# revisions

old_kuku: Kabul yalbay-angka mayarriji nyubun durrban, yalada kalbay-baja janka wuna-l wungar wubulku.
new_kuku: Kabul yalbay-angka mayarriji nyubun durrban, yalada kalbay-baja janka wuna-l wungar wubulku.
old_english: The big rock python swallowed a whole wallaby and then lay still for many days.
new_english: The big rock python swallowed a whole kangaroo and then lay still for many days.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
kabul yalbay-angka mayarriji nyubun durrba-ny, yala-da kalbay-baja janka wuna-l wungar wubul-ku | rock.python big-ERG wallaby one swallowed, then long-very still lie day all

new_analysis:
kabul yalbay-angka mayarriji nyubun durrba-ny, yala-da kalbay-baja janka wuna-l wungar wubul-ku | rock.python big-ERG kangaroo one swallowed, then long-very still lie day all


old_kuku: Dingkar-angka mayarriji madja junkurr wujurr manjal-ba balbin.
new_kuku: Dingkar-angka mayarriji madja junkurr wujurr manjal-ba balbin.
old_english: The men hunted the wallaby in the thick dark scrub on the steep mountain side.
new_english: The men hunted the kangaroo in the thick dark scrub on the steep mountain side.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
dingkar-angka mayarriji madja junkurr wujurr manjal-ba balbi-ny | man-ERG wallaby scrub thick dark mountain-LOC hunted

new_analysis:
dingkar-angka mayarriji madja junkurr wujurr manjal-ba balbi-ny | man-ERG kangaroo scrub thick dark mountain-LOC hunted


old_kuku: Mukul-dingkar-amu kaya mayarriji jina wukurri-l, madja junkurr dukurr-ka.
new_kuku: Mukul-dingkar-amu kaya mayarriji jina wukurri-l, madja junkurr dukurr-ka.
old_english: The old man's dog followed the wallaby's fresh tracks deep into the thick scrub.
new_english: The old man's dog followed the kangaroo's fresh tracks deep into the thick scrub.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-amu kaya mayarriji jina wukurri-l, madja junkurr dukurr-ka | old-man-POSS dog wallaby track follow, scrub thick deep-DAT

new_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-amu kaya mayarriji jina wukurri-l, madja junkurr dukurr-ka | old-man-POSS dog kangaroo track follow, scrub thick deep-DAT


old_kuku: Ngayku kalka jinbal junkurr, ngayu mayarriji jinbal wungar wubulku dama-l.
new_kuku: Ngayku kalka jinbal junkurr, ngayu mayarriji jinbal wungar wubulku dama-l.
old_english: My spear is sharp and straight, and with it I always spear the fast wallaby.
new_english: My spear is sharp and straight, and with it I always spear the fast kangaroo.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
ngayku kalka jinbal junkurr, ngayu mayarriji jinbal wungar wubul-ku dama-l | my spear sharp strong, 1sg wallaby fast day all spear

new_analysis:
ngayku kalka jinbal junkurr, ngayu mayarriji jinbal wungar wubul-ku dama-l | my spear sharp strong, 1sg kangaroo fast day all spear


old_kuku: Wanya-mba kaya ngulkurr yinya, mayarriji madja junkurr-ka kanga-nya?
new_kuku: Wanya-mba kaya ngulkurr yinya, mayarriji madja junkurr-ka kanga-nya?
old_english: Whose good hunting dog is that, chasing the wallaby into the thick dark scrub?
new_english: Whose good hunting dog is that, chasing the kangaroo into the thick dark scrub?
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
wanya-mba kaya ngulkurr yinya, mayarriji madja junkurr-ka kanga-nya? | who-POSS dog good that, wallaby scrub thick-DAT chase-SUB?

new_analysis:
wanya-mba kaya ngulkurr yinya, mayarriji madja junkurr-ka kanga-nya? | who-POSS dog good that, kangaroo scrub thick-DAT chase-SUB?


old_kuku: Kaya yinya ngulkurr jarra-jinbal kaya yindu-nka, nyulu mayarriji niji karrban.
new_kuku: Kaya yinya ngulkurr jarra-jinbal kaya yindu-nka, nyulu mayarriji niji karrban.
old_english: This good dog is faster than that other one, and it always catches the wallaby first.
new_english: This good dog is faster than that other one, and it always catches the kangaroo first.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
kaya yinya ngulkurr jarra-jinbal kaya yindu-nka, nyulu mayarriji niji karrba-ny | dog this good DEG1-fast dog other-DAT, 3sg wallaby already caught

new_analysis:
kaya yinya ngulkurr jarra-jinbal kaya yindu-nka, nyulu mayarriji niji karrba-ny | dog this good DEG1-fast dog other-DAT, 3sg kangaroo already caught


old_kuku: Mayarriji wandul-jirr jiba julbi baja mukul-bama-nka daji, jana wawu bajaku.
new_kuku: Mayarriji wandul-jirr jiba julbi baja mukul-bama-nka daji, jana wawu bajaku.
old_english: The liver and the guts of the fat wallaby are given to the old people, who like them best.
new_english: The liver and the guts of the fat kangaroo are given to the old people, who like them best.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji wandul-jirr jiba julbi baja mukul-bama-nka daji, jana wawu bajaku | wallaby fat-COMIT liver guts and old-people-DAT given, 3pl like most

new_analysis:
mayarriji wandul-jirr jiba julbi baja mukul-bama-nka daji, jana wawu bajaku | kangaroo fat-COMIT liver guts and old-people-DAT given, 3pl like most


old_kuku: Balbi-bama kalka jinbal kulur daman, mayarriji jinbal nyubun-bu kunin.
new_kuku: Balbi-bama kalka jinbal kulur daman, mayarriji jinbal nyubun-bu kunin.
old_english: The hunter threw three straight spears, but the fast wallaby was hit by only one of them.
new_english: The hunter threw three straight spears, but the fast kangaroo was hit by only one of them.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
balbi-bama kalka jinbal kulur dama-ny, mayarriji jinbal nyubun-bu kuni-ny | hunter spear straight three threw, wallaby fast one-INST hit

new_analysis:
balbi-bama kalka jinbal kulur dama-ny, mayarriji jinbal nyubun-bu kuni-ny | hunter spear straight three threw, kangaroo fast one-INST hit


old_kuku: Nyulu wawu balbi-nka mayarriji-ka, yamba kaba kulngkul daran, nyulu bayan-ba bundan.
new_kuku: Nyulu wawu balbi-nka mayarriji-ka, yamba kaba kulngkul daran, nyulu bayan-ba bundan.
old_english: He wanted to go hunting for wallaby, but the heavy rain fell and he stayed in the camp.
new_english: He wanted to go hunting for kangaroo, but the heavy rain fell and he stayed in the camp.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
nyulu wawu balbi-nka mayarriji-ka, yamba kaba kulngkul dara-ny, nyulu bayan-ba bunda-ny | 3sg want hunt-PURP wallaby-DAT, but rain heavy fall-PAST, 3sg camp-LOC sit-PAST

new_analysis:
nyulu wawu balbi-nka mayarriji-ka, yamba kaba kulngkul dara-ny, nyulu bayan-ba bunda-ny | 3sg want hunt-PURP kangaroo-DAT, but rain heavy fall-PAST, 3sg camp-LOC sit-PAST


old_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini wanarrin jikan kalbay-ka, janka wunan balbi-bama jambul-muny.
new_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini wanarrin jikan kalbay-ka, janka wunan balbi-bama jambul-muny.
old_english: The frightened wallaby ran fast into the long grass and lay still, away from the two hunters.
new_english: The frightened kangaroo ran fast into the long grass and lay still, away from the two hunters.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini wanarri-y jikan kalbay-ka, janka wuna-ny balbi-bama jambul-muny | wallaby frightened run.REDUP grass long-DAT, still lie-PAST hunter two-ABL

new_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini wanarri-y jikan kalbay-ka, janka wuna-ny balbi-bama jambul-muny | kangaroo frightened run.REDUP grass long-DAT, still lie-PAST hunter two-ABL


old_kuku: Balbi-bama janjanay janka jikan kalbay-ba, mayarriji ngundu kada-nya nyaji-l.
new_kuku: Balbi-bama janjanay janka jikan kalbay-ba, mayarriji ngundu kada-nya nyaji-l.
old_english: The hunter kept standing very still in the long grass, watching the wallaby come near.
new_english: The hunter kept standing very still in the long grass, watching the kangaroo come near.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
balbi-bama janjanay janka jikan kalbay-ba, mayarriji ngundu kada-nya nyaji-l | hunter stand.REDUP(keep) still grass long-LOC, wallaby near come-SUB watch

new_analysis:
balbi-bama janjanay janka jikan kalbay-ba, mayarriji ngundu kada-nya nyaji-l | hunter stand.REDUP(keep) still grass long-LOC, kangaroo near come-SUB watch


old_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini wanarri kaya jambul-muny, yamba kaya kankaday nyungu-muny.
new_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini wanarri kaya jambul-muny, yamba kaya kankaday nyungu-muny.
old_english: The frightened wallaby kept running away from the two dogs, but they kept coming after it.
new_english: The frightened kangaroo kept running away from the two dogs, but they kept coming after it.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini wanarri(-y) kaya jambul-muny, yamba kaya kankada-y nyungu-muny | wallaby frightened run.REDUP(keep) dog two-ABL, but dog come.REDUP(keep) it-ABL(after)

new_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini wanarri(-y) kaya jambul-muny, yamba kaya kankada-y nyungu-muny | kangaroo frightened run.REDUP(keep) dog two-ABL, but dog come.REDUP(keep) it-ABL(after)


old_kuku: Ngayu karrkay-nyja-ku minya mayarriji ngangkin nuka-l-nuka-n, ngayku kami-ngku balbi-nya.
new_kuku: Ngayu karrkay-nyja-ku minya mayarriji ngangkin nuka-l-nuka-n, ngayku kami-ngku balbi-nya.
old_english: As a small child I used to eat wallaby and echidna that my old grandfather hunted for us.
new_english: As a small child I used to eat kangaroo and echidna that my old grandfather hunted for us.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
ngayu karrkay-nyja-ku minya mayarriji ngangkin nuka-l-nuka-ny, ngayku kami-ngku balbi-nya | 1sg child-ERG-ADV meat wallaby echidna eat-REDUP-PAST(used.to), my grandfather-ERG hunt-SUB

new_analysis:
ngayu karrkay-nyja-ku minya mayarriji ngangkin nuka-l-nuka-ny, ngayku kami-ngku balbi-nya | 1sg child-ERG-ADV meat kangaroo echidna eat-REDUP-PAST(used.to), my grandfather-ERG hunt-SUB


old_kuku: Mukul-dingkar minya mayarriji jiba nuka-nya, yinya minya ngulkurr bajaku narmba-muny.
new_kuku: Mukul-dingkar minya mayarriji jiba nuka-nya, yinya minya ngulkurr bajaku narmba-muny.
old_english: The old man always eats the liver of the wallaby, for it is the best meat of all.
new_english: The old man always eats the liver of the kangaroo, for it is the best meat of all.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mukul-dingkar minya mayarriji jiba nuka-nya, yinya minya ngulkurr bajaku narmba-muny | old-man meat wallaby liver eat-HABIT(always), that meat good most all-ABL

new_analysis:
mukul-dingkar minya mayarriji jiba nuka-nya, yinya minya ngulkurr bajaku narmba-muny | old-man meat kangaroo liver eat-HABIT(always), that meat good most all-ABL


old_kuku: Balbi-bama mukul bubu narmba nyaji-l-nyaji-n, mayarriji-mu jina narmba binalman.
new_kuku: Balbi-bama mukul bubu narmba nyaji-l-nyaji-n, mayarriji-mu jina narmba binalman.
old_english: The old hunter looked thoroughly all over the ground, examining every track the wallaby had left.
new_english: The old hunter looked thoroughly all over the ground, examining every track the kangaroo had left.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
balbi-bama mukul bubu narmba nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, mayarriji-mu jina narmba binal-ma-ny | hunter old ground all examine.REDUP-PAST, wallaby-POSS track all know-INCHO-PAST

new_analysis:
balbi-bama mukul bubu narmba nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, mayarriji-mu jina narmba binal-ma-ny | hunter old ground all examine.REDUP-PAST, kangaroo-POSS track all know-INCHO-PAST


old_kuku: Balbi-bama jururr kadan madja ngungul-muny, nyubun-nyubun mayarriji yalbay wandul wundin.
new_kuku: Balbi-bama jururr kadan madja ngungul-muny, nyubun-nyubun mayarriji yalbay wandul wundin.
old_english: The hunters came one after another out of the dark scrub, each carrying a big fat wallaby.
new_english: The hunters came one after another out of the dark scrub, each carrying a big fat kangaroo.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
balbi-bama jururr kada-ny madja ngungul-muny, nyubun-nyubun mayarriji yalbay wandul wundi-ny | hunter one.after.another come-PAST scrub dark-ABL, each wallaby big fat carry-PAST

new_analysis:
balbi-bama jururr kada-ny madja ngungul-muny, nyubun-nyubun mayarriji yalbay wandul wundi-ny | hunter one.after.another come-PAST scrub dark-ABL, each kangaroo big fat carry-PAST


old_kuku: Kalka jururr wanarrin mayarriji-ka, yamba narmba kari kuni-l jikan-ba daran.
new_kuku: Kalka jururr wanarrin mayarriji-ka, yamba narmba kari kuni-l jikan-ba daran.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_english:
The spears flew one after another at the running wallaby, but every one missed and fell in the grass.

new_english:
The spears flew one after another at the running kangaroo, but every one missed and fell in the grass.

old_analysis:
kalka jururr wanarri-ny mayarriji-ka, yamba narmba kari kuni-l jikan-ba dara-ny | spear one.after.another run(fly)-PAST wallaby-DAT, but all NEG hit grass-LOC fall-PAST

new_analysis:
kalka jururr wanarri-ny mayarriji-ka, yamba narmba kari kuni-l jikan-ba dara-ny | spear one.after.another run(fly)-PAST kangaroo-DAT, but all NEG hit grass-LOC fall-PAST


created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_kuku:
Ngayku nganjan warru-nyja-ku mayarriji-ka balbi dunga-l-dunga-n wungar wubulku, minya-jirr kankadan.

new_kuku:
Ngayku nganjan warru-nyja-ku mayarriji-ka balbi dunga-l-dunga-n wungar wubulku, minya-jirr kankadan.

old_english:
As a young man my father used to go hunting the wallaby every day, and he always came home with meat.

new_english:
As a young man my father used to go hunting the kangaroo every day, and he always came home with meat.

old_analysis:
ngayku nganjan warru-nyja-ku mayarriji-ka balbi dunga-l-dunga-ny wungar wubul-ku, minya-jirr kankada-ny | my father young.man-ERG-ADV wallaby-DAT hunt go-REDUP-PAST(used.to) day all, meat-COMIT come.REDUP-PAST

new_analysis:
ngayku nganjan warru-nyja-ku mayarriji-ka balbi dunga-l-dunga-ny wungar wubul-ku, minya-jirr kankada-ny | my father young.man-ERG-ADV kangaroo-DAT hunt go-REDUP-PAST(used.to) day all, meat-COMIT come.REDUP-PAST


old_kuku: Balbi-bama janjanay janka nyaji-l, mayarriji yalbay kadan jikan nuka-nka.
new_kuku: Balbi-bama janjanay janka nyaji-l, mayarriji yalbay kadan jikan nuka-nka.
old_english: The hunter kept standing still and watching, and the big wallaby came out to eat the grass.
new_english: The hunter kept standing still and watching, and the big kangaroo came out to eat the grass.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
balbi-bama janjanay janka nyaji-l, mayarriji yalbay kada-ny jikan nuka-nka | hunter stand.REDUP(keep) still watch, wallaby big come-PAST grass eat-PURP

new_analysis:
balbi-bama janjanay janka nyaji-l, mayarriji yalbay kada-ny jikan nuka-nka | hunter stand.REDUP(keep) still watch, kangaroo big come-PAST grass eat-PURP


old_kuku: Dingkar jambul muru balka-wa janka wujurr wubulku, mayarriji wanja dunga-nya marral-wungar-a.
new_kuku: Dingkar jambul muru balka-wa janka wujurr wubulku, mayarriji wanja dunga-nya marral-wungar-a.
old_english: The two men talked together quietly all night about where the wallabies had gone in the dry time.
new_english: The two men talked together quietly all night about where the kangaroos had gone in the dry time.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
dingkar jambul muru balka-wa janka wujurr wubul-ku, mayarriji wanja dunga-nya marral-wungar-a | man two together talk-RECIP quiet night all, wallaby where go-SUB dry-season-LOC

new_analysis:
dingkar jambul muru balka-wa janka wujurr wubul-ku, mayarriji wanja dunga-nya marral-wungar-a | man two together talk-RECIP quiet night all, kangaroo where go-SUB dry-season-LOC


old_kuku: Ngayu yaba-nda babajin, mayarriji wandul wanja nukal marral-wungar-a.
new_kuku: Ngayu yaba-nda babajin, mayarriji wandul wanja nukal marral-wungar-a.
old_english: I asked my elder brother where the fat wallabies were feeding in the long dry season.
new_english: I asked my elder brother where the fat kangaroos were feeding in the long dry season.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
ngayu yaba-nda babaji-ny, mayarriji wandul wanja nukal marral-wungar-a | 1sg elder.brother-LOC ask-PAST, wallaby fat where eat dry-season-LOC

new_analysis:
ngayu yaba-nda babaji-ny, mayarriji wandul wanja nukal marral-wungar-a | 1sg elder.brother-LOC ask-PAST, kangaroo fat where eat dry-season-LOC


old_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini bada wanarrin jamba junkurr-muny wawubaja-ka, jikan kalbay-mba janka wunay.
new_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini bada wanarrin jamba junkurr-muny wawubaja-ka, jikan kalbay-mba janka wunay.
old_english: The frightened wallaby ran down the steep hill to the river and hid in the long grass.
new_english: The frightened kangaroo ran down the steep hill to the river and hid in the long grass.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini bada wanarri-ny jamba junkurr-muny wawubaja-ka, jikan kalbay-mba janka wunay | wallaby frightened down run-PAST hill steep-ABL river-DAT, grass long-LOC still lie

new_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini bada wanarri-ny jamba junkurr-muny wawubaja-ka, jikan kalbay-mba janka wunay | kangaroo frightened down run-PAST hill steep-ABL river-DAT, grass long-LOC still lie


old_kuku: Mayarriji jibarr-ba nukal marral-wungar-a, yamba bada kadan wawubaja-ka kaba dara-nya.
new_kuku: Mayarriji jibarr-ba nukal marral-wungar-a, yamba bada kadan wawubaja-ka kaba dara-nya.
old_english: The wallabies feed inland in the dry season, but come down to the river when the rain falls.
new_english: The kangaroos feed inland in the dry season, but come down to the river when the rain falls.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji jibarr-ba nukal marral-wungar-a, yamba bada kada-ny wawubaja-ka kaba dara-nya | wallaby hinterland-LOC eat dry-season-LOC, but down come-PAST river-DAT rain fall-SUB

new_analysis:
mayarriji jibarr-ba nukal marral-wungar-a, yamba bada kada-ny wawubaja-ka kaba dara-nya | kangaroo hinterland-LOC eat dry-season-LOC, but down come-PAST river-DAT rain fall-SUB


