Djapu

Order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase: 1=Numeral-Noun, 2=Noun-Numeral, 3=both orders occur.

Grambank GB024

Unmarked order of S and V in intransitive clauses: 1=SV, 2=VS, 3=both.

Grambank GB130

Whether constituent order is the same in main and subordinate clauses.

Grambank GB134

Whether the language has clause chaining (long strings of dependent clauses + one final finite verb).

Grambank GB150

Whether there is a morphological simultaneous-vs-sequential clause distinction.

Grambank GB152

Whether collective 'all' and distributive 'every' quantifiers differ in form or position.

Grambank GB204

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by intonation alone.

Grambank GB257

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a special word order.

Grambank GB260

Whether the comparative uses a form that elsewhere means 'surpass/exceed'.

Grambank GB265

Whether the comparative marks the standard with a form that elsewhere is locational ('from/at').

Grambank GB266

Whether comparatives can be expressed by two conjoined clauses ('X is big, Y is small').

Grambank GB270

Whether the comparative standard marker has neither a locational nor a 'surpass' source.

Grambank GB273

Whether there is a bound comparative degree marker on the property word.

Grambank GB275

Whether there is a free comparative degree marker (like 'more') modifying the property word.

Grambank GB276

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by tone.

Grambank GB291

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a V-not-V construction.

Grambank GB297

Whether interrogative quantifiers show a count/mass distinction ('how many' vs 'how much').

Grambank GB325

Whether content interrogatives normally stay in situ (not fronted).

Grambank GB326

Whether a relative clause can follow its head noun.

Grambank GB327

Whether a relative clause can precede its head noun.

Grambank GB328

Whether there are internally-headed relative clauses.

Grambank GB329

Whether there are correlative relative clauses.

Grambank GB330

Whether there are non-adjacent (extraposed) relative clauses.

Grambank GB331

Whether demonstratives make three or more distance contrasts (e.g. near/mid/far).

Grambank GB035

Whether demonstratives encode an elevation distinction (up-here vs down-there).

Grambank GB036

Whether demonstratives encode a visible-vs-nonvisible distinction.

Grambank GB037

Whether the language has a definite or specific article (a grammatical word like English 'the').

Grambank GB020

Whether indefinite nominals commonly take an indefinite article (like English 'a/an').

Grambank GB021

Whether an article, if present, comes before the noun (prenominal).

Grambank GB022

Whether an article, if present, comes after the noun (postnominal).

Grambank GB023

Order of an adnominal demonstrative ('this/that') and noun: 1=Dem-Noun, 2=Noun-Dem, 3=both.

Grambank GB025

Whether adjective-like property words can be separated from their noun (occur discontinuously).

Grambank GB026

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark a gender distinction (he vs she).

Grambank GB030

Whether every person category has a dual (or unit-augmented) form in addition to plural.

Grambank GB031

Whether the language has demonstrative classifiers.

Grambank GB038

Whether there is productive morphological dual marking on nouns.

Grambank GB043

Whether there is productive morphological plural marking on nouns.

Grambank GB044

Whether there is an associative plural marker ('X and those associated with X').

Grambank GB046

Whether an action/state noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'run' -> 'running').

Grambank GB047

Whether an agent noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'teach' -> 'teacher').

Grambank GB048

Whether an object/result noun can be productively derived from a verb.

Grambank GB049

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses biological sex as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB051

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses shape as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB052

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses plant status as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB054

Whether the language has numeral classifiers (a sortal element required when counting).

Grambank GB057

Whether the language has possessive classifiers.

Grambank GB058

Whether the possessive construction differs for alienable vs inalienable nouns (e.g. 'my dog' vs 'my hand').

Grambank GB059

Unmarked order of possessor noun and possessed noun: 1=Possessor-Possessed, 2=Possessed-Possessor, 3=both.

Grambank GB065

Whether verbs undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB158

Whether nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB159

Whether words other than verbs or nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB160

Whether there is productive morphological trial marking on nouns.

