Kayardild

Order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase: 1=Numeral-Noun, 2=Noun-Numeral, 3=both orders occur.

Grambank GB024

Unmarked order of S and V in intransitive clauses: 1=SV, 2=VS, 3=both.

Grambank GB130

Whether constituent order is the same in main and subordinate clauses.

Grambank GB134

Whether the language has clause chaining (long strings of dependent clauses + one final finite verb).

Grambank GB150

Whether there is a morphological simultaneous-vs-sequential clause distinction.

Grambank GB152

Whether demonstratives make three or more distance contrasts (e.g. near/mid/far).

Grambank GB035

Whether demonstratives encode an elevation distinction (up-here vs down-there).

Grambank GB036

Whether demonstratives encode a visible-vs-nonvisible distinction.

Grambank GB037

Whether the language has a definite or specific article (a grammatical word like English 'the').

Grambank GB020

Whether indefinite nominals commonly take an indefinite article (like English 'a/an').

Grambank GB021

Whether an article, if present, comes before the noun (prenominal).

Grambank GB022

Whether an article, if present, comes after the noun (postnominal).

Grambank GB023

Order of an adnominal demonstrative ('this/that') and noun: 1=Dem-Noun, 2=Noun-Dem, 3=both.

Grambank GB025

Whether adjective-like property words can be separated from their noun (occur discontinuously).

Grambank GB026

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark a gender distinction (he vs she).

Grambank GB030

Whether every person category has a dual (or unit-augmented) form in addition to plural.

Grambank GB031

Whether the language has demonstrative classifiers.

Grambank GB038

Whether there is productive morphological dual marking on nouns.

Grambank GB043

Whether there is productive morphological plural marking on nouns.

Grambank GB044

Whether there is an associative plural marker ('X and those associated with X').

Grambank GB046

Whether an action/state noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'run' -> 'running').

Grambank GB047

Whether an agent noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'teach' -> 'teacher').

Grambank GB048

Whether an object/result noun can be productively derived from a verb.

Grambank GB049

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses biological sex as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB051

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses shape as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB052

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses animacy as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB053

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses plant status as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB054

Whether the language has numeral classifiers (a sortal element required when counting).

Grambank GB057

Whether the language has possessive classifiers.

Grambank GB058

Whether the possessive construction differs for alienable vs inalienable nouns (e.g. 'my dog' vs 'my hand').

Grambank GB059

Unmarked order of possessor noun and possessed noun: 1=Possessor-Possessed, 2=Possessed-Possessor, 3=both.

Grambank GB065

Whether verbs undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB158

Whether nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB159

Whether words other than verbs or nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB160

Whether noun-conjoining ('X and Y') and comitative ('X with Y') use different markers.

Grambank GB027

Whether noun number markers show nonphonological (lexically/grammatically conditioned) allomorphy.

Grambank GB039

Whether more than three nouns are suppletive for number (a different root for singular vs plural).

Grambank GB041

Whether there is productive overt singular marking on nouns.

Grambank GB042

Whether oblique (non-core) non-pronominal NPs carry morphological case.

Grambank GB072

Whether the language has prepositions.

Grambank GB074

Whether the language has postpositions.

Grambank GB075

Whether core-argument marking varies by TAM (tense/aspect/mood) — e.g. split by tense.

Grambank GB095

Whether core-argument marking varies by person (e.g. a person-based split in ergativity).

Grambank GB098

Whether the recipient of a ditransitive ('give') can be marked like a monotransitive object.

Grambank GB105

Whether clausal objects sit in the same position as nominal objects.

Grambank GB135

Whether there is a morphosyntactic distinction between controlled and uncontrolled events/states.

Grambank GB146

Whether the pronoun system distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive ('we excl. you').

Grambank GB028

Whether core adjectives behave like verbs when used as a predicate ('the dog is big' patterns like 'the dog runs').

Grambank GB068

Whether attributive adjectives require the same morphology as verbs.

Grambank GB069

Whether non-pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB070

Whether pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB071

Whether independent oblique personal pronouns carry morphological case.

Grambank GB073

Whether verbs take prefixes/proclitics beyond pure S/A/P agreement (incl. portmanteau agreement+TAM).