old_kuku: Jalun-warra bama kuyu ngawiya nukal, yamba jibarr-warra bama mayarriji wukay nukal.
new_kuku: Jalun-warra bama kuyu ngawiya nukal, yamba jibarr-warra bama mayarriji wukay nukal.
old_english: The seaside people ate the fish and the turtle, but the hinterland people ate wallaby and yam.
new_english: The seaside people ate the fish and the turtle, but the hinterland people ate kangaroo and yam.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
jalun-warra bama kuyu ngawiya nukal, yamba jibarr-warra bama mayarriji wukay nukal | sea-inhabitant person fish turtle eat, but hinterland-inhabitant person wallaby yam eat

new_analysis:
jalun-warra bama kuyu ngawiya nukal, yamba jibarr-warra bama mayarriji wukay nukal | sea-inhabitant person fish turtle eat, but hinterland-inhabitant person kangaroo yam eat


old_kuku: Mayarriji balbi-bama-muny wanarrin, jikan kalbay-burr, bada janku dajali-ka.
new_kuku: Mayarriji balbi-bama-muny wanarrin, jikan kalbay-burr, bada janku dajali-ka.
old_english: The wallaby ran from the hunter, through the long grass, and down to the deep waterhole.
new_english: The kangaroo ran from the hunter, through the long grass, and down to the deep waterhole.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji balbi-bama-muny wanarri-ny, jikan kalbay-burr, bada janku dajali-ka | wallaby hunter-ABL run-PAST, grass long-PERL, down waterhole deep-DAT

new_analysis:
mayarriji balbi-bama-muny wanarri-ny, jikan kalbay-burr, bada janku dajali-ka | kangaroo hunter-ABL run-PAST, grass long-PERL, down waterhole deep-DAT


old_kuku: Balbi-bama jambul bayan-ka kadan wujurr-ba, mayarriji yalbay jambul bikibiki nyubun wundin.
new_kuku: Balbi-bama jambul bayan-ka kadan wujurr-ba, mayarriji yalbay jambul bikibiki nyubun wundin.
old_english: The two hunters came back to the camp at dark, carrying two big wallabies and one fat pig.
new_english: The two hunters came back to the camp at dark, carrying two big kangaroos and one fat pig.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
balbi-bama jambul bayan-ka kada-ny wujurr-ba, mayarriji yalbay jambul bikibiki nyubun wundi-ny | hunter two camp-DAT come-PAST dark-LOC, wallaby big two pig one carry-PAST

new_analysis:
balbi-bama jambul bayan-ka kada-ny wujurr-ba, mayarriji yalbay jambul bikibiki nyubun wundi-ny | hunter two camp-DAT come-PAST dark-LOC, kangaroo big two pig one carry-PAST


old_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini jalaman kulji yalbay kudamundu-muny, wanarrin jikan kalbay-ka.
new_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini jalaman kulji yalbay kudamundu-muny, wanarrin jikan kalbay-ka.
old_english: The frightened wallaby jumped out from behind the big rock and ran off into the long grass.
new_english: The frightened kangaroo jumped out from behind the big rock and ran off into the long grass.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini jalama-ny kulji yalbay kudamundu-muny, wanarri-ny jikan kalbay-ka | wallaby frightened jump-PAST stone big behind-ABL, run.REDUP-PAST grass long-DAT

new_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini jalama-ny kulji yalbay kudamundu-muny, wanarri-ny jikan kalbay-ka | kangaroo frightened jump-PAST stone big behind-ABL, run.REDUP-PAST grass long-DAT


old_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini wunan janka bajaku jikan kalbay-mba, wandin jalaman warrin jamba-ka.
new_kuku: Mayarriji yini-yini wunan janka bajaku jikan kalbay-mba, wandin jalaman warrin jamba-ka.
old_english: The frightened wallaby lay very still in the long grass, then jumped up and ran off to the hills.
new_english: The frightened kangaroo lay very still in the long grass, then jumped up and ran off to the hills.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini wunan janka bajaku jikan kalbay-mba, wandi-ny jalama-ny warri-ny jamba-ka | wallaby frightened lie still very grass long-LOC, get.up-PAST jump-PAST run-PAST hill-DAT

new_analysis:
mayarriji yini-yini wunan janka bajaku jikan kalbay-mba, wandi-ny jalama-ny warri-ny jamba-ka | kangaroo frightened lie still very grass long-LOC, get.up-PAST jump-PAST run-PAST hill-DAT


old_kuku: Balbi-bama jambul mayarriji kulngkul wundin bayan-ka muru, nyubun jandal karrba, nyubun dukul.
new_kuku: Balbi-bama jambul mayarriji kulngkul wundin bayan-ka muru, nyubun jandal karrba, nyubun dukul.
old_english: The two hunters carried the heavy wallaby home between them, one holding the legs, one the head.
new_english: The two hunters carried the heavy kangaroo home between them, one holding the legs, one the head.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
balbi-bama jambul mayarriji kulngkul wundi-ny bayan-ka muru, nyubun jandal karrba, nyubun dukul | hunter two wallaby heavy carry-PAST camp-DAT together, one leg hold, one head

new_analysis:
balbi-bama jambul mayarriji kulngkul wundi-ny bayan-ka muru, nyubun jandal karrba, nyubun dukul | hunter two kangaroo heavy carry-PAST camp-DAT together, one leg hold, one head


old_kuku: Kulji wangkar-mundu balbi-bama jambul mayarriji nyajin nuka-nya bada-bada bubu-ba.
new_kuku: Kulji wangkar-mundu balbi-bama jambul mayarriji nyajin nuka-nya bada-bada bubu-ba.
old_english: From the high rock the two hunters watched the wallabies feeding far below on the open plain.
new_english: From the high rock the two hunters watched the kangaroos feeding far below on the open plain.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:47:04.473257+00:00
old_analysis:
kulji wangkar-mundu balbi-bama jambul mayarriji nyaji-ny nuka-nya bada-bada bubu-ba | stone high-ABESS hunter two wallaby watch-PAST eat-SUB below ground-LOC

new_analysis:
kulji wangkar-mundu balbi-bama jambul mayarriji nyaji-ny nuka-nya bada-bada bubu-ba | stone high-ABESS hunter two kangaroo watch-PAST eat-SUB below ground-LOC


old_kuku: Nyungu ngandal marral, nyumba kari; nyulu wungar wubulku jilba-nya bana kari-mundu.
new_kuku: Nyungu ngandal marral, nyumba kari; nyulu wungar wubulku jilba-nya bana-kari.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:01:35.714771+00:00
old_analysis:
nyungu ngandal marral, nyumba kari; nyulu wungar wubul-ku jilba-nya bana kari-mundu | his mouth dry, saliva none; 3sg day all walk-SUB water without

new_analysis:
nyungu ngandal marral, nyumba kari; nyulu wungar wubul-ku jilba-nya bana-kari | his mouth dry, saliva none; 3sg day all walk-SUB water-PRIV(without)

reason:
'without water' = PRIVATIVE bana-kari (Rule 62/ex.55 mani-kari), NOT 'bana kari-mundu' (the old -mundu='without' error). -mundu is ABESSIVE 'from a vantage', not privative. batch-106 -mundu-audit reconciliation.


old_kuku: Naybu-bu minya ngaki yaka-l, warrbi-bu juku junkurr yaka-l.
new_kuku: Naybu-bu minya yaka-l, warrbi-bu juku junkurr marral yaka-l.
old_english: With a sharp knife you cut the meat and the skin, and with a heavy axe you split the hard wood.
new_english: With a sharp knife you cut the meat, and with a heavy stone axe you split the hard, dry wood.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:36:29.022926+00:00
old_analysis:
naybu-bu minya ngaki yaka-l, warrbi-bu juku junkurr yaka-l | knife-INST meat skin cut, axe-INST wood hard cut(split)

new_analysis:
naybu-bu minya yaka-l, warrbi-bu juku junkurr marral yaka-l | knife-INST meat cut, axe-INST wood hard dry cut(split)

reason:
SWEEP (batch-108 interleaved): bare 'ngaki' was a wrong-sense coinage for 'skin'; ngaki-l = 'STEAL' (grammar l.2166/2645 'dubu-ngku/kaya-ngka minya ngaki-ny' = ghost/dog stole meat). Removed the phantom 'skin' noun; row now cuts meat with the knife and splits wood with the axe. I3-safe.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Wulbumanangka balkan: Ngayu mukul, ngayu kariku balbil wukurril bana wundil, yambada warru ngayku nukamanil baya kujil, kari ngayu yukilmuny, yambada ngayu jananka, nyubun wungara jana mukul-manda, nyungu kangkal yinya baja ngaral, yala murni murninya bama nyubun kari kudamundu yilbal yabarrka.

new_kuku:
Wulbumanangka balkan: Ngayu mukul, ngayu kari balbil wukurril bana wundil, yambada warru ngayku nukamanil baya kujil, kari ngayu yukilmuny, yambada ngayu jananka, nyubun wungara jana mukul-manda, nyungu kangkal yinya baja ngaral, yala murni murninya bama nyubun kari kudamundu yilbal yabarrka.

old_english:
The old woman said: I am old and can no longer hunt or weave or carry water, and yet the young still feed me and keep my fire, not because I am useful, but because I am theirs, and one day they will be old, and their children will do the same, and so the wheel turns and no one is ever thrown away.

new_english:
The old woman said: I am old and can no longer hunt or weave or carry water, and yet the young still feed me and keep my fire, not because I am useful, but because I am theirs, and one day they will be old, and their children will do the same, and so the wheel turns and no one is ever thrown away.

old_analysis:
wulbuman-angka balka-ny: ngayu mukul, ngayu kariku balbi-l wukurri-l bana wundi-l, yambada warru ngayku nuka-mani-l baya kuji-l, kari ngayu yukil-muny, yambada ngayu jana-nka, nyubun wungar-a jana mukul-ma-ny-da, nyungu kangkal yinya baja ngara-l, yala murni murni-nya bama nyubun kari kudamundu yilba-l yabarrka | old.woman said: I old, I not.yet hunt weave water carry, but young me feed fire keep, NEG I useful-ABL, but I theirs, one day they old-become, their children that too do, as wheel turns person one NEG away thrown ever

new_analysis:
wulbuman-angka balka-ny: ngayu mukul, ngayu kari balbi-l wukurri-l bana wundi-l, yambada warru ngayku nuka-mani-l baya kuji-l, kari ngayu yukil-muny, yambada ngayu jana-nka, nyubun wungar-a jana mukul-ma-ny-da, nyungu kangkal yinya baja ngara-l, yala murni murni-nya bama nyubun kari kudamundu yilba-l yabarrka | old.woman said: I old, I not.yet hunt weave water carry, but young me feed fire keep, NEG I useful-ABL, but I theirs, one day they old-become, their children that too do, as wheel turns person one NEG away thrown ever

reason:
kariku 'not yet' misused for 'no longer/cannot' -> kari 'not' (plain negation; l.3821 kariku=not-yet, l.1329 kari=not). Fidelity fix, EN unchanged. kariku sense-drift audit b112.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan: bama nyubunmu dandi yala jana ngaral bama jana kariku dajil: bama nyulu mukul junkurr-kari kudamundu yilbal nyungu wawu ngadiku kilban, nyulu yamba yindu manin baja, bama nyulu jana jarrakulbal yamba nyubun dandi karrbal.

new_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan: bama nyubunmu dandi yala jana ngaral bama jana kari dajil: bama nyulu mukul junkurr-kari kudamundu yilbal nyungu wawu ngadiku kilban, nyulu yamba yindu manin baja, bama nyulu jana jarrakulbal yamba nyubun dandi karrbal.

old_english:
The old man said the measure of a people is how they treat those who can no longer contribute: a people that discards its old and weak has already lost its soul, whatever else it may have gained, and a people that carries them has kept the one thing that matters.

new_english:
The old man said the measure of a people is how they treat those who can no longer contribute: a people that discards its old and weak has already lost its soul, whatever else it may have gained, and a people that carries them has kept the one thing that matters.

old_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny: bama nyubun-mu dandi yala jana ngara-l bama jana kariku daji-l: bama nyulu mukul junkurr-kari kudamundu yilba-l nyungu wawu ngadiku kilba-ny, nyulu yamba yindu mani-ny baja, bama nyulu jana jarrakulba-l yamba nyubun dandi karrba-l | old man said: people-POSS measure how they treat people who not.yet contribute: people who old weak away throws its soul already lost, it thing other got too, people who them carries thing one important kept

new_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny: bama nyubun-mu dandi yala jana ngara-l bama jana kari daji-l: bama nyulu mukul junkurr-kari kudamundu yilba-l nyungu wawu ngadiku kilba-ny, nyulu yamba yindu mani-ny baja, bama nyulu jana jarrakulba-l yamba nyubun dandi karrba-l | old man said: people-POSS measure how they treat people who not.yet contribute: people who old weak away throws its soul already lost, it thing other got too, people who them carries thing one important kept

reason:
kariku 'not yet' misused for 'no longer/cannot' -> kari 'not' (plain negation; l.3821 kariku=not-yet, l.1329 kari=not). Fidelity fix, EN unchanged. kariku sense-drift audit b112.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Yalaku, wulbumanangka balkan, ngana bawal wanja ngana wandin: yundu kari nganga, yundu kari yabarrka nganga janayka, wawu wubulmu yala nyulu-nyulu bama yindumu wawungu bada-baja wukurrinka, yundu dunganya, kambi karrbal, nyungu wukurr, yundu kariku nyajil, yamba wubulku karrbal yabarrka.

new_kuku:
Yalaku, wulbumanangka balkan, ngana bawal wanja ngana wandin: yundu kari nganga, yundu kari yabarrka nganga janayka, wawu wubulmu yala nyulu-nyulu bama yindumu wawungu bada-baja wukurrinka, yundu dunganya, kambi karrbal, nyungu wukurr, yundu kari nyajil, yamba wubulku karrbal yabarrka.

old_english:
And so, the old woman said, we end where we began: you are not alone, you were never meant to be alone, and the whole purpose of a life is to weave yourself so deeply into the lives of others that when you are gone, the cloth holds, and your thread, though you can no longer see it, goes on holding everything together.

new_english:
And so, the old woman said, we end where we began: you are not alone, you were never meant to be alone, and the whole purpose of a life is to weave yourself so deeply into the lives of others that when you are gone, the cloth holds, and your thread, though you can no longer see it, goes on holding everything together.

old_analysis:
yala-ku, wulbuman-angka balka-ny, ngana bawa-l wanja ngana wandi-ny: yundu kari nganga, yundu kari yabarrka nganga jana-y-ka, wawu wubul-mu yala nyulu-nyulu bama yindu-mu wawu-nga bada-baja wukurri-nka, yundu dunga-nya, kambi karrba-l, nyungu wukurr, yundu kariku nyaji-l, yamba wubul-ku karrba-l yabarrka | thus, old.woman said, we end where we began: you NEG alone, you NEG ever alone be-DAT, life whole-POSS purpose himself people other-POSS lives-LOC deeply weave-DAT, you gone-SUB, cloth holds, your thread, you not.yet see, thing all holds forever

new_analysis:
yala-ku, wulbuman-angka balka-ny, ngana bawa-l wanja ngana wandi-ny: yundu kari nganga, yundu kari yabarrka nganga jana-y-ka, wawu wubul-mu yala nyulu-nyulu bama yindu-mu wawu-nga bada-baja wukurri-nka, yundu dunga-nya, kambi karrba-l, nyungu wukurr, yundu kari nyaji-l, yamba wubul-ku karrba-l yabarrka | thus, old.woman said, we end where we began: you NEG alone, you NEG ever alone be-DAT, life whole-POSS purpose himself people other-POSS lives-LOC deeply weave-DAT, you gone-SUB, cloth holds, your thread, you not.yet see, thing all holds forever

reason:
kariku 'not yet' misused for 'no longer/cannot' -> kari 'not' (plain negation; l.3821 kariku=not-yet, l.1329 kari=not). Fidelity fix, EN unchanged. kariku sense-drift audit b112.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan: bubu baral ngadiku wubulmu wawu bama nyubun kariku jilbal, juku wandin milka-wulan, nyubun wubulku ngadiku baral wawu-yukil bama jambulmu jana daji-way manyarr-way daji-way baja, baral wulanya, yamba bama jambul dukurrbu wula baja, bama nyubun yinya jilbal baja.

new_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan: bubu baral ngadiku wubulmu wawu bama nyubun kari jilbal, juku wandin milka-wulan, nyubun wubulku ngadiku baral wawu-yukil bama jambulmu jana daji-way manyarr-way daji-way baja, baral wulanya, yamba bama jambul dukurrbu wula baja, bama nyubun yinya jilbal baja.

old_english:
The old man said the country is full of old roads that no one walks anymore, grown over and forgotten, and each was once a living path between two peoples who traded and married and shared, and when the road died, something between the peoples died too, and someone should walk them again.

new_english:
The old man said the country is full of old roads that no one walks anymore, grown over and forgotten, and each was once a living path between two peoples who traded and married and shared, and when the road died, something between the peoples died too, and someone should walk them again.

old_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny: bubu baral ngadiku wubul-mu wawu bama nyubun kariku jilba-l, juku wandi-ny milka-wula-ny, nyubun wubul-ku ngadiku baral wawu-yukil bama jambul-mu jana daji-way manyarr-way daji-way baja, baral wula-nya, yamba bama jambul dukurr-bu wula baja, bama nyubun yinya jilba-l baja | old man said: country roads old many full which people no.one walks, plants risen forgotten, each once road living peoples two-POSS they trade married share too, road died-SUB, thing peoples two between died too, someone these walk again | ...

new_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny: bubu baral ngadiku wubul-mu wawu bama nyubun kari jilba-l, juku wandi-ny milka-wula-ny, nyubun wubul-ku ngadiku baral wawu-yukil bama jambul-mu jana daji-way manyarr-way daji-way baja, baral wula-nya, yamba bama jambul dukurr-bu wula baja, bama nyubun yinya jilba-l baja | old man said: country roads old many full which people no.one walks, plants risen forgotten, each once road living peoples two-POSS they trade married share too, road died-SUB, thing peoples two between died too, someone these walk again | ...