Grambank GB165

Whether there is productive morphological paucal marking on nouns ('a few').

Grambank GB166

Whether an adjective-like property word can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB170

Whether an adnominal demonstrative can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB171

Whether an article can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB172

Whether the verb marks the animacy of an argument (independent of NP-level gender/class).

Grambank GB177

Whether an adjective-like property word can agree with its noun in number.

Grambank GB184

Whether an adnominal demonstrative can agree with its noun in number.

Grambank GB185

Whether an article can agree with its noun in number.

Grambank GB186

Whether there is productive diminutive marking on the noun (excluding pure noun-class shift).

Grambank GB187

Whether there is productive augmentative marking on the noun (excluding pure noun-class shift).

Grambank GB188

Whether a noun's phonological shape is a factor in gender/class assignment.

Grambank GB192

Order of adjective-like property word and noun: 0=not used attributively, 1=Adj-N, 2=N-Adj, 3=both.

Grambank GB193

Whether an adnominal numeral can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB198

Order of the collective 'all' quantifier and noun: 0=no such quantifier, 1=Q-N, 2=N-Q, 3=both.

Grambank GB203

Whether predicative possession can use a transitive 'have' (habeo) verb.

Grambank GB250

Whether predicative possession can use a locative-coded possessor ('at me is a dog').

Grambank GB252

Whether predicative possession can use a dative-coded possessor ('to me is a dog').

Grambank GB253

Whether predicative possession can use a possessor coded like an adnominal possessor.

Grambank GB254

Whether predicative possession can use a comitative-coded possessum ('I am with a dog').

Grambank GB256

Whether there is a clause-initial yes/no question particle.

Grambank GB262

Whether there is a clause-final yes/no question particle.

Grambank GB263

Whether there is a yes/no question particle sitting neither clause-initially nor clause-finally.

Grambank GB264

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a question particle plus verbal morphology.

Grambank GB285

Whether standard negation can be marked by a non-inflecting negative particle.

Grambank GB299

Whether there is a free (particle/auxiliary) passive marker.

Grambank GB302

Whether there is a free (particle/auxiliary) antipassive marker.

Grambank GB303

Whether there are special adnominal possessive pronouns not formed by a regular process.

Grambank GB313

Whether augmentative meaning can be expressed by shifting gender/noun class.

Grambank GB314

Whether diminutive meaning can be expressed by shifting gender/noun class.

Grambank GB315

Whether dual number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

Grambank GB317

Whether plural number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

Grambank GB318

Whether trial number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

Grambank GB319

Whether paucal number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

Grambank GB320

Whether there is a large class of nouns whose gender/class is not phonologically or semantically predictable.

Grambank GB321

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessor.

Grambank GB430

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB431

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessor.

Grambank GB432

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB433

Whether mood can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB519

Whether aspect can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB520

Whether tense can be marked by a non-inflecting particle.

Grambank GB521

Whether the numeral system is decimal (base 10).

Grambank GB333

Whether there is any synchronic evidence of a quinary (base 5) element.

Grambank GB334

Whether there is any synchronic evidence of a vigesimal (base 20) element.

Grambank GB335

Whether there is a body-part tallying counting system.

Grambank GB336

Whether noun-conjoining ('X and Y') and comitative ('X with Y') use different markers.

Grambank GB027

Whether noun number markers show nonphonological (lexically/grammatically conditioned) allomorphy.

Grambank GB039

Whether there is productive overt singular marking on nouns.

Grambank GB042

Whether oblique (non-core) non-pronominal NPs carry morphological case.

Grambank GB072

Whether the language has prepositions.

Grambank GB074

Whether the language has postpositions.

Grambank GB075

Whether core-argument marking varies by TAM (tense/aspect/mood) — e.g. split by tense.

Grambank GB095

Whether core-argument marking varies by person (e.g. a person-based split in ergativity).

Grambank GB098

Whether the recipient of a ditransitive ('give') can be marked like a monotransitive object.