Grambank GB079

Whether verbs take suffixes/enclitics beyond pure S/A/P agreement (incl. portmanteau agreement+TAM).

Grambank GB080

Whether verbs show productive infixation (a morpheme inserted inside the root).

Grambank GB081

Whether present tense is overtly marked on the verb.

Grambank GB082

Whether there is a dedicated overt past-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB083

Whether there is a dedicated overt future-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB084

Whether verbs make a perfective-vs-imperfective aspect distinction morphologically.

Grambank GB086

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB089

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB090

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB091

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB092

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB093

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB094

Whether core-argument marking varies by verb class.

Grambank GB096

Whether verb stems change according to the person of a core participant.

Grambank GB099

Whether there is a benefactive applicative marker on the verb ('do X for someone').

Grambank GB103

Whether there is an instrumental applicative marker on the verb ('do X with an instrument').

Grambank GB104

Whether standard negation can be marked by an affix, clitic, or verb modification.

Grambank GB107

Whether verbs carry directional or locative morphology (associated-motion-type marking).

Grambank GB108

Whether verbs are suppletive for participant number (different root for singular vs plural participant).

Grambank GB109

Whether verbs are suppletive for tense or aspect.

Grambank GB110

Whether verbs fall into conjugation classes.

Grambank GB111

Whether there are verbal affixes/clitics that transitivize intransitive verbs (causative-like).

Grambank GB113

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reflexive marker on the verb.

Grambank GB114

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reciprocal marker on the verb.

Grambank GB115

Whether verbs classify the shape/size/consistency of absolutive arguments (e.g. via incorporated nouns or suppletion).

Grambank GB116

Whether there is a copula for predicate nominals ('X is a Y').

Grambank GB117

Whether there are serial verb constructions (two+ verbs in one clause without a linker).

Grambank GB118

Whether mood can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB119

Whether aspect can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB120

Whether tense can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB121

Whether verb compounding is a regular process.

Grambank GB122

Whether there are verb-adjunct (light-verb / coverb) constructions.

Grambank GB123

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

Grambank GB124

Whether the language has a dedicated existential verb ('there is').

Grambank GB126

Whether posture verbs ('lie' vs 'stand' vs 'sit') are obligatorily chosen by an inanimate's shape/position.

Grambank GB127

Whether the language has a small closed set of verb roots (about 100 or fewer).

Grambank GB129

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-initial.

Grambank GB131

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-medial.

Grambank GB132

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-final.

Grambank GB133

Whether the order of core (S/A/P) constituents is fixed.

Grambank GB136

Whether standard negation can be marked clause-finally.

Grambank GB137

Whether standard negation can be marked clause-initially.

Grambank GB138

Whether prohibitive (negative imperative) negation differs from declarative negation.

Grambank GB139

Whether one negator covers verbal, locational, existential and nominal predication alike.

Grambank GB140

Whether there is a morphological passive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB147

Whether there is a morphological antipassive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB148

Whether there is a morphological inverse marker on the verb.

Grambank GB149

Whether there is a switch-reference marker (signals same/different subject across clauses).

Grambank GB151

Whether causatives are formed by affixes/clitics on the verb.

Grambank GB155

Whether there is a causative built from a grammaticalized verb 'to say'.