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Wulbumanangka balkan: Ngayku jadal dukul mara-kunbanya, kari walu-jirrbu-jirrbu ngayu kariku jilbal, ngayu yabarrka bubu jilban wubul-baja bama wubulmuny, jina wubulku ngayku dukurrbu karrbal; wungar bada bajakungu, ngayu bunda baral nyaji-mundu ngana kadanmu, ngayu nyaji bada nyubun dumbay ngayu dunganka ngadiku.

new_kuku:
Wulbumanangka balkan: Ngayku jadal dukul mara-kunbanya, kari walu-jirrbu-jirrbu ngayu kari jilbal, ngayu yabarrka bubu jilban wubul-baja bama wubulmuny, jina wubulku ngayku dukurrbu karrbal; wungar bada bajakungu, ngayu bunda baral nyaji-mundu ngana kadanmu, ngayu nyaji bada nyubun dumbay ngayu dunganka ngadiku.

old_english:
The old woman said: When my legs finally stop, do not grieve that I can no longer travel, for I have already walked more country than most, and every step of it is still inside me; on the last night, sit me facing the road we came in on, and let me look down it one last time before I go.

new_english:
The old woman said: When my legs finally stop, do not grieve that I can no longer travel, for I have already walked more country than most, and every step of it is still inside me; on the last night, sit me facing the road we came in on, and let me look down it one last time before I go.

old_analysis:
wulbuman-angka balka-ny: ngayku jadal dukul mara-kunba-nya, kari walu-jirrbu-jirrbu ngayu kariku jilba-l, ngayu yabarrka bubu jilba-ny wubul-baja bama wubul-muny, jina wubul-ku ngayku dukurr-bu karrba-l, wungar bada bajaku-ngu, ngayu bunda baral nyaji-mundu ngana kada-ny-mu, ngayu nyaji bada nyubun dumbay ngayu dunga-nka ngadiku | old.woman said: my legs at.last stop-SUB, NEG grieve I unable travel, I already country walked more people all-ABL, steps all my inside-LOC hold, night last-LOC, me sit road facing-toward we came-POSS, I look down one last I go-DAT before | ...

new_analysis:
wulbuman-angka balka-ny: ngayku jadal dukul mara-kunba-nya, kari walu-jirrbu-jirrbu ngayu kari jilba-l, ngayu yabarrka bubu jilba-ny wubul-baja bama wubul-muny, jina wubul-ku ngayku dukurr-bu karrba-l, wungar bada bajaku-ngu, ngayu bunda baral nyaji-mundu ngana kada-ny-mu, ngayu nyaji bada nyubun dumbay ngayu dunga-nka ngadiku | old.woman said: my legs at.last stop-SUB, NEG grieve I unable travel, I already country walked more people all-ABL, steps all my inside-LOC hold, night last-LOC, me sit road facing-toward we came-POSS, I look down one last I go-DAT before | ...


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan: kaki yundu murruji yamba dandi bamamu miyilba balka, yundu kari kuku nyungu dumbay-mba balkanka, kaki yundu miyilba balka, yundu yabarrka nyaji yundu kariku wawu nyungu dumbay-mba balkanka, miyil yala kuku wubulku nyaji-manil, nyungu mumbu buban nganga balka-kari wulal.

new_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan: kaki yundu murruji yamba dandi bamamu miyilba balka, yundu kari kuku nyungu dumbay-mba balkanka, kaki yundu miyilba balka, yundu yabarrka nyaji yundu kari wawu nyungu dumbay-mba balkanka, miyil yala kuku wubulku nyaji-manil, nyungu mumbu buban nganga balka-kari wulal.

old_english:
The old man said if you cannot say a hard thing to a person's face, you have no right to say it behind their back, and if you can say it to their face, you usually find you no longer need to say it behind their back, so let the face be the test of every word, and half your cruelty will die unspoken.

new_english:
The old man said if you cannot say a hard thing to a person's face, you have no right to say it behind their back, and if you can say it to their face, you usually find you no longer need to say it behind their back, so let the face be the test of every word, and half your cruelty will die unspoken.

old_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny: kaki yundu murruji yamba dandi bama-mu miyil-ba balka, yundu kari kuku nyungu dumbay-mba balka-nka, kaki yundu miyil-ba balka, yundu yabarrka nyaji yundu kariku wawu nyungu dumbay-mba balka-nka, miyil yala kuku wubul-ku nyaji-ma-ni-l, nyungu mumbu buban nganga balka-kari wula-l | old man said: if you unable thing hard person-POSS face-LOC say, you NEG word their behind say-DAT, if you face-LOC say, you always find you never want their behind say-DAT, face like word all test-makes, your cruelty half just unspoken dies | ...

new_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny: kaki yundu murruji yamba dandi bama-mu miyil-ba balka, yundu kari kuku nyungu dumbay-mba balka-nka, kaki yundu miyil-ba balka, yundu yabarrka nyaji yundu kari wawu nyungu dumbay-mba balka-nka, miyil yala kuku wubul-ku nyaji-ma-ni-l, nyungu mumbu buban nganga balka-kari wula-l | old man said: if you unable thing hard person-POSS face-LOC say, you NEG word their behind say-DAT, if you face-LOC say, you always find you never want their behind say-DAT, face like word all test-makes, your cruelty half just unspoken dies | ...


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan kuku bama wubul bawan babajinka jarra bubu-ngu wanya nyulu bawanmuny, bama nyulu kariku babajil wanja jana bawanmuny dunganmuny, yambada wanyurrinku warru dungay, yambada wanjarr kuku ngadiku karrbal, nyulu ngadiku dukurr-baja bawan, nyulu bungan kuku ngadiku junkurr dandi babajinka kuku-mundu, kuku-yukil kari kadanya baja, babajil nyulu-nyulu bubu karra-kari karrbal dandi nyulu kajalmuny.

new_kuku:
Mukulungku dingkarangka balkan kuku bama wubul bawan babajinka jarra bubu-ngu wanya nyulu bawanmuny, bama nyulu kari babajil wanja jana bawanmuny dunganmuny, yambada wanyurrinku warru dungay, yambada wanjarr kuku ngadiku karrbal, nyulu ngadiku dukurr-baja bawan, nyulu bungan kuku ngadiku junkurr dandi babajinka kuku-mundu, kuku-yukil kari kadanya baja, babajil nyulu-nyulu bubu karra-kari karrbal dandi nyulu kajalmuny.

old_english:
The old man said the questions a people stops asking mark the edges of what it has given up on, for a people that no longer asks where the missing ones went, or why the young are leaving, or how the old ways could be kept, has already half-surrendered, so he made it a duty to keep asking the hard uncomfortable questions aloud, even when no answer came, for the asking itself keeps a door open that silence would close.

new_english:
The old man said the questions a people stops asking mark the edges of what it has given up on, for a people that no longer asks where the missing ones went, or why the young are leaving, or how the old ways could be kept, has already half-surrendered, so he made it a duty to keep asking the hard uncomfortable questions aloud, even when no answer came, for the asking itself keeps a door open that silence would close.

old_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny kuku bama wubul bawa-ny babaji-nka jarra bubu-ngu wanya nyulu bawa-ny-muny, bama nyulu kariku babaji-l wanja jana bawa-ny-muny dunga-ny-muny, yambada wanyurrinku warru dunga-y, yambada wanjarr kuku ngadiku karrba-l, nyulu ngadiku dukurr-baja bawa-ny, nyulu bunga-ny kuku ngadiku junkurr dandi babaji-nka kuku-mundu, kuku-yukil kari kada-nya baja, babaji-l nyulu-nyulu bubu karra-kari karrba-l dandi nyulu kaja-l-muny | old man said question people stops ask-DAT marks edge what it given.up-of, people he no.longer asks where missing went-of, or why young go, or how law old kept, he already half-surrendered, he made duty question hard uncomfortable ask-DAT aloud, answer NEG comes too, asking itself door open-less(open) holds silence it close-of | ...

new_analysis:
mukul-ungku dingkar-angka balka-ny kuku bama wubul bawa-ny babaji-nka jarra bubu-ngu wanya nyulu bawa-ny-muny, bama nyulu kari babaji-l wanja jana bawa-ny-muny dunga-ny-muny, yambada wanyurrinku warru dunga-y, yambada wanjarr kuku ngadiku karrba-l, nyulu ngadiku dukurr-baja bawa-ny, nyulu bunga-ny kuku ngadiku junkurr dandi babaji-nka kuku-mundu, kuku-yukil kari kada-nya baja, babaji-l nyulu-nyulu bubu karra-kari karrba-l dandi nyulu kaja-l-muny | old man said question people stops ask-DAT marks edge what it given.up-of, people he no.longer asks where missing went-of, or why young go, or how law old kept, he already half-surrendered, he made duty question hard uncomfortable ask-DAT aloud, answer NEG comes too, asking itself door open-less(open) holds silence it close-of | ...


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_kuku:
Wulbumanangka balkan bubu ngadiku bubu-mayi kuji-mabi mara kulur-kari-bu wungar kulur-kari-mundu, mayi-juku yukil bayan mukul ngunduku bangkan bama nyungu diburr jarrakulban badan jarran ngadiku, mayi-juku jarran wanja bama nukan bawan, bubu majaji nyulu kariku bajaku majaji yambada bubu-mayi yalbay buban-buban bama nyungu-mundu kajanmuny murninmuny.

new_kuku:
Wulbumanangka balkan bubu ngadiku bubu-mayi kuji-mabi mara kulur-kari-bu wungar kulur-kari-mundu, mayi-juku yukil bayan mukul ngunduku bangkan bama nyungu diburr jarrakulban badan jarran ngadiku, mayi-juku jarran wanja bama nukan bawan, bubu majaji nyulu kari bajaku majaji yambada bubu-mayi yalbay buban-buban bama nyungu-mundu kajanmuny murninmuny.

old_english:
The old woman said the country was once a garden tended by countless hands across countless years, that the useful plants clustered near the old camps because the people carried and dropped and planted their seeds, that the fruit trees grew where the people ate and discarded, so that the wild country was never truly wild but a vast slow garden shaped by the people who belonged to it.

new_english:
The old woman said the country was once a garden tended by countless hands across countless years, that the useful plants clustered near the old camps because the people carried and dropped and planted their seeds, that the fruit trees grew where the people ate and discarded, so that the wild country was never truly wild but a vast slow garden shaped by the people who belonged to it.

old_analysis:
wulbuman-angka balka-ny bubu ngadiku bubu-mayi kuji-mabi mara kulur-kari-bu wungar kulur-kari-mundu, mayi-juku yukil bayan mukul ngundu-ku bangka-ny bama nyungu diburr jarrakulba-ny bada-ny jarra-ny ngadiku, mayi-juku jarra-ny wanja bama nuka-ny bawa-ny, bubu majaji nyulu kariku bajaku majaji yambada bubu-mayi yalbay buban-buban bama nyungu-mundu kaja-ny-muny murni-ny-muny | old.woman said country once garden tended-like hand countless-INST years countless-through, food-tree good camp old near-LOC cluster people their seed carried dropped planted, food-tree grows where people ate discarded, country wild it NEG truly wild but garden big slow people it-toward belonged-of shaped-of

new_analysis:
wulbuman-angka balka-ny bubu ngadiku bubu-mayi kuji-mabi mara kulur-kari-bu wungar kulur-kari-mundu, mayi-juku yukil bayan mukul ngundu-ku bangka-ny bama nyungu diburr jarrakulba-ny bada-ny jarra-ny ngadiku, mayi-juku jarra-ny wanja bama nuka-ny bawa-ny, bubu majaji nyulu kari bajaku majaji yambada bubu-mayi yalbay buban-buban bama nyungu-mundu kaja-ny-muny murni-ny-muny | old.woman said country once garden tended-like hand countless-INST years countless-through, food-tree good camp old near-LOC cluster people their seed carried dropped planted, food-tree grows where people ate discarded, country wild it NEG truly wild but garden big slow people it-toward belonged-of shaped-of

reason:
kariku 'not yet' misused for 'never' -> kari 'not' (Kuku renders 'never' with kari; l.3821/l.1329). kariku sense-drift audit b112.


old_kuku: Mukul-dingkar wakuy kalbay buban-buban niji, yamba kariku junkurr, kalka kala-kalbay daman.
new_kuku: Mukul-dingkar wakuy kalbay buban-buban niji, yamba kalbay-muny junkurr, kalka kala-kalbay daman.
old_english: The old man's arm is long and thin now, but once it was strong and threw the spear very far.
new_english: The old man's arm is long and thin now, but once it was strong and threw the spear very far.
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:35:05.834735+00:00
old_analysis:
mukul-dingkar wakuy kalbay buban-buban niji, yamba kariku junkurr, kalka kala-kalbay dama-ny | old-man arm long thin now, but before strong, spear far throw-PAST

new_analysis:
mukul-dingkar wakuy kalbay buban-buban niji, yamba kalbay-muny junkurr, kalka kala-kalbay dama-ny | old-man arm long thin now, but long.ago strong, spear far throw-PAST

reason:
kariku misused as 'once/formerly' (past positive) -> kalbay-muny 'long ago' (verified b111). EN 'once it was strong'. kariku sense-drift audit b112.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:50:48.388614+00:00
old_kuku:
Juwal karrba yala-ku, mukul-jalbu-ngku jalbu karrkay yalaman, mara jurrki yala-ku, kuka narmba daka.

new_kuku:
Juwal karrba yala-ku, mukul-jalbu-ngku jalbu karrkay yalaman, mara jurrki yala-ku, bambayal narmba daka.

old_english:
Hold the digging-stick like this, the old woman told the girl, and turn your wrist like this, and the yam comes up whole.

new_english:
Hold the digging-stick like this, the old woman told the girl, and turn your wrist like this, and the yam comes up whole.

old_analysis:
juwal karrba yala-ku, mukul-jalbu-ngku jalbu karrkay yalama-ny, mara jurrki yala-ku, kuka narmba daka | digging.stick hold COMP-ADV(like.this), old-woman-ERG:pt girl child told, hand turn like.this, yam whole rise

new_analysis:
juwal karrba yala-ku, mukul-jalbu-ngku jalbu karrkay yalama-ny, mara jurrki yala-ku, bambayal narmba daka | digging.stick hold COMP-ADV(like.this), old-woman-ERG:pt girl child told, hand turn like.this, yam whole rise

reason:
kuka 'yam' is a PHANTOM (not in dict/grammar) -> bambayal 'yam' (dict-attested). b113 phantom sweep.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:51:58.999909+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukul-dingkarangka kulji jambul wandin, balkan: yinya junkurr yala dingkar-mu kuku — nyubun-bu dajin, kari baka, kari yindu-mal.

new_kuku:
Mukul-dingkarangka kulji jambul wandin, balkan: yinya junkurr yala dingkar-mu kuku — nyubun-bu dajin, kari dumbarri, kari yindu-mal.

old_english:
The old man held up two stones and said: this hard one is like a man's word — once given, it does not break or change.

new_english:
The old man held up two stones and said: this hard one is like a man's word — once given, it does not break or change.

old_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-angka kulji jambul wandi-ny, balka-ny: yinya junkurr yala dingkar-mu kuku — nyubun-bu daji-ny, kari baka, kari yindu-ma-l | old-man-ERG:pt stone two raised, said: that hard COMP(like) man-POSS word — one-INST(once) given, NEG break, NEG change

new_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-angka kulji jambul wandi-ny, balka-ny: yinya junkurr yala dingkar-mu kuku — nyubun-bu daji-ny, kari dumbarri, kari yindu-ma-l | old-man-ERG:pt stone two raised, said: that hard COMP(like) man-POSS word — one-INST(once) given, NEG break, NEG change

reason:
baka-l 'dig/poke' misused for 'break/split' -> dumbarri-l 'break' (dict; grammar ex.61 baka=dig, ex.223 baka=poke). b113 sweep.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:51:58.999909+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukul-dingkarangka mayi jiba-wulay nukan, karrkay-angka mayi nyubun wawu, mukul-dingkarangka baka-l dajin jalbu-nka jambul-muny.

new_kuku:
Mukul-dingkarangka mayi jiba-wulay nukan, karrkay-angka mayi nyubun wawu, mukul-dingkarangka dumbarri-l dajin jalbu-nka jambul-muny.

old_english:
The old man ate the sweet fruit, and the child wanted the same one, so the old man split it and gave her half.

new_english:
The old man ate the sweet fruit, and the child wanted the same one, so the old man split it and gave her half.

old_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-angka mayi jiba-wulay nuka-ny, karrkay-angka mayi nyubun wawu, mukul-dingkar-angka baka-l daji-ny jalbu-nka jambul-muny | old-man-ERG:pt fruit sweet ate, child-ERG:pt fruit one(same) want, old-man-ERG:pt split gave girl-DAT two-ABL(half)

new_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-angka mayi jiba-wulay nuka-ny, karrkay-angka mayi nyubun wawu, mukul-dingkar-angka dumbarri-l daji-ny jalbu-nka jambul-muny | old-man-ERG:pt fruit sweet ate, child-ERG:pt fruit one(same) want, old-man-ERG:pt broke gave girl-DAT two-ABL(half)

reason:
baka-l 'dig/poke' misused for 'break/split' -> dumbarri-l 'break' (dict; grammar ex.61 baka=dig, ex.223 baka=poke). b113 sweep.


created_at: 2026-07-06T20:51:58.999909+00:00
old_kuku:
Karrkay-angka babajin wanyurringku kija yindu-mal, mukul-jalbu balkan: nyulu wandul-mal buban-mal yala jalbu karrkay bangka-nya.

new_kuku:
Karrkay-angka babajin wanyurringku kija yindu-mal, mukul-jalbu balkan: nyulu wandul-mal buban-mal yala jalbu karrkay jarra-kulba-nya.

old_english:
The child asked why the moon changes, and the old woman said: it grows fat and thin like a woman carrying a child.

new_english:
The child asked why the moon changes, and the old woman said: it grows fat and thin like a woman carrying a child.

old_analysis:
karrkay-angka babaji-ny wanyurringku kija yindu-ma-l, mukul-jalbu balka-ny: nyulu wandul-ma-l buban-ma-l yala jalbu karrkay bangka-nya | child-ERG:pt asked why moon changes(INCHO), old-woman said: 3sg fat-INCHO small-INCHO COMP(like) woman child carry-SUB

new_analysis:
karrkay-angka babaji-ny wanyurringku kija yindu-ma-l, mukul-jalbu balka-ny: nyulu wandul-ma-l buban-ma-l yala jalbu karrkay jarra-kulba-nya | child-ERG:pt asked why moon changes(INCHO), old-woman said: 3sg fat-INCHO small-INCHO COMP(like) woman child carry-SUB

reason:
bangka-l 'gather/catch' misused for 'carry' -> jarra-kulba-l 'carry' (dict; grammar ex.162 bangka=catch/gather). b113 sweep.


created_at: 2026-07-06T21:24:03.804477+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu balkan: madja mayi-bubu yalbay yundu binal-ba — bambayal bada, mayi wangkar, kuyu bana-ba, jarruka-mu ngamu bubu-mabi-ba.

new_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu balkan: madja mayi-bubu yalbay yundu binal-ba — bambayal bada, mayi wangkar, kuyu bana-ba, jarruka-mu karrkay bubu-mabi-ba.

old_english:
The old woman said the scrub is a great larder if you know it: yam below, fruit above, fish in the creek, and the scrub-hen's eggs in the mound.

new_english:
The old woman said the scrub is a great larder if you know it: yam below, fruit above, fish in the creek, and the scrub-hen's eggs in the mound.

old_analysis:
mukul-jalbu balka-ny: madja mayi-bubu yalbay yundu binal-ba — bambayal bada, mayi wangkar, kuyu bana-ba, jarruka-mu ngamu bubu-mabi-ba | old-woman said: scrub food-ground big you know-LOC — yam below, fruit above, fish creek-LOC, scrub.hen-POSS egg mound-LOC

new_analysis:
mukul-jalbu balka-ny: madja mayi-bubu yalbay yundu binal-ba — bambayal bada, mayi wangkar, kuyu bana-ba, jarruka-mu karrkay bubu-mabi-ba | old-woman said: scrub food-ground big you know-LOC — yam below, fruit above, fish creek-LOC, scrub.hen-POSS young mound-LOC

reason:
ngamu = 'mother' (not 'egg'; no dict word for egg) -> karrkay 'young' for scrub-hen's brood. b115 sweep.