Grambank GB105

Whether clausal objects sit in the same position as nominal objects.

Grambank GB135

Whether there is a morphosyntactic distinction between controlled and uncontrolled events/states.

Grambank GB146

Whether there is a definable class of ideophones depicting imagery beyond sound.

Grambank GB296

Whether the language has an inclusory construction ('we with John' = 'John and I').

Grambank GB301

Whether singular number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

Grambank GB316

Whether there is grammatical marking of direct (sensory) evidence.

Grambank GB322

Whether there is grammatical marking of indirect evidence (hearsay, inference).

Grambank GB323

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows accusative alignment.

Grambank GB408

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows ergative alignment.

Grambank GB409

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows neutral alignment (S=A=P unmarked).

Grambank GB410

Whether there is a politeness (T/V) distinction in 2nd-person forms.

Grambank GB415

Whether the pronoun system distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive ('we excl. you').

Grambank GB028

Whether the language has a logophoric pronoun.

Grambank GB167

Whether 2nd-person independent pronouns mark a male/female distinction.

Grambank GB196

Whether 1st-person independent pronouns mark a male/female distinction.

Grambank GB197

Whether there is a phonologically independent reflexive pronoun.

Grambank GB305

Whether there is a phonologically independent (non-bipartite) reciprocal pronoun.

Grambank GB306

Whether core adjectives behave like verbs when used as a predicate ('the dog is big' patterns like 'the dog runs').

Grambank GB068

Whether attributive adjectives require the same morphology as verbs.

Grambank GB069

Whether non-pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB070

Whether pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB071

Whether independent oblique personal pronouns carry morphological case.

Grambank GB073

Whether verbs take prefixes/proclitics beyond pure S/A/P agreement (incl. portmanteau agreement+TAM).

Grambank GB079

Whether verbs take suffixes/enclitics beyond pure S/A/P agreement (incl. portmanteau agreement+TAM).

Grambank GB080

Whether verbs show productive infixation (a morpheme inserted inside the root).

Grambank GB081

Whether present tense is overtly marked on the verb.

Grambank GB082

Whether there is a dedicated overt past-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB083

Whether there is a dedicated overt future-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB084

Whether verbs make a perfective-vs-imperfective aspect distinction morphologically.

Grambank GB086

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB089

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB090

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB091

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB092

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB093

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB094

Whether core-argument marking varies by verb class.

Grambank GB096

Whether verb stems change according to the person of a core participant.

Grambank GB099

Whether there is a benefactive applicative marker on the verb ('do X for someone').

Grambank GB103

Whether there is an instrumental applicative marker on the verb ('do X with an instrument').

Grambank GB104

Whether standard negation can be marked by an affix, clitic, or verb modification.

Grambank GB107

Whether verbs carry directional or locative morphology (associated-motion-type marking).

Grambank GB108

Whether verbs are suppletive for participant number (different root for singular vs plural participant).

Grambank GB109

Whether verbs are suppletive for tense or aspect.

Grambank GB110

Whether verbs fall into conjugation classes.

Grambank GB111

Whether there are verbal affixes/clitics that transitivize intransitive verbs (causative-like).

Grambank GB113

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reflexive marker on the verb.

Grambank GB114

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reciprocal marker on the verb.

Grambank GB115

Whether verbs classify the shape/size/consistency of absolutive arguments (e.g. via incorporated nouns or suppletion).

Grambank GB116

Whether there is a copula for predicate nominals ('X is a Y').

Grambank GB117

Whether there are serial verb constructions (two+ verbs in one clause without a linker).

Grambank GB118

Whether mood can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB119

Whether aspect can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB120

Whether tense can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB121

Whether verb compounding is a regular process.

Grambank GB122

Whether there are verb-adjunct (light-verb / coverb) constructions.

Grambank GB123

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

Grambank GB124

Whether the language has a dedicated existential verb ('there is').

Grambank GB126

Whether posture verbs ('lie' vs 'stand' vs 'sit') are obligatorily chosen by an inanimate's shape/position.

