Arabana

Order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase: 1=Numeral-Noun, 2=Noun-Numeral, 3=both orders occur.

Grambank GB024

Unmarked order of S and V in intransitive clauses: 1=SV, 2=VS, 3=both.

Grambank GB130

Whether the language has clause chaining (long strings of dependent clauses + one final finite verb).

Grambank GB150

Whether there is a morphological simultaneous-vs-sequential clause distinction.

Grambank GB152

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by intonation alone.

Grambank GB257

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a special word order.

Grambank GB260

Whether content interrogatives normally stay in situ (not fronted).

Grambank GB326

Whether a relative clause can follow its head noun.

Grambank GB327

Whether a relative clause can precede its head noun.

Grambank GB328

Whether there are internally-headed relative clauses.

Grambank GB329

Whether demonstratives make three or more distance contrasts (e.g. near/mid/far).

Grambank GB035

Whether indefinite nominals commonly take an indefinite article (like English 'a/an').

Grambank GB021

Order of an adnominal demonstrative ('this/that') and noun: 1=Dem-Noun, 2=Noun-Dem, 3=both.

Grambank GB025

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark a gender distinction (he vs she).

Grambank GB030

Whether an action/state noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'run' -> 'running').

Grambank GB047

Whether an agent noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'teach' -> 'teacher').

Grambank GB048

Whether an object/result noun can be productively derived from a verb.

Grambank GB049

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses shape as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB052

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses plant status as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB054

Whether the language has numeral classifiers (a sortal element required when counting).

Grambank GB057

Whether the language has possessive classifiers.

Grambank GB058

Unmarked order of possessor noun and possessed noun: 1=Possessor-Possessed, 2=Possessed-Possessor, 3=both.

Grambank GB065

Whether an adjective-like property word can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB170

Whether an adnominal demonstrative can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB171

Whether an article can agree with its noun in gender/noun class.

Grambank GB172

Whether a noun's phonological shape is a factor in gender/class assignment.

Grambank GB192

Order of adjective-like property word and noun: 0=not used attributively, 1=Adj-N, 2=N-Adj, 3=both.

Grambank GB193

Whether there is a clause-initial yes/no question particle.

Grambank GB262

Whether there is a clause-final yes/no question particle.

Grambank GB263

Whether there is a yes/no question particle sitting neither clause-initially nor clause-finally.

Grambank GB264

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by a question particle plus verbal morphology.

Grambank GB285

Whether standard negation can be marked by a non-inflecting negative particle.

Grambank GB299

Whether plural number is marked in the NP by a dedicated free (unbound) element.

Grambank GB318

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessor.

Grambank GB430

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a prefix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB431

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessor.

Grambank GB432

Whether adnominal possession can be marked by a suffix on the possessed noun.

Grambank GB433

Whether the numeral system is decimal (base 10).

Grambank GB333

Whether there is any synchronic evidence of a quinary (base 5) element.

Grambank GB334

Whether noun-conjoining ('X and Y') and comitative ('X with Y') use different markers.

Grambank GB027

Whether there is productive overt singular marking on nouns.

Grambank GB042

Whether the language has prepositions.

Grambank GB074

Whether the recipient of a ditransitive ('give') can be marked like a monotransitive object.

Grambank GB105

Whether there is grammatical marking of direct (sensory) evidence.

Grambank GB322

Whether there is grammatical marking of indirect evidence (hearsay, inference).

Grambank GB323

Whether any part of the case/adposition (flagging) system shows ergative alignment.

Grambank GB409

Whether there is a politeness (T/V) distinction in 2nd-person forms.

Grambank GB415

Whether the pronoun system distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive ('we excl. you').

Grambank GB028

Whether there is a phonologically independent reflexive pronoun.

Grambank GB305

Whether core adjectives behave like verbs when used as a predicate ('the dog is big' patterns like 'the dog runs').

Grambank GB068

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB091

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB092

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB093

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB094

Whether there is an instrumental applicative marker on the verb ('do X with an instrument').

Grambank GB104

Whether standard negation can be marked by an affix, clitic, or verb modification.

Grambank GB107

Whether verbs carry directional or locative morphology (associated-motion-type marking).

Grambank GB108

Whether verbs are suppletive for participant number (different root for singular vs plural participant).

Grambank GB109

Whether verbs are suppletive for tense or aspect.

Grambank GB110

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reflexive marker on the verb.

Grambank GB114

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reciprocal marker on the verb.