created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_kuku:
Kaki yundu baja-burray marri jilba-nya-muny, mukul-jalbu balkan, yaluy ngungul-ba wuna warngku-wuna, junkurr kada-baja-nyjiku.

new_kuku:
Kaki yundu baja-burray marri jilba-nya-muny, mukul-jalbu balkan, yaluy ngungul-ba wuna warngku-wuna, junkurr kada-baja-nyjiku.

old_english:
If you are tired after the long walk, the old woman said, then lie down here in the shade and sleep until your strength returns.

new_english:
If you are tired after the long walk, the old woman said, then lie down here in the shade and sleep until your strength returns.

old_analysis:
kaki yundu baja-burray marri jilba-nya-muny, mukul-jalbu balka-ny, yaluy ngungul-ba wuna warngku-wuna, nuka kulbul-nya-muny | if you tired long.time walk-SUB-ABL, old-woman said, here shade-LOC lie sleep, strength come-again-before(until)

new_analysis:
kaki yundu baja-burray marri jilba-nya-muny, mukul-jalbu balka-ny, yaluy ngungul-ba wuna warngku-wuna, junkurr kada-baja-nyjiku | if you tired long.time walk-SUB-ABL, old-woman said, here shade-LOC lie sleep, strength come-again-before(until)

reason:
b116 close-sync: analysis lagged kuku (kulbul='ripe' not 'wake'; kuku already junkurr kada-baja-nyjiku)


reason: b116 close-sync: analysis wamba->daki-daki 'lazy' (kuku correct)
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_kuku:
Kaki dingkar daki-daki, balbi kari bangka kari, mukul-dingkar balkan, nyulu dakuy wuna, nyungu bama dakuy nyulu-ndu.

new_kuku:
Kaki dingkar daki-daki, balbi kari bangka kari, mukul-dingkar balkan, nyulu dakuy wuna, nyungu bama dakuy nyulu-ndu.

old_english:
If a man is lazy and will not hunt or gather, the old man said, then he goes hungry, and his family goes hungry with him.

new_english:
If a man is lazy and will not hunt or gather, the old man said, then he goes hungry, and his family goes hungry with him.

old_analysis:
kaki dingkar wamba, balbi kari bangka kari, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, nyulu dakuy wuna, nyungu jawun dakuy nyulu-ndu | if man lazy(daki-daki), hunt not gather not, old-man said, 3sg hungry lie, his people hungry 3sg-with

new_analysis:
kaki dingkar daki-daki, balbi kari bangka kari, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, nyulu dakuy wuna, nyungu jawun dakuy nyulu-ndu | if man lazy(daki-daki), hunt not gather not, old-man said, 3sg hungry lie, his people hungry 3sg-with


old_kuku: Minya kubu-ba ngulkurr waju, mukul-jalbu balkan, minya waju-kari yundu bambay-mani-nyji wujurr-ba.
new_kuku: Minya kubu-ba ngulkurr waju, mukul-jalbu balkan, minya waju-kari yundu bambay-mani-nyji wujurr-ba.
reason: b116 close-sync: analysis had bilngkumu='CROCODILE'/jibu (kuku correct waju-kari 'uncooked')
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_english:
Cook the meat right through on the coals, the old woman said, lest the half-cooked meat make you sick in the night.

new_english:
Cook the meat right through on the coals, the old woman said, lest the half-cooked meat make you sick in the night.

old_analysis:
minya kubu-ba ngulkurr waju, mukul-jalbu balka-ny, minya bilngkumu jibu-ngka junkurr bunda yundu bambay-mani-nyji wujurr-ba | meat coal-LOC well cook, old-woman said, meat cook-PRIV(uncooked) you sick-CAUS-PRECAUT(lest) night-LOC

new_analysis:
minya kubu-ba ngulkurr waju, mukul-jalbu balka-ny, minya waju-kari yundu bambay-mani-nyji wujurr-ba | meat coal-LOC well cook, old-woman said, meat cook-PRIV(uncooked) you sick-CAUS-PRECAUT(lest) night-LOC


reason: b116 close-sync: analysis karrkan(unattested 'high')->yalbay (kuku correct)
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_kuku:
Buri yalbay bunga wuna-nyjiku, mukul-dingkar balkan, kaba wujurr ngumbu-ba kaday kubu wula-mani kunka.

new_kuku:
Buri yalbay bunga wuna-nyjiku, mukul-dingkar balkan, kaba wujurr ngumbu-ba kaday kubu wula-mani kunka.

old_english:
Build the fire up high before you sleep, the old man said, in case the rain comes in the black of the night and puts out the coals.

new_english:
Build the fire up high before you sleep, the old man said, in case the rain comes in the black of the night and puts out the coals.

old_analysis:
buri karrkan-ka bunga wuna-nyjiku, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, kaba wujurr ngumbu-ba kaday kubu wula-mani kunka | fire big make before-sleep, old-man said, rain night black-LOC come coal die-CAUS might.be(in.case)

new_analysis:
buri yalbay bunga wuna-nyjiku, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, kaba wujurr ngumbu-ba kaday kubu wula-mani kunka | fire big make before-sleep, old-man said, rain night black-LOC come coal die-CAUS might.be(in.case)


reason: b116 close-sync: analysis jindalba(unattested 'plain')->bubu ngalkal (kuku correct)
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_kuku:
Jiri kaba-wungar-a nyaji-nyaji wungar-iji-ba, mukul-dingkar balkan, jarramali yalbay yundu bubu ngalkal-ba marri-ba mani-nyji.

new_kuku:
Jiri kaba-wungar-a nyaji-nyaji wungar-iji-ba, mukul-dingkar balkan, jarramali yalbay yundu bubu ngalkal-ba marri-ba mani-nyji.

old_english:
Watch the western sky always in the hot season, the old man warned, lest the great thunderstorm catch you far out on the open plain.

new_english:
Watch the western sky always in the hot season, the old man warned, lest the great thunderstorm catch you far out on the open plain.

old_analysis:
jiri kaba-wungar-a nyaji-nyaji wungar-iji-ba, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, jarramali yalbay yundu jindalba-ba marri-ba mani-nyji | sky west-LOC keep-watching hot.season-LOC, old-man said, thunderstorm big you ground open(ngalkal)-LOC far-LOC catch-PRECAUT(lest)

new_analysis:
jiri kaba-wungar-a nyaji-nyaji wungar-iji-ba, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, jarramali yalbay yundu bubu ngalkal-ba marri-ba mani-nyji | sky west-LOC keep-watching hot.season-LOC, old-man said, thunderstorm big you ground open(ngalkal)-LOC far-LOC catch-PRECAUT(lest)


reason: b116 close-sync: analysis biyal='gristle'->kadar 'wallaby' (kuku correct)
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_kuku:
Ngana kadar-ka balbi-nka dunga-nyaku wunkuwingku-ba, mukul-dingkar balkan, yamba kaba yalbay wungar wubulku daray, kari kunbayn wujurr-muny.

new_kuku:
Ngana kadar-ka balbi-nka dunga-nyaku wunkuwingku-ba, mukul-dingkar balkan, yamba kaba yalbay wungar wubulku daray, kari kunbayn wujurr-muny.

old_english:
We would have gone hunting for wallaby at dawn, the old man said, but the heavy rain came down all day and did not stop until dark.

new_english:
We would have gone hunting for wallaby at dawn, the old man said, but the heavy rain came down all day and did not stop until dark.

old_analysis:
ngana biyal-ka balbi-nka dunga-nyaku wunkuwingku-ba, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, yamba kaba yalbay wungar wubul-ku dara, kari kunbayn wujurr-muny | 1pl wallaby(kadar)-DAT hunt-PURP go-IRR dawn-LOC, old-man said, but rain big day all fall, NEG finish night-ABL

new_analysis:
ngana kadar-ka balbi-nka dunga-nyaku wunkuwingku-ba, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, yamba kaba yalbay wungar wubul-ku dara, kari kunbayn wujurr-muny | 1pl wallaby(kadar)-DAT hunt-PURP go-IRR dawn-LOC, old-man said, but rain big day all fall, NEG finish night-ABL


reason: b116 fix: jaba-l='stick' not 'basket' -> ngunyin 'dilly-bag' (missed in reword; both fields)
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu-ngku bambayal jaba-l yalbay baka-nyaku yinya wungar-a, mukul-dingkar balkan, yamba bubu marral-muny junkurr bajaku dandi-ma-n.

new_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu-ngku bambayal ngunyin yalbay baka-nyaku yinya wungar-a, mukul-dingkar balkan, yamba bubu marral-muny junkurr bajaku dandi-ma-n.

old_english:
The old woman would have dug a big basket of yams that day, the old man said, but the ground was baked too hard by the long dry.

new_english:
The old woman would have dug a big basket of yams that day, the old man said, but the ground was baked too hard by the long dry.

old_analysis:
mukul-jalbu-ngku bambayal jaba-l yalbay baka-nyaku yinya wungar-a, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, yamba bubu marral-muny junkurr bajaku dandi-ma-n | old-woman-ERG:pt yam basket big dig-IRR that day-LOC, old-man said, but ground dry-ABL hard very stiff-INCHO-PAST

new_analysis:
mukul-jalbu-ngku bambayal ngunyin yalbay baka-nyaku yinya wungar-a, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, yamba bubu marral-muny junkurr bajaku dandi-ma-n | old-woman-ERG:pt yam basket big dig-IRR that day-LOC, old-man said, but ground dry-ABL hard very stiff-INCHO-PAST


created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
old_kuku:
Nguba kaba wunkun dara, mukul-dingkar balkan, ngurrban ngumbu junkurr kaba-wungar-a bikirr kala-kalbay-mu wangkar-a muru-ma-l.

new_kuku:
Nguba kaba wunkun daray, mukul-dingkar balkan, ngurrban ngumbu junkurr kaba-wungar-a manjal kala-kalbay-mu wangkar-a muru-ma-l.

old_english:
Perhaps it will rain tomorrow, the old man said, for the clouds are piling up black and heavy in the west over the far ranges.

new_english:
Perhaps it will rain tomorrow, the old man said, for the clouds are piling up black and heavy in the west over the far ranges.

old_analysis:
nguba kaba wunkun daray, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, ngurrban ngumbu junkurr kaba-wungar-a manjal kala-kalbay-mu wangkar-a muru-ma-l | perhaps rain tomorrow fall(daray), old-man said, cloud black heavy west-LOC mountain far-POSS above-LOC together-INCHO

new_analysis:
nguba kaba wunkun daray, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, ngurrban ngumbu junkurr kaba-wungar-a manjal kala-kalbay-mu wangkar-a muru-ma-l | perhaps rain tomorrow fall(daray), old-man said, cloud black heavy west-LOC mountain far-POSS above-LOC together-INCHO

reason:
b116 fix: kuku missed reword (capital 'Nguba') -> dara->daray (fall), bikirr='skill' not 'range'->manjal 'mountain'


created_at: 2026-07-06T21:51:24.797791+00:00
new_kuku:
Ngana wangkarr ngadiku warru-manda wandi-nyaku wubul jana milkanga karrban janay-mba, wulbumanangka balkan, yambada ngana yabarrka janayka wawu-karrbalka, wungar wubulku mala-burri nyubun wulan wangkarr wubul bubungu jarrakulban, nyiku ngana nganga buban karrbal, wangkarr buban-mandanga murruji balkalmu.

old_english:
We should have buried the old songs in the young ones while there were still many who remembered, the old woman said, but we were busy staying alive, and each year an old singer died and took a hundred songs into the ground, and now we hold only pieces, and a song in pieces cannot be sung.

new_english:
We should have buried the old songs in the young ones while there were still many who remembered, the old woman said, but we were busy staying alive, and each year an old singer died and took a hundred songs into the ground, and now we hold only pieces, and a song in pieces cannot be sung.

old_analysis:
ngana wangkarr ngadiku warru-ma-nda kunji-nyaku wubul jana milka-nga karrba-ny jana-y-mba, wulbuman-angka balka-ny, yambada ngana yabarrka jana-y-ka wawu-karrba-nka, wungar wubul-ku mala-burri nyubun wula-ny wangkarr wubul bubu-ngu jarrakulba-ny, nyiku ngana nganga buban karrba-l, wangkarr buban-manda-nga murruji balka-l-mu | we songs old young-into bury-IRR many they remembered were-LOC, old.woman said, but we busy staying.alive-DAT, year all singer one died songs many ground-into carried, now we just pieces hold, songs pieces-in unable sing-POSS | ...

new_analysis:
ngana wangkarr ngadiku warru-ma-nda kunji-nyaku wubul jana milka-nga karrba-ny jana-y-mba, wulbuman-angka balka-ny, yambada ngana yabarrka jana-y-ka wawu-karrba-nka, wungar wubul-ku mala-burri nyubun wula-ny wangkarr wubul bubu-ngu jarrakulba-ny, nyiku ngana nganga buban karrba-l, wangkarr buban-manda-nga murruji balka-l-mu | we songs old young-into bury-IRR many they remembered were-LOC, old.woman said, but we busy staying.alive-DAT, year all singer one died songs many ground-into carried, now we just pieces hold, songs pieces-in unable sing-POSS | ...

reason:
interleave sweep: kunji='SNEEZE' (dict) misused for 'bury' -> wandi-l 'put/place into' (IRR). EN 'buried the songs in the young'=placed into.


created_at: 2026-07-06T22:11:14.256302+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu balkan: jalun mayi dajil wungar nyubun-nyubun yundu binal-ba, yira dunga kada-baja yala kudamundu yalbay buban-buban.

new_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu balkan: jalun mayi dajil wungar nyubun-nyubun yundu binal-ba, yira dunga kada-baja wungar nyubun-nyubun marri.

old_english:
The old woman said the sea feeds you every single day if you know it, the tide going out and coming in like a great slow breath.

new_english:
The old woman said the sea feeds you every single day if you know it, the tide going out and coming in each and every day.

old_analysis:
mukul-jalbu balka-ny: jalun mayi daji-l wungar nyubun-nyubun yundu binal-ba, yira dunga kada-baja yala kudamundu yalbay buban-buban | old-woman said: sea food give day each you know-LOC, tide go come-again COMP(like) breath big slowly

new_analysis:
mukul-jalbu balka-ny: jalun mayi daji-l wungar nyubun-nyubun yundu binal-ba, yira dunga kada-baja wungar nyubun-nyubun marri | old-woman said: sea food give day each you know-LOC, tide go come-again day each long

reason:
interleave sweep: kudamundu='behind' (grammar l.2391) misused for 'slowly'; no 'slowly' word -> 'goes and comes each day'. EN adjusted to match KY.


created_at: 2026-07-06T22:44:14.657202+00:00
old_kuku:
Bijin juku daburr ngundu bukul ngulkurr dajil, mukul-dingkar balkan, ngulban yalbay, karrkay kaja-nka, ngura-nka, baya jarra-kulba-nka.

new_kuku:
Bijin juku daburr ngundu dumbul ngulkurr dajil, mukul-dingkar balkan, ngulban yalbay, karrkay kaja-nka, ngura-nka, baya jarra-kulba-nka.

old_english:
The tea-tree by the swamp gives good bark, the old man said, soft and wide, for wrapping the baby, for the roof of the humpy, and for carrying fire.

new_english:
The tea-tree by the swamp gives good bark, the old man said, soft and wide, for wrapping the baby, for the roof of the humpy, and for carrying fire.

old_analysis:
bijin juku daburr ngundu bukul ngulkurr daji-l, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, ngulban yalbay, karrkay kaja-nka, ngura-nka, baya jarra-kulba-nka | tea.tree tree swamp near bark good give, old-man said, soft wide, child wrap-PURP, humpy-PURP, fire carry-PURP

new_analysis:
bijin juku daburr ngundu dumbul ngulkurr daji-l, mukul-dingkar balka-ny, ngulban yalbay, karrkay kaja-nka, ngura-nka, baya jarra-kulba-nka | tea.tree tree swamp near bark good give, old-man said, soft wide, child wrap-PURP, humpy-PURP, fire carry-PURP

reason:
watchlist reconciliation b119: bukul is an UNATTESTED phantom for 'bark'; the attested word is dumbul (16 accepted rows). Token-swap bukul->dumbul (both l-final -> identical LOC/INST allomorphy).


created_at: 2026-07-06T22:44:14.657202+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukul-dingkarangka dukal bukul yaba-l nyubun kalbay, karrkay nyaji-nya, karra junkurr bungal yinkar-nka, kari dumbarri mayi kulngkul-muny.

new_kuku:
Mukul-dingkarangka dukal dumbul yaba-l nyubun kalbay, karrkay nyaji-nya, karra junkurr bungal yinkar-nka, kari dumbarri mayi kulngkul-muny.

old_english:
The old man cut the bark of the fig in one long strip, the child watching, and made a strong dilly-bag string that would not break under a heavy load.

new_english:
The old man cut the bark of the fig in one long strip, the child watching, and made a strong dilly-bag string that would not break under a heavy load.

old_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-angka dukal bukul yaba-l nyubun kalbay, karrkay nyaji-nya, karra junkurr bunga-l yinkar-nka, kari dumbarri mayi kulngkul-muny | old-man-ERG:pt fig bark cut one long, child watch-SUB, string strong make dilly.bag-DAT, NEG break food heavy-ABL

new_analysis:
mukul-dingkar-angka dukal dumbul yaba-l nyubun kalbay, karrkay nyaji-nya, karra junkurr bunga-l yinkar-nka, kari dumbarri mayi kulngkul-muny | old-man-ERG:pt fig bark cut one long, child watch-SUB, string strong make dilly.bag-DAT, NEG break food heavy-ABL

reason:
watchlist reconciliation b119: bukul is an UNATTESTED phantom for 'bark'; the attested word is dumbul (16 accepted rows). Token-swap bukul->dumbul (both l-final -> identical LOC/INST allomorphy).


old_kuku: Mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi murni-murni bukul-ba, bana kaja buban-buban, nyulu ngulkurr waju-nka kariku.
new_kuku: Mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi murni-murni dumbul-ba, bana kaja buban-buban, nyulu ngulkurr waju-nka kariku.
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:44:14.657202+00:00
old_english:
The old woman kept stirring the paste in the bark dish, mixing in water little by little, until it was smooth and ready to cook.

new_english:
The old woman kept stirring the paste in the bark dish, mixing in water little by little, until it was smooth and ready to cook.

old_analysis:
mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi murni-murni bukul-ba, bana kaja buban-buban, nyulu ngulkurr waju-nka kariku | old-woman-ERG:pt food keep-stirring bark-LOC, water mix slowly, 3sg good cook-PURP not.yet(until)

new_analysis:
mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi murni-murni dumbul-ba, bana kaja buban-buban, nyulu ngulkurr waju-nka kariku | old-woman-ERG:pt food keep-stirring bark-LOC, water mix slowly, 3sg good cook-PURP not.yet(until)

reason:
watchlist reconciliation b119: bukul is an UNATTESTED phantom for 'bark'; the attested word is dumbul (16 accepted rows). Token-swap bukul->dumbul (both l-final -> identical LOC/INST allomorphy).


created_at: 2026-07-06T22:44:14.657202+00:00
old_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu-ngku bukul dandi kima-bal-bal bana-ba, mara-bu murni-murni, nyulu kima karrkay kaja-nka kariku.