Grambank GB127

Whether the language has a small closed set of verb roots (about 100 or fewer).

Grambank GB129

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-initial.

Grambank GB131

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-medial.

Grambank GB132

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-final.

Grambank GB133

Whether the order of core (S/A/P) constituents is fixed.

Grambank GB136

Whether standard negation can be marked clause-finally.

Grambank GB137

Whether standard negation can be marked clause-initially.

Grambank GB138

Whether prohibitive (negative imperative) negation differs from declarative negation.

Grambank GB139

Whether one negator covers verbal, locational, existential and nominal predication alike.

Grambank GB140

Whether there is a morphological passive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB147

Whether there is a morphological antipassive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB148

Whether there is a morphological inverse marker on the verb.

Grambank GB149

Whether there is a switch-reference marker (signals same/different subject across clauses).

Grambank GB151

Whether causatives are formed by affixes/clitics on the verb.

Grambank GB155

Whether there is a causative built from a grammaticalized verb 'to say'.

Grambank GB156

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by verbal morphology alone.

Grambank GB286

Whether standard negation can be marked by an inflecting negative auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB298

Whether the verb for 'give' has suppletive forms.

Grambank GB300

Whether the agent can be expressed overtly in a passive clause ('by ...').

Grambank GB304

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing distance in time (e.g. recent vs remote past).

Grambank GB309

Whether there is dedicated overt mood marking on the verb.

Grambank GB312

Whether there is a dedicated interrogative verb for content questions ('do-what?').

Grambank GB324

Whether all person categories are neutralized in some voice/TAM/negation context.

Grambank GB400

Whether there is a class of patient-labile verbs (same verb form used transitively and intransitively with the patient as subject).

Grambank GB401

Whether the verb for 'see' has suppletive forms.

Grambank GB402

Whether the verb for 'come' has suppletive forms.

Grambank GB403

Whether there is a preposed complementizer for complements of 'think/know' verbs.

Grambank GB421

Whether there is a postposed complementizer for complements of 'think/know' verbs.

Grambank GB422

Whether the S or A argument can be dropped when inferrable from context (pro-drop / null anaphora).

