun-Dem, 3=both.

Grambank GB025

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark a gender distinction (he vs she).

Grambank GB030

Whether there is an associative plural marker ('X and those associated with X').

Grambank GB046

Whether an action/state noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'run' -> 'running').

Grambank GB047

Whether an agent noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'teach' -> 'teacher').

Grambank GB048

Whether an object/result noun can be productively derived from a verb.

Grambank GB049

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses biological sex as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB051

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses shape as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB052

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses animacy as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB053

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses plant status as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB054

Whether the language has numeral classifiers (a sortal element required when counting).

Grambank GB057

Whether the language has possessive classifiers.

Grambank GB058

Whether the possessive construction differs for alienable vs inalienable nouns (e.g. 'my dog' vs 'my hand').

Grambank GB059

Unmarked order of possessor noun and possessed noun: 1=Possessor-Possessed, 2=Possessed-Possessor, 3=both.

Grambank GB065

Whether nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB159

Whether an adjective-like property word can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB170

Whether an adnominal demonstrative can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB171

Whether an article can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB172

Whether a noun's phonological shape is a factor in gender/class assignment.

Grambank GB192

Order of adjective-like property word and noun: 0=not used attributively, 1=Adj-N, 2=N-Adj, 3=both.

Grambank GB193

Whether standard negation can be marked by a non-inflecting negative particle.

Grambank GB299

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessor.

Grambank GB430

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB431

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessor.

Grambank GB432

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB433

Whether mood can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB519

Whether aspect can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB520

Whether tense can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB521

Whether the numeral system is decimal (base 10).

Grambank GB333

Whether there is any synchronic evidence of a quinary (base 5) element.

Grambank GB334

Whether noun-conjoining ('X and Y') and comitative ('X with Y') use different markers.

Grambank GB027

Whether more than three nouns are suppletive for number (a different root for singular vs plural).

Grambank GB041

Whether there is productive overt singular marking on nouns.

Grambank GB042

Whether the language has prepositions.

Grambank GB074

Whether the recipient of a ditransitive ('give') can be marked like a monotransitive object.

Grambank GB105

Whether there is grammatical marking of direct (sensory) evidence.

Grambank GB322

Whether there is grammatical marking of indirect evidence (hearsay, inference).

Grambank GB323

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows accusative alignment.

Grambank GB408

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows ergative alignment.

Grambank GB409

Whether there is a politeness (T/V) distinction in 2nd-person forms.

Grambank GB415

Whether the pronoun system distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive ('we excl. you').

Grambank GB028

Whether there is a phonologically independent reflexive pronoun.

Grambank GB305

Whether core adjectives behave like verbs when used as a predicate ('the dog is big' patterns like 'the dog runs').

Grambank GB068

Whether non-pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB070

Whether there is a dedicated overt past-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB083

Whether verbs make a perfective-vs-imperfective aspect distinction morphologically.

Grambank GB086

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB089

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB090

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB091

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB092

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB093

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB094

Whether there is a benefactive applicative marker on the verb ('do X for someone').

Grambank GB103

Whether there is an instrumental applicative marker on the verb ('do X with an instrument').

Grambank GB104

Whether standard negation can be marked by an affix, clitic, or verb modification.

Grambank GB107

Whether verbs carry directional or locative morphology (associated-motion-type marking).

Grambank GB108

Whether verbs are suppletive for participant number (different root for singular vs plural participant).

Grambank GB109

Whether verbs are suppletive for tense or aspect.

Grambank GB110

Whether there are verbal affixes/clitics that transitivize intransitive verbs (causative-like).

Grambank GB113

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reflexive marker on the verb.

Grambank GB114

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reciprocal marker on the verb.

Grambank GB115

Whether there is a copula for predicate nominals ('X is a Y').

Grambank GB117

Whether there are serial verb constructions (two+ verbs in one clause without a linker).

Grambank GB118

Whether verb compounding is a regular process.

Grambank GB122

Whether there are verb-adjunct (light-verb / coverb) constructions.

Grambank GB123

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

Grambank GB124

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-initial.

Grambank GB131

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-medial.

Grambank GB132

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-final.

Grambank GB133

Whether the order of core (S/A/P) constituents is fixed.

Grambank GB136

Whether prohibitive (negative imperative) negation differs from declarative negation.

Grambank GB139

Whether there is a morphological passive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB147

Whether there is a morphological antipassive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB148

Whether there is a morphological inverse marker on the verb.

Grambank GB149

Whether there is a switch-reference marker (signals same/different subject across clauses).

Grambank GB151

Whether causatives are formed by affixes/clitics on the verb.

Grambank GB155

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by verbal morphology alone.

Grambank GB286

Whether standard negation can be marked by an inflecting negative auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB298

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing distance in time (e.g. recent vs remote past).