Grambank GB156

Relativization on Subjects

WALS 122A

Relativization on Obliques

WALS 123A

'Want' Complement Subjects

WALS 124A

Purpose Clauses

WALS 125A

'When' Clauses

WALS 126A

Reason Clauses

WALS 127A

Utterance Complement Clauses

WALS 128A

Numeral Bases

WALS 131A

M-T Pronouns

WALS 136A

M in First Person Singular

WALS 136B

N-M Pronouns

WALS 137A

M in Second Person Singular

WALS 137B

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives

WALS 20A

Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives

WALS 21A

Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection

WALS 21B

Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb

WALS 22A

Locus of Marking in the Clause

WALS 23A

Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases

WALS 24A

Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology

WALS 25A

Zero Marking of A and P Arguments

WALS 25B

Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

WALS 26A

Reduplication

WALS 27A

Case Syncretism

WALS 28A

Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking

WALS 29A

Number of Genders

WALS 30A

Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems

WALS 31A

Systems of Gender Assignment

WALS 32A

Coding of Nominal Plurality

WALS 33A

Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

WALS 34A

Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

WALS 35A

The Associative Plural

WALS 36A

Definite Articles

WALS 37A

Indefinite Articles

WALS 38A

Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

WALS 39A

Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection

WALS 40A

Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives

WALS 41A

Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

WALS 42A

Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

WALS 43A

Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

WALS 44A

Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns

WALS 45A

Indefinite Pronouns

WALS 46A

Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns

WALS 47A

Person Marking on Adpositions

WALS 48A

Number of Cases

WALS 49A

Asymmetrical Case-Marking

WALS 50A

Position of Case Affixes

WALS 51A

Comitatives and Instrumentals

WALS 52A

Ordinal Numerals

WALS 53A

Distributive Numerals

WALS 54A

Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers

WALS 56A

Obligatory Possessive Inflection

WALS 58A

Number of Possessive Nouns

WALS 58B

Possessive Classification

WALS 59A

Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses

WALS 60A

Adjectives without Nouns

WALS 61A

Action Nominal Constructions

WALS 62A

Vowel Nasalization

WALS 10A

Front Rounded Vowels

WALS 11A

Syllable Structure

WALS 12A

Tone

WALS 13A

Fixed Stress Locations

WALS 14A

Weight-Sensitive Stress

WALS 15A

Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems

WALS 16A

Rhythm Types

WALS 17A

Absence of Common Consonants

WALS 18A

Presence of Uncommon Consonants

WALS 19A

Consonant Inventories

WALS 1A

Vowel Quality Inventories

WALS 2A

Consonant-Vowel Ratio

WALS 3A

Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives

WALS 4A

Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems

WALS 5A

Uvular Consonants

WALS 6A

Glottalized Consonants

WALS 7A

Lateral Consonants

WALS 8A

The Velar Nasal

WALS 9A

Alignment of Verbal Person Marking

WALS 100A

Expression of Pronominal Subjects

WALS 101A

Verbal Person Marking

WALS 102A

Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking

WALS 103A

Order of Person Markers on the Verb

WALS 104A

Reciprocal Constructions

WALS 106A

Passive Constructions

WALS 107A

Antipassive Constructions

WALS 108A

Productivity of the Antipassive Construction

WALS 108B

Applicative Constructions

WALS 109A

Other Roles of Applied Objects

WALS 109B

Periphrastic Causative Constructions

WALS 110A

Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions

WALS 111A

Negative Morphemes

WALS 112A

Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation

WALS 113A

Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation

WALS 114A

Polar Questions

WALS 116A

Predicative Possession

WALS 117A

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases

WALS 98A

Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

WALS 99A

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect

WALS 65A

The Past Tense

WALS 66A

The Future Tense

WALS 67A

The Perfect

WALS 68A

Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes

WALS 69A

The Morphological Imperative

WALS 70A

The Prohibitive

WALS 71A

Imperative-Hortative Systems

WALS 72A

The Optative

WALS 73A

Situational Possibility

WALS 74A

Epistemic Possibility

WALS 75A

Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking

WALS 76A

Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality

WALS 77A

Coding of Evidentiality

WALS 78A

Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

WALS 79A

Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives

WALS 79B

Verbal Number and Suppletion

WALS 80A

Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb

WALS 143A

Preverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143E

Postverbal Negative Morphemes

WALS 143F

Minor morphological means of signaling negation

WALS 143G

Order of Subject, Object and Verb

WALS 81A

Order of Subject and Verb

WALS 82A

Order of Object and Verb

WALS 83A

Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb

WALS 84A

Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

WALS 85A

Order of Genitive and Noun

WALS 86A

Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 87A

Order of Demonstrative and Noun

WALS 88A

Order of Numeral and Noun

WALS 89A

Order of Relative Clause and Noun

WALS 90A

Postnominal relative clauses

WALS 90C

Position of Polar Question Particles

WALS 92A

Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

WALS 93A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

WALS 95A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun

WALS 96A

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

WALS 97A

Case-marking alignment of full (non-pronominal) noun phrases.

AUS extension AUX001

Case-marking alignment of independent personal pronouns.

AUS extension AUX002

Alignment of person marking (agreement/bound pronouns) on the verb.