Grambank GB115

Whether there are serial verb constructions (two+ verbs in one clause without a linker).

Grambank GB118

Whether verb compounding is a regular process.

Grambank GB122

Whether there are verb-adjunct (light-verb / coverb) constructions.

Grambank GB123

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

Grambank GB124

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-initial.

Grambank GB131

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-final.

Grambank GB133

Whether the order of core (S/A/P) constituents is fixed.

Grambank GB136

Whether prohibitive (negative imperative) negation differs from declarative negation.

Grambank GB139

Whether there is a morphological passive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB147

Whether there is a morphological antipassive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB148

Whether there is a switch-reference marker (signals same/different subject across clauses).

Grambank GB151

Whether causatives are formed by affixes/clitics on the verb.

Grambank GB155

Whether yes/no questions can be marked by verbal morphology alone.

Grambank GB286

Whether standard negation can be marked by an inflecting negative auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB298

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing distance in time (e.g. recent vs remote past).

Grambank GB309

Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

WALS 26A

Number of Genders

WALS 30A

Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems

WALS 31A

Systems of Gender Assignment

WALS 32A

Coding of Nominal Plurality

WALS 33A

Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

WALS 35A

Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan

WALS 39B

Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives

WALS 41A

Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

WALS 42A

Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

WALS 44A

Person Marking on Adpositions

WALS 48A

Position of Case Affixes

WALS 51A

Ordinal Numerals

WALS 53A

Alignment of Verbal Person Marking

WALS 100A

Verbal Person Marking

WALS 102A

Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking

WALS 103A

Order of Person Markers on the Verb

WALS 104A

Passive Constructions

WALS 107A

Negative Morphemes

WALS 112A

Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes

WALS 69A

Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

WALS 79A

Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives

WALS 79B

Verbal Number and Suppletion

WALS 80A

Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb

WALS 143A

Preverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143E

Postverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143F

Minor morphological means of signaling negation

WALS 143G

Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb

WALS 144A

The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages

WALS 144L

SOVNeg Order

WALS 144S

Order of Subject, Object and Verb

WALS 81A

Order of Subject and Verb

WALS 82A

Order of Object and Verb

WALS 83A

Order of Genitive and Noun

WALS 86A

Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 87A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 97A

Alignment of person marking (agreement/bound pronouns) on the verb.

AUS extension AUX003

Where case marking sits: suffix, prefix, clitic, tone, stem change.

AUS extension AUX007

Number of distance contrasts (2, 3+ deictic terms).

AUS extension AUX023

Count of gender / noun-class categories.

AUS extension AUX021

Whether the gender system is sex-based or non-sex-based (or absent).

AUS extension AUX022

How declarative clauses are negated: affix, particle, negative auxiliary, etc.

AUS extension AUX036

Whether the prohibitive (negative imperative) uses a different construction from declarative negation.

AUS extension AUX037

How nominal plural is coded: suffix, prefix, reduplication, plural word, clitic, none.

AUS extension AUX017

How number is built into independent personal pronouns.

AUS extension AUX018

Base of the numeral system: decimal, quinary, vigesimal, body-part tally, or restricted (many Australian languages have very small numeral systems).

AUS extension AUX043

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark gender (he/she).

AUS extension AUX024

Whether the transitive subject (A) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX012

Whether the transitive object (P) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX013

Dominant order of subject, object and verb (often 'no dominant order' in free-word-order Australian languages).

AUS extension AUX038

A verb marker signalling same/different subject across clauses.

AUS extension AUX040

Chains of dependent (medial) clauses closed by one finite verb.

AUS extension AUX041

A phonologically bound reflexive marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -ji-).

AUS extension AUX031

A phonologically bound reciprocal marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -wa-).

AUS extension AUX032

A morphological antipassive on the lexical verb (demotes P; salient in ergative languages).

AUS extension AUX034

Whether causatives are formed by an affix/clitic on the verb.

AUS extension AUX035

Where TAM inflection sits on the verb: prefix, suffix, tone, mixed, none.

AUS extension AUX026

Whether there are multiple past or future tenses distinguishing temporal distance (e.g. recent vs remote past) — common in Australian languages.

AUS extension AUX027

Directional or locative morphology on the verb. NOTE: true associated-motion systems (coming/going while V-ing) are a fine Australianist category that open datasets do not isolate; this uses Grambank's broader directional/locative-on-verb feature as a proxy.

AUS extension AUX028

Whether a verb uses a different root for singular vs plural participant (e.g. 'go.sg' vs 'go.pl').

AUS extension AUX029