new_kuku:
Mukul-jalbu-ngku dumbul dandi kima-bal-bal bana-ba, mara-bu murni-murni, nyulu kima karrkay kaja-nka kariku.

old_english:
The old woman kept softening the stiff bark in the water, working it with her hands over and over, until it was soft enough to wrap the baby.

new_english:
The old woman kept softening the stiff bark in the water, working it with her hands over and over, until it was soft enough to wrap the baby.

old_analysis:
mukul-jalbu-ngku bukul dandi kima-bal-bal bana-ba, mara-bu murni-murni, nyulu kima karrkay kaja-nka kariku | old-woman-ERG:pt bark stiff keep-softening water-LOC, hand-INST keep-rubbing, 3sg soft child wrap-PURP not.yet(until)

new_analysis:
mukul-jalbu-ngku dumbul dandi kima-bal-bal bana-ba, mara-bu murni-murni, nyulu kima karrkay kaja-nka kariku | old-woman-ERG:pt bark stiff keep-softening water-LOC, hand-INST keep-rubbing, 3sg soft child wrap-PURP not.yet(until)


created_at: 2026-07-06T22:44:14.657202+00:00
old_kuku:
Jingka-jingka jirril balbal-jirr wubul bana buban-ba jurrki, karrkay-karrkay bukul-bu mani, yajarri.

new_kuku:
Jingka-jingka jirril balbal-jirr wubul bana buban-ba jurrki, karrkay-karrkay dumbul-bu mani, yajarri.

old_english:
The small silverfish move in a great shining cloud in the shallows, and the children scoop them with their bark dishes, laughing.

new_english:
The small silverfish move in a great shining cloud in the shallows, and the children scoop them with their bark dishes, laughing.

old_analysis:
jingka-jingka jirril balbal-jirr wubul bana buban-ba jurrki, karrkay-karrkay bukul-bu mani, yajarri | silverfish small bright-COMIT many water shallow(small)-LOC turn(move), child-REDUP bark-INST get, laugh

new_analysis:
jingka-jingka jirril balbal-jirr wubul bana buban-ba jurrki, karrkay-karrkay dumbul-bu mani, yajarri | silverfish small bright-COMIT many water shallow(small)-LOC turn(move), child-REDUP bark-INST get, laugh


old_kuku: Karrkay-ngku babi-nda mayi-ku babajin.
new_kuku: Karrkay-ngku babi-nda mayi-ka babajin.
old_english: The child asked grandmother about food.
new_english: The child asked grandmother about food.
old_analysis: karrkay-ngku babi-nda mayi-ku babaji-ny | child-ERG grandmother-DAT food-DAT ask-PAST
new_analysis: karrkay-ngku babi-nda mayi-ka babaji-ny | child-ERG grandmother-DAT food-DAT ask-PAST
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:45:48Z
reason:
Rule118 source-check repair: Batch159 row 31 used mayi-ku for food-DAT, but Patz vowel harmony and corpus norm require mayi-ka after final i. Corrected surface and analysis; English unchanged.


old_kuku: Ngayu jukujuku yaluy nyajin.
new_kuku: Ngayu kurkunbay yaluy nyajin.
old_english: I saw the jukujuku bronzewing dove here.
new_english: I saw the kurkunbay butcherbird here.
old_analysis: ngayu jukujuku yaluy nyajin | 1sg.NOM jukujuku.bronzewing-dove here see.PST
new_analysis: ngayu kurkunbay yaluy nyajin | 1sg.NOM kurkunbay.butcherbird here see.PST
created_at: 2026-07-10T14:13:08Z
reason:
Rule 350 pre-close lint: source-dictionary form conflicts with established corpus phonotactic/reduplication gate; superseded by independently source-audited, zero-collision bird head.


# lessons

category: error-pattern
guide_change: guide Error Catalog E-004
created_at: 2026-07-02T20:57:39.222956+00:00
lesson:
English quantifiers/adverbs ('all','also','again') MUST have an explicit Kuku exponent or be trimmed — reviewers caught 'all' dropped (seq 21, 4/5 lenses).


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet §14 pitfall 13
created_at: 2026-07-02T20:57:39.222956+00:00
lesson:
balkal 'tell' + bare ABS addressee is NOT licensed standalone: plain addressee = LOC:pt (Chris-anda balka-ny); ABS addressee only in jussive with purposive complement [A 415]. Same for yalamal.


category: style
guide_change: cheatsheet §0/§7 correction
created_at: 2026-07-02T20:57:39.222956+00:00
lesson:
Productive reduplication is HYPHENATED on the surface (jalbu-jalbu, maral-maral, bada-bada) per elder gold + dictionary headwords; lexicalized partial reduplications stay solid (janjanay, bundanday, kankaday §2.5.3).


category: style
guide_change: cheatsheet §0 orthography table
created_at: 2026-07-02T20:57:39.222956+00:00
lesson:
Clitic -baja is written as a separate word in elder-gold surface: 'kadan baja' not 'kadanbaja' (analysis keeps kada-ny-baja).


category: process
guide_change: cheatsheet §5/§11 quote fix
created_at: 2026-07-02T20:57:39.222956+00:00
lesson:
Printed Patz [A 268] 'Nganjiny' is an OCR typo for nganjin (Table 3.6); trust paradigm tables over single printed tokens.


category: process
guide_change: errata #13/#22/#23
created_at: 2026-07-02T20:57:39.222956+00:00
lesson:
Dictionary has gloss-less stub entries (bunday, bula, burrir) — when a stub is used, cite grammar attestation explicitly in evidence and add the gloss to the errata.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: guide Error Catalog E-005
created_at: 2026-07-02T20:57:39.222956+00:00
lesson:
English side must be natural colloquial English, not the grammar's gloss ('Many trees are standing there' → 'There are a lot of trees standing over there').


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet §5/§11 + pitfall 15
created_at: 2026-07-02T21:27:17.403462+00:00
lesson:
§3.3 closed location-word class is EXHAUSTIVE (18 items); kana 'inside' and ngalkal 'outside' are NOUNS requiring LOC (kananga, ngalkalba — both dict-usage-attested). Never extend the closed class by analogy.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet §4 table note — major correction
created_at: 2026-07-02T21:27:17.403462+00:00
lesson:
The /r-/ allomorph conditioning (ERG -Vbu, DAT -VkV, LOC -V, PERL -Vburr) is RETROFLEX r ONLY; trill-rr stems take the 'elsewhere' allomorph (balarr-da, diburr-bu, wujurr-ku [A 428a]).


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet §11 + pitfall 16
created_at: 2026-07-02T21:27:17.403462+00:00
lesson:
Adverbial particles (§3.8.6.1: murruji, nguymal...) modify FINITE verbs and cannot govern complements; only adjectival particles (§3.9.1: binal, wawu, yinil, juburr, balu) take DAT/PURP.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet §10c
created_at: 2026-07-02T21:27:17.403462+00:00
lesson:
Plural-subject -ri- requires an overtly plural subject (plural pronoun or reduplication) — 'jana bama ... -ri-' [A 188]; a quantifier alone does not license it.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet §5
created_at: 2026-07-02T21:27:17.403462+00:00
lesson:
yungal 'send' + LOC:pt = INTERMEDIARY ('send with', [A 273-274]); the recipient frame belongs to dajil/milbil/balkal. Do not transfer case frames between verbs without attestation.


category: process
guide_change: guide E-013
created_at: 2026-07-02T21:27:17.403462+00:00
lesson:
Two false 'not in dictionary' flags (nyurrbal, dubu were present) — ALWAYS grep the dictionary before flagging absence.


category: style
guide_change: guide E-005 note
created_at: 2026-07-02T21:27:17.403462+00:00
lesson:
English kin terms rendered naturally (Dad, Mum, Granny or possessed) — bare lowercase 'father' is gloss-English (E-005 extension).


category: style
guide_change: guide E-002 scope widened
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:09:21.867855+00:00
lesson:
Avoid re-minting near-identical minimal datapoints across batches ('X wandin' ×3) — E-002 applies across the whole corpus, not just within a batch.


category: process
guide_change: new annotation convention
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:09:21.867855+00:00
lesson:
kariku polysemy annotated; polysemous exponents get an evidence note so training pairs don't teach a false 1:1 mapping.


category: process
guide_change: guide §3 addition
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:22:36.627999+00:00
lesson:
Whole-corpus consistency sweep is a distinct review layer: cross-batch English-rendering consistency (kin terms, pronoun demonstratives) is invisible to per-batch review. Run after every 3-4 batches.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet §0 row + lint rule + E-017
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:34:52.933127+00:00
lesson:
Surface drops word-final -y after i (nandaji, nukaji, nyajiji, wanarri) — Patz §2.5.2 confirmed by Bible corpus (zero -jiy tokens vs hundreds of -ji) and dict headwords. Analysis keeps -y. Lint now flags final -iy.


category: process
guide_change: goal-protocol vindication
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:34:52.933127+00:00
lesson:
Synchronous review with primary-source greps caught a convention error the 25-agent fleets missed 3 times (wanarriy sat in the corpus since batch-002) — corpus-frequency checks (Bible attestation) are a lens subagents never used.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet pitfall 20 note
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:39:05.175422+00:00
lesson:
IMP/NONPAST -y deletion is i-final ONLY: yirrkay!/bunday!/dungay! keep -y; badi/warri/maraji drop it. Corollary of E-017.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: errata potency table
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:46:24.124111+00:00
lesson:
jalun 'sea' = NEUTRAL class even as agent (jalun-du attested); ngalngal 'sand crab' = POTENT (ngalngal-anka attested) — potency is per-lexeme attestation, not intuition.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: batch log
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:46:24.124111+00:00
lesson:
100-row batch at 78% clean: doubling surfaced more per-batch errors; lint+self-review caught all before banking. Stay at 100 until 2x>=90 at this size.


category: style
guide_change: cheatsheet §0 + §15 notes
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:54:55.316496+00:00
lesson:
Surface convention: PAST -ny + clitic -da/-arrku keeps cluster-internal spelling per practical convention: nukanda (ny→n before da), nukanyarrku (ny kept before vowel). Whole+part body frames: both ABS ([A 520]).


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet pitfall 22
created_at: 2026-07-03T01:03:37.891834+00:00
lesson:
COMIT after rhotic = -iji (badur-iji) — recurred twice this batch despite Table 3.3; added to pitfall list explicitly. ngurrku mopoke = potent (ngurrku-ngku attested).


category: error-pattern
guide_change: guide composition rule
created_at: 2026-07-03T01:09:36.890334+00:00
lesson:
New-vocab tranche batches run ~75-80% clean vs ~95% for consolidation batches — alternate tranche/consolidation batches; verify verb existence (open/mix/fill/count all absent) BEFORE composing the English side.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: cheatsheet pitfall 23
created_at: 2026-07-03T01:17:09.951975+00:00
lesson:
wandil/dakal l-conj NONPAST errors recurred 3x — the intransitive l-conj exception list (janjil, dakal, walal, kaljil, wandil, kadabal, jalamal, walngkal) needs a checklist step: any intransitive verb ending -l in citation is l-conj, NONPAST=-l.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: pitfall 24
created_at: 2026-07-03T01:20:37.538558+00:00
lesson:
New disyllabic l-conj verbs default to IMP ZERO (kaja!, jurrnga!, murrnga!, yunga!, jurrki!) — 5 recurrences in one batch; add to authoring checklist: compute syllable count before writing any imperative.


category: process
guide_change: open question
created_at: 2026-07-03T01:35:23.983761+00:00
lesson:
Sentence-count goal: short-frame batches compose fastest and cleanest (96%); open question logged for grammar book: adjective class-agreement when head is potent but adjective quality-neutral (buban with kaya) — needs a grammar.md deep-dive next tranche.


category: error-pattern
guide_change: pitfall 21a
created_at: 2026-07-03T01:38:57.446008+00:00
lesson:
Adjective/modifier agreement takes the HEAD class (potent head → potent allomorphs on all modifiers, [A 51/237/543]) — pitfall 21a; unlocks adjective-modified potent NPs corpus-wide.


category: process
guide_change: length target 9-10 w/row
created_at: 2026-07-03T02:02:01.390770+00:00
lesson:
User raised the length target to ~9-10 Kuku words/row (translation-training corpus). Going forward every row is a 2-4 clause chain or 2-3-sentence micro-narrative; short verbless rows retired for new batches. Trajectory: future rows at ~10 w/row land the FINAL corpus average near 9.7 without rewriting the early short batches.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: wunbu, dubal, bulur-iji
created_at: 2026-07-03T02:12:41.240123+00:00
lesson:
nganjarr 'quietly' is NOT attested (dict/Patz) — use wunbu 'quiet'. Fixed corpus-wide (3 rows). Also: milka-janay 'listen' CONFIRMED (ear-stand); dubal='bark' per Patz (dict 'bed'=homonym); bare bulur invalid (only bulur-iji 'cold season').


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: compass (kungkarr/kuwa/jibarr/naka), kalakalbay, buray, mala-minya, yangka
created_at: 2026-07-03T02:21:57.720523+00:00
lesson:
Verified this cycle: kalakalbay 'far away' (Patz solid surface, [A109/390]), buray-mba 'spring', mala 'expert' (→mala-minya 'hunter'), yangka 'green ant' (fever medicine). COMPASS ERRATA: dict mis-glosses jibarr='hinterland'/naka='south coast' — Patz grammar.md:2381-2383 authority gives kungkarr=N, kuwa=W, jibarr=S, naka=E. kuwa 'west' now available.


category: morphology
guide_change: pitfall: PURP -nka not -lka
created_at: 2026-07-03T02:31:54.358819+00:00
lesson:
PURPOSIVE is stem + -nka (drop the -l): mani-nka [A 1995], nyaji-nka, balka-nka, wundi-nka — NEVER verb-l+ka. Corpus sweep confirmed only batch-021 had -lka slips (other -lka tokens are noun+DAT: kalka spear, jambul-ka, maral-ka, kalbal-ka remedy). Also banked: milkul soup, kabal Leichardt tree, warrmba-bungal find, bula 3du.


category: syntax
guide_change: review check: transitive→ERG
created_at: 2026-07-03T02:40:19.867825+00:00
lesson:
Transitive-subject ERG must be marked even for natural-force agents (muyar-bu 'wind' pushing grass) and animate agents doing a transitive action (a child FOLLOWING a bird = wukurril transitive → ERG, or restructure to intransitive dungay+DAT). Recurring self-check: is the verb transitive? then the A-NP needs ERG (potent -ngku/neutral -bu) with head-class agreement on modifiers.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: bujur, body-part inventory
created_at: 2026-07-03T02:48:34.881296+00:00
lesson:
bujur='feather' (grammar.md:1702), nangki='wing' — do not calque 'feather' as bird-hair(mungka). Body-part set now verified: dukul head, mungka hair, jandal leg, mula blood, dirra tooth, ngandal mouth, nyabil tongue, jibar/waral belly, muku back, jakay neck, binda shoulder, miyil eye, milka ear, bujil nose, mara hand, jina foot. Coastal: kajul mangrove, kiju mudcrab, mirrba/ngurmu woomera, kunjuri shield, mulngku wave.


category: orthography
guide_change: errata: ablative -muny, ERG -angka after y
created_at: 2026-07-03T02:58:46.140324+00:00
lesson:
ABLATIVE surface = -muny (Patz always: yinya-muny, wangkar-muny) — NOT -mun. The palatal -ny is stable here (unlike verbal past -ny→-n). Fixed ~18 rows corpus-wide. Also: potent ERG after y-final = -angka (karrkay-angka, cf. maral-angka); TEMP3 -nyarr attaches [A3881]; dudal 'pound' [A3583].


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: warndil→wandil
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
FALSE LEXEME caught: warndil 'wake' does NOT exist — use wandil 'get up' (intr) + causative wandi-mani-l for 'wake (someone)'. Verified this batch: madja scrub, kulngu bandicoot, nulu ASHES (not coals), kurrma earth-oven, badur hook, yiringkurr everywhere, jikan grass. dindal roast / nyamal boil distinct from wayjul cook.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet: LOC allomorph table
created_at: 2026-07-03T03:11:27.102536+00:00
lesson:
LOCATIVE allomorphy (Patz §2.5.1, [A]): -nga ONLY after a/i-final vowel; -ngu after u-final (bubu-ngu, buyku-ngu — vowel harmony); after a CONSONANT it is -ba (neutral: bayan-ba, manjal-ba, ngulkurr-ba), -da (some potent/lexical), or -a after single r (wungar-a); y-final -> -mba (kiway-mba). ZERO consonant+nga LOC in all of Patz. Swept the corpus fixing wrongly -nga on consonant/u stems. Potent LOC (pronouns/animates) = -nda (yunu-nda).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: yungal=send, maku=towards, damba=damper, kuda=Q-word
created_at: 2026-07-03T03:21:37.927043+00:00
lesson:
FOUR false-sense lexemes caught by grep: (1) yunga/yungal=SEND not wait — 'wait'=maku-janay (compound, 'wait to be met'); (2) maku=TOWARDS/ahead not straight — 'straight/true'=yaral (kuku yaral); (3) damba=DAMPER(bread) not side — 'side/rib'=mirrimar; (4) kuda=question-word not over — 'on top/over'=wuyar (grammar.md:2388)/wangkar-wangkar. Earlier batches used maku-janay & damba correctly; errors were localized. VERIFIED new: mayarriji kangaroo, darrba wallaby, ngangkin echidna, jarba snake, kurranji cassowary, wunba honey, jambun grub, wandul fat, bakal dig, balbi hunt, kangal chase, jalamal jump, yilbal throw, yarkin-bungal kill.


category: process
guide_change: none — process win
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
First 100%-first-pass-clean long-form batch since the domain expansions: composing WITH the new LOC allomorph rule (21d) and pre-verifying uncertain lexemes by grep BEFORE insert (banda tail not yabul; ngubar 'other side' not wubar; makarr net) eliminated the post-hoc revision load. Confirms the review loop is converging — systematic fixes now prevent errors at authoring. Verified sea set: yawu stingray, julul oyster, wurru-bulan crab, yira/balar/ngajal tides, dulngku reef, milbar shell, biwuy dugong, darkay clam, birungubay paddle, yilki creek.


category: lexicon
guide_change: none — clean
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
Verified plant/healing set: kawu yam, binanji fig, kalal vine, birra leaf, nganka flower, bangkan root, dumbul bark, dakil branch, bambay sick, yawa possum, jaba (digging)stick, diburr seed, nyurrbal grind. yungal correctly = SEND (girls sent to gather). Two defensible coinages: wandil 'get up'->'grow' (plants); kuji 'keeper' (nominalized kujil). 2nd consecutive 100%-clean batch confirms the converged loop.


category: process
guide_change: batch size -> 50
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
Scaled batch size 40->50 after 2 consecutive clean batches; 50-row batch came in 100%-first-pass-clean (3rd consecutive), confirming the converged loop holds at larger size. Verified camp-life set: wurun humpy, kubu smoke, jidi firestick, ngunjil charcoal, bilangkurr/kararr blanket, waymbil axe, kimil handle, ngiki cold, mara-kunbay rest, dubal bed, dukurr inside. Defensible metaphor/coinages: jibar belly->heart; yajarri-ma-ni-l make-laugh; jambul-ma-ni-l double.


category: coverage
guide_change: coverage-steered batches
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
First COVERAGE-STEERED batch: authored to fill the under-represented constructions the tagged-corpus audit exposed (questions/conditionals/reciprocals) rather than a new lexical domain. Grep-verified the full interrogative paradigm (wanya/wanyu/wanjabu/wanjarrinya/wanyunguy/wanyurringku; polar Q = declarative+intonation, no particle) and the kaki conditional (NONPAST only, Patz 4.3.2). This is the tagging discipline paying off — the metadata told us WHAT to author next.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet 21e: reflexive NONPAST surface -ji
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
SYSTEMATIC: the reflexive/middle suffix -ji- forms a y-conjugation stem, so its NONPAST is underlyingly -ji-y — but E-017/2.5.2 y-deletion drops the y after i, so the SURFACE reflexive NONPAST = -ji (identical to bare stem): julurri-ji 'washes oneself', kakawarri-ji 'heals oneself', nanda-ji 'covers oneself'. Keep -ji-y in the analysis field, write -ji on the surface. Also: yilay-yilay is y-final -> takes LOC -mba if inflected, but as a temporal adverb ('in the afternoon') it stands bare. Both caught by lint pre-acceptance.


category: lexicon
guide_change: alternate domain/coverage batches
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
LEXICAL-BROADENING batch: after two coverage-steered construction batches (031 questions/conditionals/reciprocals, 032 reflexives), returned to a new lexical DOMAIN (land animals + bush foods) to widen the noun inventory a translation model sees. Grep-verified ~40 new concrete nouns up front, avoiding false lexemes (dropped uncertain jujarr spines, nyuli sweet, jangkarr bitter, junjul poison, mangka raw, danil bone, ngudu skin, kambil sticky, jandal lick, bibarr white -> rendered with confirmed words instead). Pattern going forward: alternate lexical-domain batches with construction-coverage batches per the audit.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet 22: comparative/degree/number
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
COMPARATIVE/DEGREE system (Patz 3.2.3.8/3.9.2): comparative = ABL -muny on the standard + DEG2 suffix -baja on the adjective: 'X-muny ADJ-baja' = 'ADJ-er than X' (ngayamuny yalbay-baja 'bigger than me'). Superlative = ADJ bajaku 'most' (yalbay bajaku 'biggest', + wubulmuny 'of all'). DEG1 prefix jarra- = 'rather/somewhat'. Comparison particle yala = 'like/as'. Numbers nyubun/jambul/kulur (1/2/3), wubul 'many'. KEY LINT LESSON: -baja is TWO morphemes - the DEG2 degree suffix (attached, hyphenated: ngulkurr-baja) vs the emphatic clitic baja (separate word). Verified the sentences were right and refined the lint rather than corrupting correct data (lint is a net, not the judge).