AUS extension AUX003

Whether full nouns and pronouns use DIFFERENT case alignments (e.g. nouns ergative but pronouns nominative-accusative) — the classic Australian split.

AUS extension AUX004

Whether ergativity is conditioned by the person/NP-type hierarchy (ergative on nouns/3rd, accusative on speech-act pronouns) — a hierarchy-based split.

AUS extension AUX005

Size of the morphological case inventory on nouns.

AUS extension AUX006

Where case marking sits: suffix, prefix, clitic, tone, stem change.

AUS extension AUX007

Whether both non-pronominal core arguments and pronominal core arguments carry case (so case can differ by word class).

AUS extension AUX008

Whether 'with (accompaniment)' and 'with (instrument)' use the same or different marking — a much-discussed Australianist parameter.

AUS extension AUX009

How 'X has Y' is expressed: locational, genitive, topic, conjunctional, or a 'have' verb.

AUS extension AUX045

Number of distance contrasts (2, 3+ deictic terms).

AUS extension AUX023

Count of gender / noun-class categories.

AUS extension AUX021

Whether the gender system is sex-based or non-sex-based (or absent).

AUS extension AUX022

How declarative clauses are negated: affix, particle, negative auxiliary, etc.

AUS extension AUX036

Whether the prohibitive (negative imperative) uses a different construction from declarative negation.

AUS extension AUX037

Productive morphological dual on nouns.

AUS extension AUX014

How nominal plural is coded: suffix, prefix, reduplication, plural word, clitic, none.

AUS extension AUX017

How number is built into independent personal pronouns.

AUS extension AUX018

Whether 1st-person non-singular distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive.

AUS extension AUX019

Whether the inclusive/exclusive distinction also appears in verbal person marking.

AUS extension AUX020

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark gender (he/she).

AUS extension AUX024

Whether interrogatives ('who/what') double as indefinites ('someone/something') — an 'ignorative' series. Partially derivable from WALS Indefinite Pronouns (interrogative-based).

AUS extension AUX051

How pronominal subjects are expressed: obligatory free pronoun, subject affix on the verb, clitic on a variable host (e.g. second position / auxiliary), etc.

AUS extension AUX010

Whether bound pronouns form a clitic cluster on a variable (typically second-position/auxiliary) host rather than being fixed to the verb.

AUS extension AUX011

Whether the transitive subject (A) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX012

Whether the transitive object (P) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX013

Dominant order of subject, object and verb (often 'no dominant order' in free-word-order Australian languages).

AUS extension AUX038

Prepositions vs postpositions vs no dominant adpositions.

AUS extension AUX039

A verb marker signalling same/different subject across clauses.

AUS extension AUX040

Chains of dependent (medial) clauses closed by one finite verb.

AUS extension AUX041

A phonologically bound reflexive marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -ji-).

AUS extension AUX031

A phonologically bound reciprocal marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -wa-).

AUS extension AUX032

Whether reciprocal marking is identical to, or distinct from, reflexive marking.

AUS extension AUX033

A morphological antipassive on the lexical verb (demotes P; salient in ergative languages).

AUS extension AUX034

Whether causatives are formed by an affix/clitic on the verb.

AUS extension AUX035

Whether verbs fall into conjugation classes (as in most Pama-Nyungan languages).

AUS extension AUX025

Where TAM inflection sits on the verb: prefix, suffix, tone, mixed, none.

AUS extension AUX026

Directional or locative morphology on the verb. NOTE: true associated-motion systems (coming/going while V-ing) are a fine Australianist category that open datasets do not isolate; this uses Grambank's broader directional/locative-on-verb feature as a proxy.

AUS extension AUX028

Whether a verb uses a different root for singular vs plural participant (e.g. 'go.sg' vs 'go.pl').

AUS extension AUX029

Whether reduplication is productive and of what kind (full/partial).

AUS extension AUX030

Whether grammatical evidentiality is marked, and its scope (direct/indirect).

AUS extension AUX047

Whether predicates are built from an uninflecting coverb + a small closed class of inflecting light verbs (widespread in non-Pama-Nyungan Australia).

AUS extension AUX052

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

AUS extension AUX053