Kala Lagaw Ya

Order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase: 1=Numeral-Noun, 2=Noun-Numeral, 3=both orders occur.

Grambank GB024

Unmarked order of S and V in intransitive clauses: 1=SV, 2=VS, 3=both.

Grambank GB130

Whether constituent order is the same in main and subordinate clauses.

Grambank GB134

Whether the language has clause chaining (long strings of dependent clauses + one final finite verb).

Grambank GB150

Whether there is a morphological simultaneous-vs-sequential clause distinction.

Grambank GB152

Whether demonstratives make three or more distance contrasts (e.g. near/mid/far).

Grambank GB035

Whether demonstratives encode an elevation distinction (up-here vs down-there).

Grambank GB036

Whether demonstratives encode a visible-vs-nonvisible distinction.

Grambank GB037

Whether the language has a definite or specific article (a grammatical word like English 'the').

Grambank GB020

Whether indefinite nominals commonly take an indefinite article (like English 'a/an').

Grambank GB021

Whether an article, if present, comes before the noun (prenominal).

Grambank GB022

Whether an article, if present, comes after the noun (postnominal).

Grambank GB023

Order of an adnominal demonstrative ('this/that') and noun: 1=Dem-Noun, 2=Noun-Dem, 3=both.

Grambank GB025

Whether adjective-like property words can be separated from their noun (occur discontinuously).

Grambank GB026

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark a gender distinction (he vs she).

Grambank GB030

Whether every person category has a dual (or unit-augmented) form in addition to plural.

Grambank GB031

Whether the language has demonstrative classifiers.

Grambank GB038

Whether there is productive morphological dual marking on nouns.

Grambank GB043

Whether there is productive morphological plural marking on nouns.

Grambank GB044

Whether there is an associative plural marker ('X and those associated with X').

Grambank GB046

Whether an action/state noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'run' -> 'running').

Grambank GB047

Whether an agent noun can be productively derived from a verb (e.g. 'teach' -> 'teacher').

Grambank GB048

Whether an object/result noun can be productively derived from a verb.

Grambank GB049

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses biological sex as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB051

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses shape as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB052

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses animacy as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB053

Whether the gender/noun-class system uses plant status as a class-assignment factor.

Grambank GB054

Whether the language has numeral classifiers (a sortal element required when counting).

Grambank GB057

Whether the language has possessive classifiers.

Grambank GB058

Whether the possessive construction differs for alienable vs inalienable nouns (e.g. 'my dog' vs 'my hand').

Grambank GB059

Unmarked order of possessor noun and possessed noun: 1=Possessor-Possessed, 2=Possessed-Possessor, 3=both.

Grambank GB065

Whether verbs undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB158

Whether nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB159

Whether words other than verbs or nouns undergo reduplication.

Grambank GB160

Whether noun-conjoining ('X and Y') and comitative ('X with Y') use different markers.

Grambank GB027

Whether noun number markers show nonphonological (lexically/grammatically conditioned) allomorphy.

Grambank GB039

Whether more than three nouns are suppletive for number (a different root for singular vs plural).

Grambank GB041

Whether there is productive overt singular marking on nouns.

Grambank GB042

Whether oblique (non-core) non-pronominal NPs carry morphological case.

Grambank GB072

Whether the language has prepositions.

Grambank GB074

Whether the language has postpositions.

Grambank GB075

Whether core-argument marking varies by TAM (tense/aspect/mood) — e.g. split by tense.

Grambank GB095

Whether core-argument marking varies by person (e.g. a person-based split in ergativity).

Grambank GB098

Whether the recipient of a ditransitive ('give') can be marked like a monotransitive object.

Grambank GB105

Whether clausal objects sit in the same position as nominal objects.

Grambank GB135

Whether there is a morphosyntactic distinction between controlled and uncontrolled events/states.

Grambank GB146

Whether the pronoun system distinguishes inclusive ('we incl. you') from exclusive ('we excl. you').

Grambank GB028

Whether core adjectives behave like verbs when used as a predicate ('the dog is big' patterns like 'the dog runs').

Grambank GB068

Whether attributive adjectives require the same morphology as verbs.

Grambank GB069

Whether non-pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB070

Whether pronominal core arguments (S/A/P) carry morphological case.

Grambank GB071

Whether independent oblique personal pronouns carry morphological case.

Grambank GB073

Whether verbs take prefixes/proclitics beyond pure S/A/P agreement (incl. portmanteau agreement+TAM).

Grambank GB079

Whether verbs take suffixes/enclitics beyond pure S/A/P agreement (incl. portmanteau agreement+TAM).

Grambank GB080

Whether verbs show productive infixation (a morpheme inserted inside the root).

Grambank GB081

Whether present tense is overtly marked on the verb.

Grambank GB082

Whether there is a dedicated overt past-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB083

Whether there is a dedicated overt future-tense marker on the verb.

Grambank GB084

Whether verbs make a perfective-vs-imperfective aspect distinction morphologically.

Grambank GB086

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB089

Whether the S (intransitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB090

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB091

Whether the A (transitive subject) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB092

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB093

Whether the P (transitive object) can be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb.

Grambank GB094

Whether core-argument marking varies by verb class.

Grambank GB096

Whether verb stems change according to the person of a core participant.

