Jaru

Order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase: 1=Numeral-Noun, 2=Noun-Numeral, 3=both orders occur.

Grambank GB024

Unmarked order of S and V in intransitive clauses: 1=SV, 2=VS, 3=both.

Grambank GB130

Whether the language has clause chaining (long strings of dependent clauses + one final finite verb).

Grambank GB150

Whether there is a morphological simultaneous-vs-sequential clause distinction.

Grambank GB152

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by intonation alone.

Grambank GB257

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a special word order.

Grambank GB260

Whether content interrogatives normally stay in situ (not fronted).

Grambank GB326

Whether a relative clause can follow its head noun.

Grambank GB327

Whether a relative clause can precede its head noun.

Grambank GB328

Whether there are internally-headed relative clauses.

Grambank GB329

Whether demonstratives make three or more distance contrasts (e.g. near/mid/far).

Grambank GB035

Whether the language has a definite or specific article (a grammatical word like English 'the').

Grambank GB020

Whether indefinite nominals commonly take an indefinite article (like English 'a/an').

Grambank GB021

Order of an adnominal demonstrative ('this/that') and noun: 1=Dem-Noun, 2=Noun-Dem, 3=both.

Grambank GB025

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark a gender distinction (he vs she).

Grambank GB030

Whether there is an associative plural marker ('X and those associated with X').

Grambank GB046

Whether an action/state noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'run' -> 'running').

Grambank GB047

Whether an agent noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'teach' -> 'teacher').

Grambank GB048

Whether an object/result noun can be productively derived from a verb.

Grambank GB049

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses biological sex as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB051

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses shape as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB052

Whether the language has numeral classifiers (a sortal element required when counting).

Grambank GB057

Whether the language has possessive classifiers.

Grambank GB058

Whether the possessive construction differs for alienable vs inalienable nouns (e.g. 'my dog' vs 'my hand').

Grambank GB059

Unmarked order of possessor noun and possessed noun: 1=Possessor-Possessed, 2=Possessed-Possessor, 3=both.

Grambank GB065

Whether verbs undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB158

Whether nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB159

Whether words other than verbs or nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB160

Whether an adjective-like property word can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB170

Order of adjective-like property word and noun: 0=not used attributively, 1=Adj-N, 2=N-Adj, 3=both.

Grambank GB193

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a question particle plus verbal morphology.

Grambank GB285

Whether standard negation can be marked by a non-inflecting negative particle.

Grambank GB299

Whether plural number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

Grambank GB318

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessor.

Grambank GB430

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB431

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessor.

Grambank GB432

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB433

Whether mood can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB519

Whether aspect can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB520

Whether tense can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB521

Whether the numeral system is decimal (base 10).

Grambank GB333

Whether there is any synchronic evidence of a quinary (base 5) element.

Grambank GB334

Whether noun-conjoining ('X and Y') and comitative ('X with Y') use different markers.

Grambank GB027

Whether there is productive overt singular marking on nouns.

Grambank GB042

Whether the language has prepositions.

Grambank GB074

Whether there is grammatical marking of direct (sensory) evidence.

Grambank GB322

Whether there is grammatical marking of indirect evidence (hearsay, inference).

Grambank GB323

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows accusative alignment.

Grambank GB408

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows ergative alignment.

Grambank GB409

Whether there is a politeness (T/V) distinction in 2nd-person forms.

Grambank GB415

Whether the pronoun system distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive ('we excl. you').

Grambank GB028

Whether there is a phonologically independent reflexive pronoun.

Grambank GB305

Whether core adjectives behave like verbs when used as a predicate ('the dog is big' patterns like 'the dog runs').

Grambank GB068

Whether non-pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB070

Whether there is a dedicated overt past-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB083

Whether there is a dedicated overt future-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB084

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB089

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB090

Whether there is a benefactive applicative marker on the verb ('do X for someone').

Grambank GB103

Whether there is an instrumental applicative marker on the verb ('do X with an instrument').

Grambank GB104

Whether standard negation can be marked by an affix, clitic, or verb modification.

Grambank GB107

Whether verbs carry directional or locative morphology (associated-motion-type marking).

Grambank GB108

Whether verbs are suppletive for participant number (different root for singular vs plural participant).

Grambank GB109

Whether verbs are suppletive for tense or aspect.

Grambank GB110

Whether there are verbal affixes/clitics that transitivize intransitive verbs (causative-like).

Grambank GB113

Whether there is a copula for predicate nominals ('X is a Y').