Grambank GB522

Purpose Clauses

WALS 125A

'When' Clauses

WALS 126A

Reason Clauses

WALS 127A

Utterance Complement Clauses

WALS 128A

Hand and Arm

WALS 129A

Finger and Hand

WALS 130A

M-T Pronouns

WALS 136A

M in First Person Singular

WALS 136B

N-M Pronouns

WALS 137A

M in Second Person Singular

WALS 137B

Locus of Marking in the Clause

WALS 23A

Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases

WALS 24A

Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology

WALS 25A

Zero Marking of A and P Arguments

WALS 25B

Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

WALS 26A

Reduplication

WALS 27A

Coding of Nominal Plurality

WALS 33A

Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan

WALS 39B

Indefinite Pronouns

WALS 46A

Position of Case Affixes

WALS 51A

Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

WALS 57A

Obligatory Possessive Inflection

WALS 58A

Number of Possessive Nouns

WALS 58B

Possessive Classification

WALS 59A

Front Rounded Vowels

WALS 11A

Syllable Structure

WALS 12A

Tone

WALS 13A

Absence of Common Consonants

WALS 18A

Presence of Uncommon Consonants

WALS 19A

Consonant Inventories

WALS 1A

Vowel Quality Inventories

WALS 2A

Consonant-Vowel Ratio

WALS 3A

Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives

WALS 4A

Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems

WALS 5A

Uvular Consonants

WALS 6A

Glottalized Consonants

WALS 7A

Lateral Consonants

WALS 8A

Expression of Pronominal Subjects

WALS 101A

Negative Morphemes

WALS 112A

Polar Questions

WALS 116A

Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes

WALS 69A

The Morphological Imperative

WALS 70A

The Prohibitive

WALS 71A

Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality

WALS 77A

Coding of Evidentiality

WALS 78A

Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb

WALS 143A

Preverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143E

Postverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143F

Minor morphological means of signaling negation

WALS 143G

Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb

WALS 144A

Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb

WALS 144B

The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages

WALS 144L

NegSOV Order

WALS 144P

SNegOV Order

WALS 144Q

SONegV Order

WALS 144R

SOVNeg Order

WALS 144S

Order of Subject, Object and Verb

WALS 81A

Order of Subject and Verb

WALS 82A

Order of Object and Verb

WALS 83A

Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb

WALS 84A

Order of Genitive and Noun

WALS 86A

Order of Demonstrative and Noun

WALS 88A

Order of Numeral and Noun

WALS 89A

Position of Polar Question Particles

WALS 92A

Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause

WALS 94A

Where case marking sits: suffix, prefix, clitic, tone, stem change.

AUS extension AUX007

Whether both non-pronominal core arguments and pronominal core arguments carry case (so case can differ by word class).

AUS extension AUX008

Number of distance contrasts (2, 3+ deictic terms).

AUS extension AUX023

How declarative clauses are negated: affix, particle, negative auxiliary, etc.

AUS extension AUX036

Whether the prohibitive (negative imperative) uses a different construction from declarative negation.

AUS extension AUX037

Productive morphological dual on nouns.

AUS extension AUX014

Productive morphological paucal ('a few') on nouns.

AUS extension AUX015

Productive morphological trial (exactly three) on nouns.

AUS extension AUX016

How nominal plural is coded: suffix, prefix, reduplication, plural word, clitic, none.

AUS extension AUX017

Base of the numeral system: decimal, quinary, vigesimal, body-part tally, or restricted (many Australian languages have very small numeral systems).

AUS extension AUX043

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark gender (he/she).

AUS extension AUX024

Whether interrogatives ('who/what') double as indefinites ('someone/something') — an 'ignorative' series. Partially derivable from WALS Indefinite Pronouns (interrogative-based).

AUS extension AUX051

How pronominal subjects are expressed: obligatory free pronoun, subject affix on the verb, clitic on a variable host (e.g. second position / auxiliary), etc.

AUS extension AUX010

Whether bound pronouns form a clitic cluster on a variable (typically second-position/auxiliary) host rather than being fixed to the verb.

AUS extension AUX011

Whether the transitive subject (A) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX012

Whether the transitive object (P) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX013

Dominant order of subject, object and verb (often 'no dominant order' in free-word-order Australian languages).

AUS extension AUX038

Chains of dependent (medial) clauses closed by one finite verb.

AUS extension AUX041

A phonologically bound reflexive marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -ji-).

AUS extension AUX031

A phonologically bound reciprocal marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -wa-).

AUS extension AUX032

A morphological antipassive on the lexical verb (demotes P; salient in ergative languages).

AUS extension AUX034

Whether causatives are formed by an affix/clitic on the verb.

AUS extension AUX035

Whether verbs fall into conjugation classes (as in most Pama-Nyungan languages).

AUS extension AUX025

Where TAM inflection sits on the verb: prefix, suffix, tone, mixed, none.

AUS extension AUX026

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing temporal distance (e.g. recent vs remote past) — common in Australian languages.

AUS extension AUX027

Directional or locative morphology on the verb. NOTE: true associated-motion systems (coming/going while V-ing) are a fine Australianist category that open datasets do not isolate; this uses Grambank's broader directional/locative-on-verb feature as a proxy.

AUS extension AUX028

Whether a verb uses a different root for singular vs plural participant (e.g. 'go.sg' vs 'go.pl').

AUS extension AUX029

Whether reduplication is productive and of what kind (full/partial).

AUS extension AUX030

Whether grammatical evidentiality is marked, and its scope (direct/indirect).

AUS extension AUX047

Whether predicates are built from an uninflecting coverb + a small closed class of inflecting light verbs (widespread in non-Pama-Nyungan Australia).

AUS extension AUX052

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

AUS extension AUX053