Grambank GB099

Whether there is a benefactive applicative marker on the verb ('do X for someone').

Grambank GB103

Whether there is an instrumental applicative marker on the verb ('do X with an instrument').

Grambank GB104

Whether standard negation can be marked by an affix, clitic, or verb modification.

Grambank GB107

Whether verbs carry directional or locative morphology (associated-motion-type marking).

Grambank GB108

Whether verbs are suppletive for participant number (different root for singular vs plural participant).

Grambank GB109

Whether verbs are suppletive for tense or aspect.

Grambank GB110

Whether verbs fall into conjugation classes.

Grambank GB111

Whether there are verbal affixes/clitics that transitivize intransitive verbs (causative-like).

Grambank GB113

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reflexive marker on the verb.

Grambank GB114

Whether there is a bound (affixal) reciprocal marker on the verb.

Grambank GB115

Whether verbs classify the shape/size/consistency of absolutive arguments (e.g. via incorporated nouns or suppletion).

Grambank GB116

Whether there is a copula for predicate nominals ('X is a Y').

Grambank GB117

Whether there are serial verb constructions (two+ verbs in one clause without a linker).

Grambank GB118

Whether mood can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB119

Whether aspect can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB120

Whether tense can be marked by an inflecting auxiliary verb.

Grambank GB121

Whether verb compounding is a regular process.

Grambank GB122

Whether there are verb-adjunct (light-verb / coverb) constructions.

Grambank GB123

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

Grambank GB124

Whether the language has a dedicated existential verb ('there is').

Grambank GB126

Whether posture verbs ('lie' vs 'stand' vs 'sit') are obligatorily chosen by an inanimate's shape/position.

Grambank GB127

Whether the language has a small closed set of verb roots (about 100 or fewer).

Grambank GB129

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-initial.

Grambank GB131

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-medial.

Grambank GB132

Whether the unmarked transitive constituent order is verb-final.

Grambank GB133

Whether the order of core (S/A/P) constituents is fixed.

Grambank GB136

Whether standard negation can be marked clause-finally.

Grambank GB137

Whether standard negation can be marked clause-initially.

Grambank GB138

Whether prohibitive (negative imperative) negation differs from declarative negation.

Grambank GB139

Whether one negator covers verbal, locational, existential and nominal predication alike.

Grambank GB140

Whether there is a morphological passive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB147

Whether there is a morphological antipassive marked on the lexical verb.

Grambank GB148

Whether there is a morphological inverse marker on the verb.

Grambank GB149

Whether there is a switch-reference marker (signals same/different subject across clauses).

Grambank GB151

Whether causatives are formed by affixes/clitics on the verb.

Grambank GB155

Whether there is a causative built from a grammaticalized verb 'to say'.

Grambank GB156

Number of Cases

WALS 49A

Asymmetrical Case-Marking

WALS 50A

Front Rounded Vowels

WALS 11A

Syllable Structure

WALS 12A

Tone

WALS 13A

Absence of Common Consonants

WALS 18A

Presence of Uncommon Consonants

WALS 19A

Consonant Inventories

WALS 1A

Vowel Quality Inventories

WALS 2A

Consonant-Vowel Ratio

WALS 3A

Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives

WALS 4A

Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems

WALS 5A

Uvular Consonants

WALS 6A

Glottalized Consonants

WALS 7A

Lateral Consonants

WALS 8A

Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'

WALS 105A

Size of the morphological case inventory on nouns.

AUS extension AUX006

Whether both non-pronominal core arguments and pronominal core arguments carry case (so case can differ by word class).

AUS extension AUX008

Number of distance contrasts (2, 3+ deictic terms).

AUS extension AUX023

Whether the prohibitive (negative imperative) uses a different construction from declarative negation.

AUS extension AUX037

Productive morphological dual on nouns.

AUS extension AUX014

Whether independent 3rd-person pronouns mark gender (he/she).

AUS extension AUX024

Whether the transitive subject (A) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX012

Whether the transitive object (P) is cross-referenced by a bound marker on the verb.

AUS extension AUX013

A verb marker signalling same/different subject across clauses.

AUS extension AUX040

Chains of dependent (medial) clauses closed by one finite verb.

AUS extension AUX041

A phonologically bound reflexive marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -ji-).

AUS extension AUX031

A phonologically bound reciprocal marker on the verb (e.g. Kuku Yalanji -wa-).

AUS extension AUX032

A morphological antipassive on the lexical verb (demotes P; salient in ergative languages).

AUS extension AUX034

Whether causatives are formed by an affix/clitic on the verb.

AUS extension AUX035

Whether verbs fall into conjugation classes (as in most Pama-Nyungan languages).

AUS extension AUX025

Directional or locative morphology on the verb. NOTE: true associated-motion systems (coming/going while V-ing) are a fine Australianist category that open datasets do not isolate; this uses Grambank's broader directional/locative-on-verb feature as a proxy.

AUS extension AUX028

Whether a verb uses a different root for singular vs plural participant (e.g. 'go.sg' vs 'go.pl').

AUS extension AUX029

Whether predicates are built from an uninflecting coverb + a small closed class of inflecting light verbs (widespread in non-Pama-Nyungan Australia).

AUS extension AUX052

Whether noun incorporation into the verb is a productive intransitivizing process.

AUS extension AUX053