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet 23: emotion lexicon + jiba/wawu compound states
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
EMOTION VOCABULARY (grepped, corrects earlier coinages): happy=wawu-mini (adj, attested); sad=walu-jirrbu-jirrbu (adj) / jiba-badi-y (intr, liver-cry); ashamed=milka-murruji (adj); angry=dukul-wuri (adj) / kana-baykal (get angry); afraid=yinil (fear noun); frighten=yinyil-kangal (tr CAUS, NOT yinil-bungal); love=wawu jirray (particle+DAT, Patz 3.9.1); want=wawu (particle+DAT); jealous/envy=ngujan (adj); lazy=daki-daki/majarr; calm/quiet=janka / wawu-janka / wunbu; lonely=jirrbu-jirrbu; exhausted=wawu-wula-y; perhaps=nguba. PRODUCTIVE PATTERN (Patz 3.8.4): jiba-(liver)+V and wawu-(breath/spirit)+V form emotional/physical states (jiba-badiy feel-sad, wawu-wulay be-exhausted, wawu-yilbal sigh) - so wawu-X/jiba-X coinages follow a REAL pattern, but prefer the ATTESTED form where one exists. E-017 NOTE: jiba-badiy is a y-conj stem -> surface jiba-badi (word-final -iy drops y).


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet 24: precautionary + TEMP3; errata: balji dilly bag
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
PRECAUTIONARY -nyji + TEMP3 -(ng)Vrr (the two thinnest constructions, now covered). PRECAUTIONARY (Patz 3.8.4.5): verb+-nyji = an undesirable event to avoid/prevent; the -nyji clause is SUBORDINATE to a main clause stating the precaution taken (main: cover the coals; PRECAUT: baya dunga-nyji lest-fire-go). Distinct from SUCCessive -nyjiku. Multiple -nyji can stack (lest X, lest Y, lest Z). TEMP3 first-of-all -(ng)Vrr (Patz 3.10.1): clitic on verb/noun/pronoun = the first in a sequence / first to do/be affected. Vowel-harmony: -ngarr after a/i-final, -ngurr after u-final, -arr after past -ny (duda-ny-arr). ATTACH ONLY TO VOWEL-FINAL STEMS; for consonant-final stems use the adverb ngadiku (first) instead (binal ngadiku, NOT binal-ngarr). Derived nyaji-ngarr = precaution/foresight (look-ahead). LEXEME FIX: dilly bag = balji / ngunyin / yinkar (NOT jujum, which is a false lexeme with an illegal m-coda).


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet 25: kinship; errata: kin vocabulary + yaba=elder-brother
created_at: 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z
lesson:
KINSHIP system (Patz 3.2.4). VOCAB: ngamu mother, nganjan father, yaba ELDER-BROTHER (NOT generic sibling; sister=babarr elder/jinkurr younger), yabaju younger-brother, kami grandfather(FF/MM), ngaji mother-father, babi grandmother, jija/kaminjarr grandchild, kangkal own-child, kalnga uncle(MB), bimay/bimakay aunt(FZ), bangunji cousin, jawun relative/friend, kuban/manyarr/biwar wife, dunyu husband, mula BLOOD, warru young-man, kamba/wulbuman old-woman, mukul dingkar old-man, juway great-grandfather, biwul mother-in-law, ngalayan father-in-law/son-in-law, kujiway daughter-in-law. MORPHOLOGY: (1) KIN PLURAL = derivational -karra NOT reduplication (yaba-karra brothers, babarr-karra sisters, jawun-karra relatives/family), excludes kangkal; (2) KIN DYAD -manda (ngamu-manda mother&child, nganjan-manda father&son) - note homophony with INCHO -ma-n-da; (3) SEVEN neutral-inflecting kin terms (kangkal always neutral; manyarr, babarr, jinkurr, biwul, ngalayan, kujiway prefer neutral case/-COMIT but allow potent) - all OTHER kin (yaba, dunyu...) take POTENT only (yaba-nda LOC not yaba-nga). POSS of kin = often identical to LOC in Yalanji dialect.


category: morphology-tooling
guide_change: cheatsheet rule 26 (RECIPROCAL -wa- paradigm); lint LOC-allomorphy check + LOC_OK whitelist
created_at: 2026-07-03T05:55:57.638153+00:00
lesson:
Folded a LOC-ALLOMORPHY check into lint_corpus.py (was only ad-hoc per-batch): flags consonant+nga (-> -ba/-a) and u+nga (-> -ngu). Immediately caught 5 genuine errors past every prior manual check: bubu-nga->bubu-ngu (x3), mumbu-nga->mumbu-ngu, kuku-nga->kuku-ngu (all u-final wrongly -nga). Two FP classes handled: causative -bunga (different morpheme, excluded) and three -nga-final VERB ROOTS grep-confirmed (jurrngal push / yungal send / murrngal break-off) whitelisted. Lesson: -nga-final != always locative; verify the lexeme.


category: morphology-correction
created_at: 2026-07-03T06:17:56.127709+00:00
lesson:
The movement domain (goal-LOC-heavy) exposed a SYSTEMATIC error in my working rule: I had been treating TRILL /rr/ like single retroflex /r/ for the locative (both -> -a). WRONG. Verified against Patz's locative-allomorph table + attested forms (wabarr-ba, wujurr-bu [A2507/5313], diburr-bu): TRILL /rr/ -> -ba/-bu (harmony), SINGLE /r/ -> long-vowel -a/-u (harmony). Fixed 57 rows corpus-wide (wujurrba->wujurrbu, dukurra/dukurrba->dukurrbu, junkurra->junkurrbu, ngulkurrba->ngulkurrbu, jukarba->jukara x27, wangkarba->wangkara, dungura->dunguru, wungarba->wungara), all revision-logged. Crucially, -bu after single r is often the INSTRUMENTAL (dawar-bu 'by starlight'), NOT a LOC error, so the lint only flags single-r + -ba. Coinages also caught: sky=jiri (not guyu), star=dawar (not jarrakay), shade=wabarr (not ngambur).

guide_change:
cheatsheet 21d REWRITTEN (rr vs single-r LOC); cheatsheet rule 27 (movement/directional system); errata rhotic-LOC correction; lint single-r -ba check + RB_OK{jarba}


category: construction
created_at: 2026-07-03T06:31:04.608832+00:00
lesson:
CONDITIONAL/IRREALIS batch (thinnest real construction at ~1%). kaki 'when/if' + NONPAST = real conditional (verified particle table); IRREALIS -nyaku = 'should/would have but did NOT' (3.8.4.1(iv), dunga-nyaku ex.158 / bawa-nyaku ex.2750), attaches to the stem dropping -l/-y, used in an independent clause optionally coordinated with the reason it was prevented (I paired every regret with its cause). Watch-outs caught: (1) recurring guyu->jiri (sky) slip — must remember jiri; (2) an English 'trust' loan slipped in -> replaced with wawu-karrba (spirit-hold), the productive wawu- emotion pattern; (3) pronoun+LOC (yundu-nga) is wrong -> pronouns take special/potent forms, reworded to jiba-nga 'in the chest' / dukurr-bu 'among'. The new LOC lint check caught ~28 allomorphy slips pre-close.

guide_change:
cheatsheet rule 28 (conditional kaki + irrealis -nyaku); errata: wawu-karrba 'trust', reminder jiri=sky


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-03T06:44:15.452357+00:00
lesson:
FIRE/HEARTH/COOKING/FOOD lexical batch. Grep-as-you-go caught several plausible-but-wrong lexemes against dictionary.yaml: (1) 'bibiny' for 'damp/wet' is not a word (bibi=breast) -> duna/yaru 'wet'; (2) 'kambar' means 'white clay' NOT 'evening' -> kunarangkal; (3) 'dalku' = archer fish and 'kubarr' = big black eel, NOT 'red/glow' -> red = mula-mula / ngala-ngala / marun-marun / jurrbil(reddish); (4) 'jinbal' = 'fast' NOT 'green/fine' -> green/unseasoned wood = duna (wet); (5) English 'scrub' loan -> majaji 'rainforest'. Also the LOC lint caught ~30 -Cnga allomorphy slips pre-close. Confirmed-good fire vocab: baya fire, jimal fire-stick, dama-murnil twirl-fire-drill, kubu smoke, ngunjil charcoal/coals, bajar ash, kurrma earth-oven, waju-l cook/burn, dinda-l roast, balamu/nyamal boil.

guide_change:
errata: duna wet, kunarangkal evening (kambar=white-clay), red=mula-mula/ngala-ngala, jinbal=fast; cheatsheet rule 29 (fire/hearth/cooking/food domain)


category: syntax
created_at: 2026-07-03T07:03:23.041818+00:00
lesson:
SUCCESSIVE / SEQUENTIAL NARRATIVE construction (thin ~4%) + deliberate register diversification. The native way to tell a connected story is a chain of plain PAST verbs whose FINAL verb takes the TEMP1 clitic -da 'and then' (Patz ex.209 Jana kadan, kuyu manin, wajun, nuka-ny-da 'they came, caught a fish, cooked it, AND THEN ate it'; ex.385 bundan...wunana-ny-da). Surface: V-ny-da -> V-n-da (jarrakulbanda, wunanda, dayanda). SUCC -nyjiku = the LATTER of two successive non-causal events in a subordinate clause (3.8.4.1(vii)); TEMP3 -ngurr = 'first'. This construction IS the multi-clause micro-narrative the corpus wants. Register was over-weighted to gnomic elder-quotes; this batch adds concrete 1st/3rd-person event-chains (a hunt, a day's fishing, building a shelter). LEXICAL HYGIENE: grepping BOTH grammar.md and dictionary.yaml (not just one) exposed coinages that phonotactic lint cannot catch: jinji (sew/mix/roll) is unattested -> murni-l/murnil 'twist/make'; jaji 'cord' -> karra 'rope'; dungur 'bank' -> jalkar; wunbul/jiwuny 'reeds' -> jikan 'grass'; wunany 'sleep' -> warngku; wax = jila not wunba (honey); resin = kanunjul. WATCHLIST: kunku-jina 'digging stick' is in NEITHER source (used corpus-wide) -> reconcile later to jaba/kimil 'stick'.

guide_change:
cheatsheet rule 30 (successive/sequential TEMP1 -da chains + SUCC -nyjiku); errata: jinji/jaji/dungur/wunbul/wunany coinages + kunku-jina watchlist


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-03T07:20:42.931658+00:00
lesson:
FAUNA / natural-history LEXICAL batch. The dictionary is RICHEST in fauna (66 birds, 84 fish, 47 reptiles, 22 macropods, insects, water-creatures) so it is the best-attested lexical vein -- BUT it is also where my inference most confidently invents plausible animal names. Cross-grepping BOTH grammar.md and dictionary.yaml before authoring, and again at lint, caught a large crop: kangkur (wallaby) and jaruka (goanna) were long-standing coinages -> darrba, jadi; kawul (eagle) -> yalngkurr/wandi; jinkurr I used for 'hawk' but it means 'younger sister' -> jinabiju 'goshawk'; bikarr I used for 'shark' but it means 'fishy' -> bububay 'black-tip shark'; jinkun (spider) -> malal; bugil (flower) -> nganka; jiran (spine/sharp) -> jalngkun 'sharp'; ngunju (mouth/throat) -> ngandal 'mouth' / manu 'throat'. LINT TUNING: bulbul (pheasant coucal), bajabaja (blue-tongue), kunkun (periwinkle) are single lexemes that LOOK reduplicated -> whitelisted. RULE reaffirmed: for a concrete-noun domain, grep EVERY head noun in both sources before use; a phonotactically-legal animal name is the easiest coinage to miss.

guide_change:
errata: fauna vocabulary block + the kangkur/jaruka/kawul/bikarr/jinkurr coinage corrections; lint SOLID_REDUP += bulbul/bajabaja/kunkun


category: syntax
created_at: 2026-07-03T07:36:40.618241+00:00
lesson:
COMITATIVE -ji/-iji (with/having) vs PRIVATIVE -kari (without/lacking), Patz 3.2.3.3-4 + allomorph table 3.3. Allomorphs: -ji after vowel-final (juku-ji 'with a stick', kaka-ji 'painful', maja-ji 'with rainforest' -- which is WHY majaji='rainforest'), -ji after l/n (milbal-ji 'tearful', jalun-ji 'with sea', ngalkal-ji 'with woodland'), -iji after RHOTIC (bulbur-iji 'dusty', jukar-iji 'sandy', walarr-iji 'bearded'); privative -kari is uniform (bayan-kari 'homeless', binal-kari 'unaware', kaya-kari 'dog-less', daga-kari 'toothless'). The construction is IDEAL for contrastive training pairs: author X-ji and X-kari in the same sentence (knowledge-COMIT vs knowledge-PRIV, water-COMIT vs water-PRIV). Tagged COMIT/PRIV explicitly in analysis to fix the reciprocal-style tag undercount. LEXICON: this abstract-noun domain again surfaced coinages -- ngamba is 'not seeing' not 'anger' (use dukul-wuri), jamba is 'hillside' not 'fence', juju is 'bum' not 'nose' (use nganja 'scent'), jalan is 'sea urchin' not 'barb' (jinil). WATCHLIST for a dedicated reconciliation (no clean mechanical swap): bikirr 'shame' (attested = idiom murru-kaday 'be ashamed'), bina 'leaf' (should be birra/bindi), kambi 'bark'.

guide_change:
cheatsheet rule 31 (comitative -ji/-iji + privative -kari, with/without contrast); errata: comitative allomorph table + coinage watchlist (bikirr/bina-leaf/kambi)


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-03T07:52:08.615482+00:00
lesson:
FLORA / trees-and-plants LEXICAL batch (mirror of the fauna batch; dictionary very rich here). Deliberately used the CORRECTED words established last turn -- birra 'leaf' (NOT the watchlist coinage bina), dumbul/warrur 'bark' + buyku 'paperbark' (NOT kambi) -- proving the corpus can move forward correctly while the historical coinages await a dedicated pass. Confirmed rich attested flora: juku tree, bangkan/ngara root, diburr seed, nganka flower, kalal vine, dukal/binanji fig, dulmbil palm, nganjirr grass-tree, dimbirr hollow-trunk, dingal tree-base, dakil branch, jurrbu shoot; trees babajaka(bloodwood), baway(black-bean), dalban(oak), bilar(candlenut), dakumbar(water-gum), burrin-burrin(breadfruit), duwar(black-palm); kanunjul resin, yikari hardened-gum. NEW coinages this batch, caught by grepping both sources: wural 'bend' -> badamal (also maku-walimal), bigan 'shield' -> kunjuri, jiwuny 'reed' -> jikan 'grass' (no clean reed word), jarrmba 'yellow' -> makirr, wanka 'white' -> kambar 'white-clay', jamba is 'hillside' not 'wall', no attested 'fungus/mushroom' word (reword). IMPORTANT CONFIRMATION: ngalkal = 'open woodland' IS attested -- it is Patz's own comitative example ngalkal-ji 'with open woodland' -- even though dictionary.yaml glosses it 'outside'; grammar.md wins.

guide_change:
cheatsheet: flora vocabulary block; errata: tree/plant vocabulary + wural/bigan/jiwuny/jarrmba/wanka coinage corrections