Grambank GB309

'Want' Complement Subjects

WALS 124A

Hand and Arm

WALS 129A

Finger and Hand

WALS 130A

Cultural Categories of Languages with Identity of 'Finger' and 'Hand'

WALS 130B

M-T Pronouns

WALS 136A

M in First Person Singular

WALS 136B

N-M Pronouns

WALS 137A

M in Second Person Singular

WALS 137B

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives

WALS 20A

Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives

WALS 21A

Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection

WALS 21B

Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb

WALS 22A

Locus of Marking in the Clause

WALS 23A

Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases

WALS 24A

Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology

WALS 25A

Zero Marking of A and P Arguments

WALS 25B

Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

WALS 26A

Reduplication

WALS 27A

Coding of Nominal Plurality

WALS 33A

Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

WALS 34A

Definite Articles

WALS 37A

Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan

WALS 39B

Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives

WALS 41A

Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

WALS 42A

Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

WALS 43A

Indefinite Pronouns

WALS 46A

Position of Case Affixes

WALS 51A

Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

WALS 57A

Obligatory Possessive Inflection

WALS 58A

Number of Possessive Nouns

WALS 58B

Possessive Classification

WALS 59A

Noun Phrase Conjunction

WALS 63A

Nominal and Verbal Conjunction

WALS 64A

Front Rounded Vowels

WALS 11A

Syllable Structure

WALS 12A

Tone

WALS 13A

Absence of Common Consonants

WALS 18A

Presence of Uncommon Consonants

WALS 19A

Consonant Inventories

WALS 1A

Vowel Quality Inventories

WALS 2A

Consonant-Vowel Ratio

WALS 3A

Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives

WALS 4A

Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems

WALS 5A

Uvular Consonants

WALS 6A

Glottalized Consonants

WALS 7A

Lateral Consonants

WALS 8A

Expression of Pronominal Subjects

WALS 101A

Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'

WALS 105A

Negative Morphemes

WALS 112A

Polar Questions

WALS 116A

Predicative Possession

WALS 117A

Predicative Adjectives

WALS 118A

Nominal and Locational Predication

WALS 119A

Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals

WALS 120A

Comparative Constructions

WALS 121A

Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes

WALS 69A

Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb

WALS 143A

Preverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143E

Postverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143F

Minor morphological means of signaling negation

WALS 143G

Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb

WALS 144A

The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages

WALS 144L

NegSOV Order

WALS 144P

SNegOV Order

WALS 144Q

SONegV Order

WALS 144R

SOVNeg Order

WALS 144S

Order of Subject, Object and Verb

WALS 81A

Order of Subject and Verb

WALS 82A

Order of Object and Verb

WALS 83A

Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

WALS 85A

Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 87A

Order of Demonstrative and Noun

WALS 88A

Order of Numeral and Noun

WALS 89A

Order of Relative Clause and Noun

WALS 90A

Postnominal relative clauses

WALS 90C

Position of Polar Question Particles

WALS 92A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

WALS 95A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun

WALS 96A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 97A

Where case marking sits: suffix, prefix, clitic, tone, stem change.

AUS extension AUX007

Whether both non-pronominal core arguments and pronominal core arguments carry case (so case can differ by word class).

AUS extension AUX008

How 'X has Y' is expressed: locational, genitive, topic, conjunctional, or a 'have' verb.

AUS extension AUX045

How comparison of inequality is expressed: locational standard, 'exceed', conjoined, particle.

AUS extension AUX046

Number of distance contrasts (2, 3+ deictic terms).

AUS extension AUX023

How declarative clauses are negated: affix, particle, negative auxiliary, etc.

AUS extension AUX036

Whether the prohibitive (negative imperative) uses a different construction from declarative negation.

AUS extension AUX037

How nominal plural is coded: suffix, prefix, reduplication, plural word, clitic, none.

AUS extension AUX017

Base of the numeral system: decimal, quinary, vigesimal, body-part tally, or restricted (many Australian languages have very small numeral systems).

AUS extension AUX043

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark gender (he/she).

AUS extension AUX024

How pronominal subjects are expressed: obligatory free pronoun, subject affix on the verb, clitic on a variable host (e.g. second position / auxiliary), etc.

AUS extension AUX010

Whether bound pronouns form a clitic cluster on a variable (typically second-position/auxiliary) host rather than being fixed to the verb.

AUS extension AUX011

Whether the transitive subject (A) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX012

Whether the transitive object (P) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX013

Dominant order of subject, object and verb (often 'no dominant order' in free-word-order Australian languages).

AUS extension AUX038

Prepositions vs postpositions vs no dominant adpositions.

AUS extension AUX039

A verb marker signalling same/different subject across clauses.

AUS extension AUX040

Chains of dependent (medial) clauses closed by one finite verb.

AUS extension AUX041

A phonologically bound reflexive marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -ji-).

AUS extension AUX031

A phonologically bound reciprocal marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -wa-).

AUS extension AUX032

A morphological antipassive on the lexical verb (demotes P; salient in ergative languages).

AUS extension AUX034

Whether causatives are formed by an affix/clitic on the verb.

AUS extension AUX035

Where TAM inflection sits on the verb: prefix, suffix, tone, mixed, none.

AUS extension AUX026

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing temporal distance (e.g. recent vs remote past) — common in Australian languages.

AUS extension AUX027

Directional or locative morphology on the verb. NOTE: true associated-motion systems (coming/going while V-ing) are a fine Australianist category that open datasets do not isolate; this uses Grambank's broader directional/locative-on-verb feature as a proxy.

AUS extension AUX028

Whether a verb uses a different root for singular vs plural participant (e.g. 'go.sg' vs 'go.pl').

AUS extension AUX029

Whether reduplication is productive and of what kind (full/partial).

AUS extension AUX030

Whether predicates are built from an uninflecting coverb + a small closed class of inflecting light verbs (widespread in non-Pama-Nyungan Australia).

AUS extension AUX052

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

AUS extension AUX053