Grambank GB117

Whether there are serial verb constructions (two+ verbs in one clause without a linker).

Grambank GB118

Whether mood can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB119

Whether aspect can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB120

Whether tense can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB121

Whether verb compounding is a regular process.

Grambank GB122

Whether there are verb-adjunct (light-verb / coverb) constructions.

Grambank GB123

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

Grambank GB124

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-initial.

Grambank GB131

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-medial.

Grambank GB132

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-final.

Grambank GB133

Whether the order of core (S/A/P) constituents is fixed.

Grambank GB136

Whether prohibitive (negative imperative) negation differs from declarative negation.

Grambank GB139

Whether there is a morphological passive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB147

Whether there is a morphological antipassive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB148

Whether there is a morphological inverse marker on the verb.

Grambank GB149

Whether there is a switch-reference marker (signals same/different subject across clauses).

Grambank GB151

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by verbal morphology alone.

Grambank GB286

Whether standard negation can be marked by an inflecting negative auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB298

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing distance in time (e.g. recent vs remote past).

Grambank GB309

Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

WALS 26A

Reduplication

WALS 27A

Number of Genders

WALS 30A

Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems

WALS 31A

Systems of Gender Assignment

WALS 32A

Coding of Nominal Plurality

WALS 33A

Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

WALS 35A

Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan

WALS 39B

Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives

WALS 41A

Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

WALS 42A

Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

WALS 43A

Indefinite Pronouns

WALS 46A

Position of Case Affixes

WALS 51A

Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

WALS 57A

Fixed Stress Locations

WALS 14A

Weight-Sensitive Stress

WALS 15A

Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems

WALS 16A

Rhythm Types

WALS 17A

Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'

WALS 105A

Reciprocal Constructions

WALS 106A

Antipassive Constructions

WALS 108A

Productivity of the Antipassive Construction

WALS 108B

Periphrastic Causative Constructions

WALS 110A

Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions

WALS 111A

Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes

WALS 69A

Order of Subject, Object and Verb

WALS 81A

Order of Subject and Verb

WALS 82A

Order of Object and Verb

WALS 83A

Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb

WALS 84A

Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 87A

Order of Demonstrative and Noun

WALS 88A

Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

WALS 93A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

WALS 95A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun

WALS 96A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 97A

Where case marking sits: suffix, prefix, clitic, tone, stem change.

AUS extension AUX007

Whether both non-pronominal core arguments and pronominal core arguments carry case (so case can differ by word class).

AUS extension AUX008

Number of distance contrasts (2, 3+ deictic terms).

AUS extension AUX023

Count of gender / noun-class categories.

AUS extension AUX021

Whether the gender system is sex-based or non-sex-based (or absent).

AUS extension AUX022

Whether the prohibitive (negative imperative) uses a different construction from declarative negation.

AUS extension AUX037

How nominal plural is coded: suffix, prefix, reduplication, plural word, clitic, none.

AUS extension AUX017

How number is built into independent personal pronouns.

AUS extension AUX018

Base of the numeral system: decimal, quinary, vigesimal, body-part tally, or restricted (many Australian languages have very small numeral systems).

AUS extension AUX043

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark gender (he/she).

AUS extension AUX024

Whether interrogatives ('who/what') double as indefinites ('someone/something') — an 'ignorative' series. Partially derivable from WALS Indefinite Pronouns (interrogative-based).

AUS extension AUX051

Dominant order of subject, object and verb (often 'no dominant order' in free-word-order Australian languages).

AUS extension AUX038

Whether reciprocal marking is identical to, or distinct from, reflexive marking.

AUS extension AUX033

Where TAM inflection sits on the verb: prefix, suffix, tone, mixed, none.

AUS extension AUX026

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing temporal distance (e.g. recent vs remote past) — common in Australian languages.

AUS extension AUX027

Directional or locative morphology on the verb. NOTE: true associated-motion systems (coming/going while V-ing) are a fine Australianist category that open datasets do not isolate; this uses Grambank's broader directional/locative-on-verb feature as a proxy.

AUS extension AUX028

Whether a verb uses a different root for singular vs plural participant (e.g. 'go.sg' vs 'go.pl').

AUS extension AUX029

Whether reduplication is productive and of what kind (full/partial).

AUS extension AUX030

Whether predicates are built from an uninflecting coverb + a small closed class of inflecting light verbs (widespread in non-Pama-Nyungan Australia).

AUS extension AUX052

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

AUS extension AUX053