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet: rule 32 interrogatives/questions paradigm + register note
created_at: 2026-07-03T08:07:30.903668+00:00
lesson:
INTERROGATIVES / QUESTIONS construction batch (§3.5) doubling as a REGISTER-DIVERSIFICATION pass. The corpus had grown heavy on gnomic 'the old one said...' declaratives; this batch adds the question SENTENCE-TYPE (teaching dialogues, rhetorical Q-chains, riddles, embedded questions) that a translation model needs and was thin on. Grep-verified full interrogative paradigm: wanya 'who' (also wanju/wanhu), wanyu 'what' (wanyubaja 'what else'), wanja 'where' (wanjamuny 'where from', wanjabu 'where to', wanjaburr 'which way'), wanjaku 'which one', wanjarr 'how' (wanjarrinya 'how many'), wanja-wanja 'when', wanyurrinku/wanyurrimun 'why'; yala 'what about'; babaji 'ask'. Interrogative pronouns head the clause and do NOT inflect for case in these uses. Embedded/indirect questions ride the same subordinate machinery (kari X yambada Y 'not X but Y'; ...-nya SUB). The export tagger's `question` probe fires on ?/wanya/wanyu/wanja-wanja/wanyurringku/babaji, so these rows tag correctly. New attested lexemes used: dukul-wuri 'anger', kadil 'sharp sound', kaki 'if/conditional'.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet: rule 33 potent-case + kinship morphology; errata: full kin lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-03T08:22:32.803224+00:00
lesson:
KINSHIP lexical domain (§1.2.1.3 social structure + §3.2.4 kin morphology) — central to the language, richest single domain, and the one a translation model most needs. It is the natural vehicle for the distinctive NEUTRAL vs POTENT case split (§3.2.2): kin terms and human nouns take the POTENT set (ERG -ngkV/V- ~ -VngkV/C-: ngamu-ngku, kami-ngka, nganjan-angka, mukul-angka; DAT -nkV/V- ~ -VnkV/C-: jija-nka, ngaji-nka, bama-nka, buban-anka, mukul-unku [u-harmony like yaburr-unku]; LOC -ndV/V- ~ -VndV/C-: dunyu-ndu, nganjan-anda, mukay-anda; ABL = potent-LOC + muny: ngamu-ndumuny), where inanimates take the NEUTRAL set (-bu/-kV/-ngV/-bV). POSSESSIVE (alienable, ABS): -mu/V- ~ -Vmu/C- (ngamu-mu 'mother's', nganjan-amu 'father's', kaya-mu 'dog's'); with non-zero inflection -ndVmun-/-VndVmun-. DYADIC -manda names a related pair (ngamu-manda 'mother-and-child', nganjan-manda 'father-and-son'). Catalytic -mun- inserts before a non-zero inflection on trisyllabic/loan stems (bimakay-mun-ungku). Kin lexicon (grep-verified): ngamu/mama mother, nganjan father, yaba/yabaju elder/younger.brother, babarr/jinkurr elder/younger.sister, kami grandfather(FF; kami-ngka FF/MM), babi grandmother, ngaji MF, juway great-grandfather, jija/kaminjarr grandchild, kalnga MB/uncle, mukul/bimay/bimakay FZ/aunt, mukay MZ-elder, dunyu husband, biwar/kuban/manyarr wife, ngaybirr spouse, biwul MIL, ngalayin FIL, banji BIL, warrin SIL, bangunji cousin, kambanmu cross-cousin, kangkal/karrkay/bayin child, kukujida just-learned-to-talk, yuyku bereaved father. NO native word for 'moiety' -> circumlocute bama-jambul 'the two-fold people'. Attested culture facts (grammar.md l.653/699): correct marriage = opposite moiety, children take father's moiety; deceased's name tabooed, substitute ngalba, refer by kin term only; mother-in-law avoidance vs cross-cousin joking.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:05:55.005206+00:00
lesson:
PHANTOM-LEXEME DISCIPLINE: a well-formed coinage that passes phonotactic lint is invisible unless every content word is grepped against BOTH dictionary.yaml AND grammar.md at authoring time. Batch-048 accumulated ~35 phantom tokens/senses (jubuny, warngkul, kunya, jubi-as-quiet, jani-as-habit, janyji, jibul-as-weak/flesh/worn, kalbal, munjal, kunkul, wanaba, muyburr, bibar-as-tide, yumbul, daga, murku, buni, dama-kana, jarrakay, jarrkunji...). Root cause: authoring leaned on corpus-internal precedent instead of the primary sources. Also: never whitelist a lint flag without grepping first — 'jubuny' was nearly whitelisted as 'star' but the attested star is dawar.

guide_change:
lint_corpus.py now carries a two-tier phantom denylist: DENY_ALWAYS (extinct phantoms, flagged anywhere) + DENY_NEW (phantoms still in accepted batches <=048, flagged for batches >=49). Errata watchlist lists the pending corpus-wide reconciliations (janyji 93, jubi 35, kunya 35, jinbi 28, kalbal 23, milkan 19, kulur-jambul 10, yilbay 9, jarrakay 8, yumbul 7, daga 5, burri 51*, bubu-jandu 7, janka-yukil 9, bubu-warral, jani-warra, kuku-yumbul).


category: morphology
guide_change: Cheatsheet rule 34 added (full causative/inchoative paradigm incl. tense discipline).
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:05:55.005206+00:00
lesson:
INCHOATIVE TENSE SYSTEM: -ma-nda is elder PAST -n + TEMP1 -da ('became X, then...') — legal ONLY in narrative past chains. Gnomic/habitual 'becomes X' is -ma-l NONPAST (Patz binal-ma-l, grammar 5885). SUB 'while becoming' = -ma-nya; 'after becoming' = -ma-ny-muny (TEMP1 -da can never stack with ABL). INCHO attaches to NOMINALS only — 'become a giver' is daya-l-bama-ma-l (person-compound base), never daya-l-ma-l. Batch-048 had used -ma-nda as a universal inchoative (134 tokens converted at close).


category: syntax
guide_change: Cheatsheet rule 35 added (role-to-case map + the verb-INST ban).
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:05:55.005206+00:00
lesson:
CASE-ROLE DISCIPLINE: -mundu is ABESSIVE 'without' ONLY. 'toward/into (a state/goal)' = DAT (-ku/-ka neutral, -nka/-nku potent); 'from' = ABL -muny; 'by/with (instrument)' = -bu/-dV; 'through' = PERL -burr. Batch-048 had used -mundu as a universal 'toward/through/from/against'. Also: no verb-INST nominalizations (balka-l-bu 'by telling') — use SUB -nya clauses (Patz baka-l-baka-nya), a noun-INST (kuku-bu 'by words'), or a finite clause. DAT-of-stimulus for emotion verbs: kuli-ma-l X-ku (pattern: yinil wujurr-ku).


category: process
guide_change: Documented in the batch-close skill; sweep-verify-resweep is now a mandatory close step.
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:05:55.005206+00:00
lesson:
SCOPE CONTROL AT CLOSE: fixes were applied in one mechanical pass (uniform tense conversion + verified 1:1 swaps) and three per-row sense passes with exact-substring asserts, one revision row per touched sentence. Two rows planned-but-missed (2465, 2471, 2477, 2487) were caught by re-running the token sweep AFTER the passes — always re-sweep after a bulk repair; never trust the plan was fully applied. Surface fixers must key on BOTH the solid elder surface (karrkaynga) and the hyphenated analysis form (karrkay-nga) — hyphen-keyed replacement silently misses the kuku field.


category: process
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:49:15.053809+00:00
lesson:
THE GREP-AT-AUTHORING DISCIPLINE IS QUANTIFIABLY WORKING: batch-049 banked with 5 mechanical issues (all caught by lint, fixed with revisions) vs batch-048's ~35 phantom lexemes and ~180 token repairs. Three phantom relapses (jangka 'grow', an unverified 2du pronoun, a generic 'bird') were caught DURING drafting because every content word was grepped before banking. The residual error class is now allomorph slips under composition load (retroflex-r LOC, u-harmony), which the lint catches mechanically.

guide_change:
None needed — keep the discipline: harvest + verify the domain lexicon BEFORE composing; verify pronouns/paradigm cells in grammar.md tables, not from memory.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:49:15.053809+00:00
lesson:
DENYLIST ENTRIES MUST NAME THE SENSE, NOT JUST THE TOKEN: bibar was denylisted after batch-048 used it as 'tide', but bibar IS attested ('shin', dict 2131) and batch-049 needed it correctly. A token can be real with one sense and phantom with another. Delisting requires a fresh grep (done).

guide_change:
lint_corpus.py comment documents the bibar rehabilitation; future denylist entries for attested-but-misused words should go to the errata watchlist (sense-level), not the token denylist.


category: morphology
guide_change: Cheatsheet rule 36 added (body lexicon + attribute-compound system).
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:49:15.053809+00:00
lesson:
BODY-PART DOMAIN GRAMMAR: part-whole = double-ABS apposition (whole and part share case); body-part attribute compounds (miyil-/milka-/walu-/mara-/manu- + adjective) are an ATTESTED productive class (Patz grammar 2232-2246) and the model for legal 'transparent compounds of attested morphs'; jakay-ngka (y-final DAT -ngkV) superficially resembles a potent ERG — the analysis segmentation disambiguates.


category: process
guide_change: Skill references updated: sweeps verify via lint, not via the sweep regex.
created_at: 2026-07-06T03:51:59.328523+00:00
lesson:
SWEEP REGEXES MUST NOT SHARE A BLIND SPOT WITH THEIR OWN RE-SWEEP: the kunya reconciliation used (?<![a-zA-Z-]) lookarounds that excluded hyphen-adjacent forms, so compound majaji-kunya survived BOTH the sweep and the re-sweep; only the lint (independent boundary class, hyphen = joiner) caught it. Verification must use a DIFFERENT checker than the fixer — the lint is that checker; always finish a sweep with a full lint run, never only the sweeps own re-scan.


category: morphology
guide_change: Cheatsheet rule 37 added (the modal system with all attested echoes).
created_at: 2026-07-06T04:11:23.257747+00:00
lesson:
MODAL INFLECTIONS REPLACE the conjugation -l, never stack on it: daya-nyji / kuni-nyji / mani-nyji (NOT daya-l-nyji); SUCC and PRECAUT attach cleanly to INCHO -ma-, CAUS -mani-/-bunga-, and ITR -ji- stems (binal-ma-nyji, daray-mani-nyji, nanda-ji-nyjiku); IRR -nyaku carries no tense — context supplies it (Patz 158). PRECAUT = precaution stated in the main clause; SUCC = the later of two events with no causal link; the pair with IRR forms a three-way unrealized-event system now documented as cheatsheet rule 37.


category: process
created_at: 2026-07-06T04:11:23.257747+00:00
lesson:
THE RESIDUAL ERROR CLASS IS STABLE AND MECHANICAL: batches 049 and 050 each banked with only the single-r LOC / u-harmony slip class (4 then 9 tokens), 100% lint-caught, zero phantom lexemes. The discipline stack (grep-at-authoring + denylists + lint) has converted a semantic error problem into a mechanical one. Batch-level self-check before banking should now include a targeted scan for -rba/-unga endings to drive even these to zero.

guide_change:
Consider adding a pre-bank mini-lint invocation to the authoring flow (lint already catches them at banking; catching pre-bank saves revision rows).


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata truth-table pattern is now the standard opening move of every lexical batch.
created_at: 2026-07-06T04:41:42.724013+00:00
lesson:
DOMAIN TRUTH-TABLE AUTHORING WORKS: harvesting and grep-verifying the ENTIRE domain lexicon before composing (the weather table) produced zero phantom lexemes for a second consecutive lexical batch, and turned three former watchlist suspects (wandul, kirraji, jubi-l-squeeze) into vindicated attested vocabulary used in their true senses. The kija case also shows domain harvesting is the best phantom DETECTOR: the error only surfaced because the weather harvest hit the real entry.


category: process
guide_change: ky-corpus-batch skill flow point 2 (BANK) gains a pre-bank scan step.
created_at: 2026-07-06T04:41:42.724013+00:00
lesson:
THE MECHANICAL SLIP CLASS PERSISTS WHEN THE PRE-BANK SCAN IS SKIPPED: batch-050's lesson prescribed a pre-bank -rba/-unga scan; batch-051 skipped it and paid 17 lint issues (vs a scan that takes one grep). The class is stable (single-retroflex-r LOC -a, u-final LOC -ngu) and purely mechanical. From batch-052: run the scan on the tranche text BEFORE the INSERT.


category: process
guide_change: Skill AUTHOR step + this lessons row; batch notes track the wrapper share.
created_at: 2026-07-06T04:59:20.332570+00:00
lesson:
TRAINING-DISTRIBUTION LAW ADOPTED (user directive): this corpus trains the MT model, so frame/register/length DISTRIBUTION is a first-class quality axis. The elder-teaching wrapper had grown to near-100% of recent rows — a mode-collapse risk for translation. From 052 on: <=40% wrapper, the rest everyday/dialogue/1-2p/commands, lengths mixed 8-40 words with the corpus average still >=10.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Skill step 5b added; lexeme_log records provenance of every entry change.
created_at: 2026-07-06T04:59:20.332570+00:00
lesson:
ACADEMIC LEXICON LAW ADOPTED (user directive: 'everything about every word'): synthetic.db now carries a lexemes table — phonemic form, POS, conjugation/case class, JSON senses with status tags, exact attestation refs with quotes, allomorphy, morphology, collocations, usage warnings, contrasts, corpus frequency, and phantom-retired history. 27 entries seeded from the 048-052 verification work; every future batch close upserts its vocabulary; pre-052 backfill is a standing interleaved workstream.


category: morphology
guide_change: Scan snippet corrected in practice; documented here and in the revision reasons.
created_at: 2026-07-06T04:59:20.332570+00:00
lesson:
PRE-BANK SCAN HOLE: .endswith('bunga') exempted SOLID 'bubunga' (bubu+LOC misspelling) because the string genuinely ends in 'bunga'. The CAUS exemption must be HYPHEN-AWARE ('-bunga' only) — the lint already does this correctly with t.endswith('-bunga'); the inline scan now mirrors it.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata watchlist entries marked as hypotheses; vindicated items logged in lexemes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:11:08.300808+00:00
lesson:
VINDICATION CLASS: watchlisted 'phantom-ish' idioms can turn out attested — jiba-wulay 'sweet' and nganja 'taste' are dictionary headwords found during the food-domain harvest (as wandul/kirraji/jubi-l were during weather). The watchlist is a hypothesis list, not a verdict list: every sweep and every domain harvest must re-grep watchlist members it touches before replacing them.


category: process
guide_change: None — keep the scan in every bank script.
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:11:08.300808+00:00
lesson:
PRE-BANK SCAN NOW NET-POSITIVE: 4 catches before banking this batch, 3 in 052 — seven avoided revision rows across two batches. The residual mechanical class (single-r LOC / u-LOC) is now caught pre-DB in practice.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:21:24.152719+00:00
lesson:
SWEEP-CANCELLATION PRECEDENT (kalbal): re-grepping a watchlist item BEFORE sweeping found it attested ('remedy' 12328) — 23 rows were about to be churned wrongly because an early session grep missed the entry. Standing order: the FIRST step of every sweep is a fresh grep of the target in both sources; a sweep whose premise fails becomes a vindication entry instead.

guide_change:
Errata sixth-item entry; skill sweep flow unchanged (grep-first already implied, now precedent-backed).


category: syntax
guide_change: Noted here; candidate cheatsheet rule when pronoun paradigm batch runs.
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:21:24.152719+00:00
lesson:
PRONOUN COMIT is attested only for duals (ngali-nji 2581); sg/pl pronoun COMIT ('with me/us') is UNVERIFIED — recast to noun-COMIT, ngali, or restructure. Three rows were recast at authoring time (28, 31, 40).


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata queue pruned; lexemes updated.
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:34:02.942882+00:00
lesson:
DOMAIN HARVEST KEEPS VINDICATING: marrakan 'dugout canoe' (unvetted queue) and nyurrbal 'grind' surfaced attested during the tools harvest. Reconcile the unvetted-token queue against every new domain harvest as a matter of course.


category: morphology
guide_change: Recorded; lint geminate rule covers it.
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:34:02.942882+00:00
lesson:
NEW SLIP SUB-CLASS: potent -nka applied to a NEUTRAL n-final noun (bana-buban-nka) produced a geminate the lint caught. Neutral DAT after n = -ka.


category: syntax
guide_change: 054 lesson superseded; candidate cheatsheet rule 39 (pronoun paradigm) when col-2 is resolved.
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:44:07.224116+00:00
lesson:
PARADIGM-TABLE CORRECTION to the 054 lesson: pronoun COMIT is attested for ALL duals AND plurals (2581/2582: ngalinji/yubalanji/bulanji, ngananji/yurranji/jananji + nganjinanji). Only SINGULAR pronoun COMIT remains unverified. Also: paradigm col-2 (-ngan/-an forms) is unglossed in our extraction — avoid until the column header is verified; use regular -muny for pronoun GEN (corpus convention, attested pattern).


category: lexicon
guide_change: kamu/biringal corrections logged; harvest-first now standard for lexical batches.
created_at: 2026-07-06T05:56:29.119082+00:00
lesson:
NEGATIVE CLAIMS DECAY: 'mosquito unattested' was asserted twice in prior batches and was FALSE (kamu). A negative attestation claim is only as good as the grep that produced it, and greps miss (kalbal precedent). Domain harvests are the systematic corrective — every 'no word for X' recast should be re-checked when X's domain is harvested.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Harvest-first now extends to abstract domains; next candidates: emotion verbs, spatial deixis.
created_at: 2026-07-06T06:05:37.776301+00:00
lesson:
THE EPISTEMIC DOMAIN WAS FULLY ATTESTED AND UNUSED: nguba/manubaja/manubaja-bungal/jurril/warmbiji/warmbill/yimbal/jarrjal all sat in the dictionary untouched for 57 batches while the corpus talked around them. Domain harvesting by SEMANTIC FIELD (not just concrete nouns) unlocks constructions, not just vocabulary — the evidential frames were impossible to write before this harvest.


category: process
guide_change: Three exemptions added with source refs in lint comments.
created_at: 2026-07-06T06:05:37.776301+00:00
lesson:
NEW-LEXEME vs OLD-LINT COLLISIONS are now an expected close-step: manubaja (ends in 'baja'), rrunyuji (rhotic onset), jarrjal (rrj cluster) each tripped a structural rule written before they entered the corpus. Rule: every first-use word that trips the lint gets a CITED exemption in the same session — never a silent pass, never a workaround spelling.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Four lexeme entries; errata gains the minefield table.
created_at: 2026-07-06T06:15:59.847627+00:00
lesson:
NEAR-HOMOPHONE MINEFIELD MAPPED: muru 'together' / murru 'round' / murruji 'cannot' / milka-murruji 'ashamed' / murru-kaday 'be ashamed' — five near-identical forms with unrelated meanings. The corpus had used murruji (cannot) correctly ~60x while separately minting muru-as-shame. Lexemes table now carries the full disambiguation block; any future m-u-r-r-u token gets checked against all five.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Compass block in lexemes; candidate cheatsheet rule 39.
created_at: 2026-07-06T06:24:44.369236+00:00
lesson:
THE COMPASS IS WEST-SHIFTED AND LAND-ONLY ([A 2424]): kungkarr=N/NW, kuwa=NW/W, jibarr=SW/S, naka=SE — and NO compass word applies seaward; sea-direction = jalun-bu / dingal / naka-dingal. Any future geographic row must respect both facts. Also: first-ever LOC of jangkar (kuku-jangkar-a) established single-r class.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Upserted ~30 flora lexemes with attestation + allomorphy into lexemes table.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:04:07.297833+00:00
lesson:
Flora harvest: 60+ attested tree/plant terms banked. Load-bearing corrections — buyku='paperbark'(not 'wing'); dubal='coolamon/bed'(not 'bark', prior mis-memory; bark = dumbul/julkun/ngangkurr); bajar='ash'+'white gum'(polysemy); marrakan='red cedar tree'+'dugout canoe'; jajikal='place'(not palm).


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata: record the three gaps + attested workarounds.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:04:07.297833+00:00
lesson:
Attestation gaps found: NO clean colour word 'green' (bakamu=pigeon, munjurr/nyirran=green ant, karrkurr=green frog); NO simple 'grow' verb (dunjal='foot growth', binyu='shooting star', jurrbu='shoots'); NO 'sit' verb (nyina-l NOT in dict; bawaji candidate). Express: unripe='kari kulbul', growth via jana-y/jurrbu, sitting via existential-LOC or wuna-y 'lie'.


category: morphology
guide_change: Errata: add 'big'=yalbay; jangkar as bare 'big' is unattested.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:04:07.297833+00:00
lesson:
'big' is yalbay (dict adj 'big'). Corpus token 'jangkar' (80x) has NO clean headword — jangkarra='upriver Daintree' (place), kubarr='eelfish', baral='feel'(verb). Do NOT use bare jangkar for 'big'.


category: process
guide_change: SKILL: pre-bank scan = KU-tokens only, end-anchored, LOC_OK whitelist; lint is the real gate.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:04:07.297833+00:00
lesson:
Pre-bank scan false-exemption: `core.endswith('bunga')` swallowed 'bubunga' (contains 'bunga') — the SAME bubunga hole as batch-060. The authoritative gate is lint_corpus.py (end-anchored `[^g]unga$` with LOC_OK whitelist, CAUS-exempt requires hyphenated `-bunga`). The pre-bank heuristic must tokenize the KU surface ONLY (scanning the English gloss false-flagged 'paperbark'; scanning bare stems false-flagged wungar/dunga).


category: process
guide_change: Lint: junkurrji added to rrj exemption. Convention: dialogue no-quotes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:04:07.297833+00:00
lesson:
junkurrji 'strong' (attested dict headword) tripped the rrj-cluster lint (its rrj is not a segmented -ji COMIT in the analysis) — added to the rrj exemption alongside jarrjal. English dialogue MUST follow the corpus no-quote 'X balkan: ...' convention (0 accepted rows use quote marks; line-151 EN check wants capital-first + .!?-final).


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata: add kalka-l to phantom-watchlist (135 rows, dubious).
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:04:07.297833+00:00
lesson:
WATCH: kalka-l 'rest/wait' has 135 corpus uses but is NOT a dictionary headword (grammar.md kalka='spear'); the lint SOLID_REDUP comment sanctioning it is unverified. Avoided this batch (used wuna-y 'lie'). Queue an errata phantom-watchlist sweep.


category: process
guide_change: Cheatsheet rules 27 & 28 fixed; errata records both.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:39:14.810893+00:00
lesson:
GREP-AT-AUTHORING CAUGHT TWO ERRORS IN OUR OWN CHEATSHEET: rule-28 example 'ngara-nyaku should have listened' (ngara-l = build/set-up, NOT listen) and rule-27 'janyul sand' (janyul unattested; sand = jukar). The living books are NOT exempt from phantom discipline — verify every example against dict+grammar, even our own rules.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata + lexemes updated with the corrections.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:39:14.810893+00:00
lesson:
Correction words banked: dukul='head' (NOT sick; sick=bambay), nganga='only' (NOT now; no clean 'now' word), murnil='twist' (NOT make), janji-l='wash/bathe' (NOT swim; mariji/mariy unattested — no clean 'swim' verb), buban='small' (NOT boy), kuwa='NW', ngaral='build/set up camp'.


category: morphology
guide_change: No new rule needed — rules 24/28/30/31 already cover it; reaffirmed.
created_at: 2026-07-06T07:39:14.810893+00:00
lesson:
Subordinate/purpose paradigm consolidated (rules 10b/24/28/30): PURP -nkV (u-stem -nku waju-nku), SUB -nyV, PRECAUT -nyji (attaches to INCHO too: buyun-ma-nyji), SUCC -nyjiku, TEMP1 -da (final PAST verb only), IRR -nyaku (bare stem, regret frame), kaki+NONPAST conditional, TEMP3 -ngurr/-ngarr 'first' (vowel-final stems). COMIT after vowel/l/n = -ji (r.31), NOT -nji (fixed yaba-ji, mukul-ji).


category: morphology
guide_change: Cheatsheet: add an ERG-allomorphy note beside the LOC one (r.21d).
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:01:02.161744+00:00
lesson:
ERGATIVE allomorphy (Patz vowel harmony) confirmed against the corpus: a-final vowel stem -> -ngka (kaya-ngka, jarba-ngka, waja-ngka; corpus bama-ngka x12 vs bama-ngku x1 error), u-final -> -ngku (murramu-ngku, ngamu-ngku), i-final -> -ngki, consonant(r)-final -> -angku (dingkar-angku). NEUTRAL/instrument ergative -bu is the canonical harmony-free form (jina-bu, makarr-bu, bubu-bu).


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata: FAUNA domain confirmed-attested lexicon section + these corrections.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:01:02.161744+00:00
lesson:
Fauna domain corrections: makarr='fish net' (used for net); nyurrbal='grind/sharpen' NOT 'pull/drag' (reaffirms errata #43) — no clean 'drag' verb, used wundi-l 'bring'; jalambal/jalamba are NOT headwords — Kuku has no simple 'jump' verb, use wangkar-a dunga-y 'go up'; wula='flames' (noun) vs wulay='die' (y-conj verb, PAST wula-ny); balbi-l='hunt' (so balbi-bama='hunter'); maraji='swim' is the clean swim verb (complements janji-l 'wash/bathe' from batch-062); diburr='egg'; juran='alive'; bujur='feather'.


category: process
guide_change: lint SOLID_REDUP += birrbirr, ngalngal.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:01:02.161744+00:00
lesson:
birrbirr (lorikeet) and ngalngal (sand crab) are LEXICALIZED solid reduplicated animal names, not productive reduplication — they are dict headwords. Added to lint SOLID_REDUP (same class as bulbul=coucal, bajabaja=blue-tongue). Grep-first caught this: an unhyphenated CvCv-CvCv that IS an attested species name is legal.


category: lexicon
guide_change: No cheatsheet change (line 141 already correct); memory + errata note the sweep.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:04:32.151930+00:00
lesson:
ERG VOWEL-HARMONY SWEEP: authoring had drifted to -angku/-ngku on stems whose last root vowel is a or i, where Patz + corpus majority use -a harmony: dingkar-angka (Patz 1617/2146/3164; corpus 588 vs 21), babi-ngka (Patz 4397/5217/5249; corpus 92 vs 11), kaya-ngka (188 vs 1), jarba-ngka. The cheatsheet (line 141) ALREADY had the correct forms — this was authoring drift, not a rule gap. 49 rows swept corpus-wide (34 lowercase + 15 capitalized). Rule reaffirmed: ERG -ngkV harmonises to -a after a/i-final and after consonant stems whose last root vowel is a/i; -u only after u-final (mukul-ungku 556, murramu-ngku, ngamu-ngku, jalbu-ngku).


category: process
guide_change: Sweep scripts must handle capitalized sentence-initial forms + verify case-sensitively.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:04:32.151930+00:00
lesson:
CASE-SENSITIVITY IN SWEEPS: a .replace('dingkarangku',...) MISSES sentence-initial 'Dingkarangku' (capital D) because Python replace is case-sensitive while SQLite LIKE is case-insensitive — so the leftover-check (LIKE) flagged 4 rows the replace had skipped. FIX: sweep BOTH cases (lowercase + capitalized), and verify leftovers with a case-sensitive regex [Dd]ingkarangku, not LIKE. New anti-pattern alongside 'hyphen-keyed replacements miss the solid surface form'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Cheatsheet rule 34 corrected (kija->wumbul/kiway examples); errata records the 3rd error.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:23:07.512687+00:00
lesson:
THIRD cheatsheet error caught by grep/lint at authoring: rule-34 'kija-ma-ny water grew cold / kija-bunga-ny she cooled it' is WRONG. kija = 'moon, month' ONLY (grammar 2509 'moon, month'; 719 creation-being 'moon'; 4453 'after two months'); cold = kiway (dict noun). Rule 34 self-contradicted rule 38 (which already had the correct kija=moon ruling + a lint guard). The lint's kija-guard caught the misuse in 4 draft rows -> kija->kiway. 0 cold-debt corpus-wide (all 23 kija rows are legit moon/month). Pattern (3rd time now: ngara, janyul, kija): our OWN cheatsheet examples must be grepped like any lexeme; a lint guard beats a stale rule.


category: morphology
guide_change: No rule change; paradigm reaffirmed with fresh examples.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:23:07.512687+00:00
lesson:
Derivation/valency paradigm (r.10c/21e/26/34) consolidated: INCHO -ma-l on nominals only (adj/noun/compound), NEVER on a verb (wandi-l 'get up' stays a verb, not *wandi-ma-l); CAUS -bunga-l (agent potent ERG) / action-CAUS -(y)-mani-l (itr->tr) / -kanga-l (emotion); REFL-MID -ji surface (y-deleted), PASSIVE = same -ji with agent in LOC (-ndu potent, e.g. yaburr-undu, bilngkumu-ndu); RECIP -wa-y takes an ABSOLUTIVE subject (the classic error is marking it ERG). COMIT+INCHO stacks (mula-ji-ma-l 'become kin-having').


category: lexicon
guide_change: Errata: kinship homonym notes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:42:20.405996+00:00
lesson:
KIN HOMONYMS: two dict glosses conflict with Patz kin terms — babarr = 'elder sister' (grammar 2259/4388, + Patz's own dedication 'my babarr Mabel Webb'), the dict gloss 'young cassowary' is a homonym; biwul = 'mother-in-law' (grammar 2261), the dict gloss 'black snake' is a homonym. Trust Patz for the kin sense; note the homonym. (mukul is genuinely polysemous: 'old woman' AND 'FZ/aunt'.)


category: morphology
guide_change: No rule change; r.25/33 reaffirmed with a full kin batch.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:42:20.405996+00:00
lesson:
KINSHIP POTENT/NEUTRAL case split (r.33) exercised at scale: kin/humans take POTENT (ERG -ngkV/-VngkV vowel-harmonised, LOC -ndV, DAT -nkV) — e.g. yaba-nda LOC is explicit in Patz 2279 as *yaba-nga; the SEVEN neutral kin (kangkal, manyarr, babarr, jinkurr, biwul, ngalayan, kujiway) take neutral case (kangkal-ka). POSS -mu(V)/-amu(C), PLURAL -karra, DYAD -manda, COMIT -ji(V/l). Applied the ERG a/u-harmony correctly at authoring (post batch-063 sweep): kalnga-ngka/biwar-angka a-harmony, dunyu-ngku u-harmony.


category: process
guide_change: jubay -> lint DENY_ALWAYS; watchlist marked essentially reconciled.
created_at: 2026-07-06T08:42:20.405996+00:00
lesson:
WATCHLIST reconciliation between batches: most residual 'debt' counts were FALSE-POSITIVE substrings (janyji in kunja-nyji; kunya in maku-nyaji-n) or ATTESTED words hit by LIKE (jubi 'squeeze' gram 3525; jaway 'generous'; kabul 'rock python'; milka-nga 'mind-LOC'). Only genuine phantom = jubay 'strange' (1 row) -> swept to 'kari binal', added to DENY_ALWAYS. Lesson: verify watchlist counts token-by-token (regex, not LIKE) before assuming debt; the guards/attestations have kept the corpus clean.


category: morphology
created_at: 2026-07-06T09:05:17.327657+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji personal pronouns split their non-core case endings by NUMBER: SINGULAR pronouns build DAT/LOC/ABL on the POSS stem with -nku/-ndu/-ndumuny (ngaykunku, yunundu, nyungundumuny); DUAL and PLURAL pronouns take -nka/-nda/-ndamuny on the NOM base (bulanka, jananda, ngalindamuny). Do NOT carry the singular -nku/-ndu over to non-singular forms — it is the #1 pronoun error.

guide_change:
cheatsheet rule 36: full personal-pronoun paradigm (Table 3.6) with the sg-vs-nonsg non-core split spelled out.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T09:05:17.327657+00:00
lesson:
wangal is a NOUN 'boomerang', not a dance verb; the attested verb 'dance' is wuri-y (grammar 3663; dance nouns jurbu 'woman's dance', warrma 'corroboree'). 'think' is not *milka-ma-l but the attested collocation milka-bu bayka-l (lit. 'bite with the ear'; dict headword 'milkabu baykal'). Two more phantoms caught by grep-at-authoring, both phonotactically legal and invisible to the lint.

guide_change:
errata: retire wangan-as-dance and milka-ma-l-as-think; add wuri-y, milka-bu bayka-l, jurbu, warrma.


category: data-hygiene
guide_change: close checklist: run a non-ASCII homoglyph sweep over the kuku surface (Latin-only) before accept.
created_at: 2026-07-06T09:05:17.327657+00:00
lesson:
Row 30's surface carried a Cyrillic homoglyph run (л а н д inside 'yubalandu') from an authoring typo — it passed the lint (non-ASCII, not a phonotactic violation) and dodged an ASCII-only fix regex. Added a corpus-wide non-ASCII sweep of the kuku surface as a standing pre-close check; the only legitimate non-ASCII in kuku is the em-dash used in dialogue punctuation.


category: lexicon
guide_change: lexemes upsert: pronoun paradigm + these content words.
created_at: 2026-07-06T09:05:17.327657+00:00
lesson:
Verified this batch as attested (grep dict+grammar): junkurr 'strength', madja 'scrub', ngubar 'the other side', maku 'towards/ahead', dakwuy 'hungry', wanyurrinku 'why', murru-kaday 'ashamed', jakalambal 'start a fire', yajarril 'laugh about', biji 'tail(=behind)', jana-y 'stand', binal-ma-l 'learn', binal-bunga-l 'teach', buban 'small'.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T09:39:02.184312+00:00
lesson:
GREP-AT-AUTHORING IS NON-NEGOTIABLE, proven again at scale: a fast-drafted lexical batch produced ~30 phantoms, ALL phonotactically legal and invisible to the mechanical lint. The failure mode is drafting plausible-sounding roots ('jimba' grind, 'binka' paint, 'nganarr' straight, 'walmba' head) instead of grepping the concept. Worse are the TRAPS — real headwords with a DIFFERENT meaning: walmba=log, mabil=swamp, jakal=full, kabul=rock-python, jina-jina=tree, mula-mula=red-colour, jawun=friend, yamba=house, warru=young-man — each passes the lint AND looks attested. The only defence is: grep the concept (gloss search) AND grep the token (exact headword), for EVERY content word, BEFORE banking.

guide_change:
process: for a lexical batch, harvest the domain by semantic_domain FIRST (dict), then author only from the harvested+glossed list; treat any word not on it as a phantom until grep-confirmed.


category: lexicon
guide_change: lexemes upsert: the material-culture vocabulary + phantom-retirement contrasts.
created_at: 2026-07-06T09:39:02.184312+00:00
lesson:
Material-culture attestations confirmed this batch: spear taxonomy kalka/yinba/kuyan/murrangkal/dikarra + parts jinil(barb)/kurrajan(point)/dara(shaft); balur/mirrba/ngurmu woomera; mirru club, nala-nala waddy, durray fighting-stick, wakay wooden-sword, kunjuri shield, wangal boomerang; ngunyin/balji/yinkar dilly-bag; kaljan/marrakan canoe; warrbi axe, naybu knife, karrkany digging-stick, makarr net; jundi pumice, jila beeswax, karra rope/cane, dumbul bark, milbar/warkal shell; murbuy/makirr ochre, bajar white-clay, yiki-yiki didgeridoo. Verbs: yilba-l throw, yaka-l cut/carve, julngka-l paint, nyurrba-l grind, yiringka-l drag, babaji-l ask, kunbayn finish. No lexeme for steel/iron, coolamon, family, thing.


category: morphology
created_at: 2026-07-06T09:39:02.184312+00:00
lesson:
LOC allomorphy remains the recurring mechanical slip, especially in fast drafts: u-final -> -ngu (juku-ngu, mudu-ngu, ngadiku-ngu), l-final harmonises on the last vowel (jambul-bu, dumbul-bu — NOT -nga/-ba), single retroflex /r/ -> -a (wungar-a, wuyar-a, bajar-a, jukar-a). The pre-bank scan only catches solid u+nga / rr+ba; hyphenated 'juku-nga' slips it, so the LINT is the real gate. Ran the standing LOC sweep at close.

guide_change:
cheatsheet r.21d already covers this; keep the pre-bank LOC + non-ASCII scan and trust the lint as gate.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:02:32.119008+00:00
lesson:
'-warral' (directional 'toward/side') is a corpus-wide PHANTOM: it is NOT in dictionary.yaml (only 'warral-warral', a different word) or grammar.md. The genuine forms are (a) the GENERAL LOCATIVE, which 'marks... the goal of a movement (allative)' (grammar 1546); (b) DAT for 'toward' (cheatsheet r.35); (c) '-warra/-arra' = 'inhabitants of a place' (grammar 2045, e.g. wujalwujal-arra 'Bloomfield people'). ~64 accepted rows use -warral — this is accepted-batch DEBT requiring its own I3-safe sweep (convert to LOC/DAT per sense), NOT a blind global replace. batch-068's own 15 were converted to DAT at authoring.

guide_change:
errata: -warral WATCHLIST (major, ~64 rows). lint could add -warral to a soft DENY once the sweep is done.


category: lexicon
guide_change: reaffirm grep-at-authoring for EVERY answer word, not just the construction target.
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:02:32.119008+00:00
lesson:
The interrogative BATCH again shows: the construction words (verified from Table 3.10) were clean, but the ANSWER content pulled in ~18 phantoms/traps (kunkun=periwinkle, mala=expert, jarrkal=talisman, jija=grandchild, ngunju/wawundu/murrkbal/julbu absent, kaban=paper, bina absent, milbin=reveal, nganja=taste). There is NO lexeme for 'now', 'five', 'count', 'crab', 'voice', 'coolamon', 'steel', 'family', 'thing'. Express these by circumlocution (no 'now'; 'five'=3+2 or wubul; 'count'=kari binal wanjarrinya).


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet: a rule-40 (interrogative paradigm) is warranted — Table 3.10/3.11.
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:02:32.119008+00:00
lesson:
Interrogative case facts confirmed & taught: 'who' (wanya) takes the POTENT set incl. ERG wanyangka in a transitive question ('who speared it?'), but a PRONOUN answer is NOM (ngayu), never ERG — pronouns are NOM/ACC (r.39). 'why' = wanyurringku (what-DAT, 'for what'); the what-LOC wanyurrimbu asks reason-of-location; wanyurrinji (what-COMIT) is the fixed 'ill with what' idiom. wanjabu (not bare wanja) is the living 'where', and 'yundu wanjabu?' is itself a greeting.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:39:41.381331+00:00
lesson:
BIRD-LORE is a rich domain (~115 attested headwords) but a LEXICAL batch's danger is the ANSWER vocabulary, not the domain nouns: verbs and adjectives reached for while composing (swim, chase, kick, scratch, kill, shine; green/blue/black; mud/shell/beach/hollow) produced ~25 phantoms/wrong-senses that are all phonotactically legal and invisible to the lint. GREP EVERY content word — verb, adjective, body-part, colour — by BOTH concept-gloss AND exact-headword, not just the theme nouns.

guide_change:
reaffirm: harvest domain FIRST, then grep each answer-word; the pre-bank scan can't see phantoms, only the grep can.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: colour + bird-anatomy gap table.
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:39:41.381331+00:00
lesson:
Confirmed lexical gaps in this domain: COLOUR is minimal — only ngala-ngala 'red' and ngumbu 'black' are attested; there is NO 'green'/'blue'/'white' lexeme. BIRD ANATOMY: nangki 'wing', banda 'tail', dukul 'head' exist but there is NO 'feather'/'beak'/'nest'/'egg' — circumlocute (bayan 'home' for nest, dukul-kalbay 'long head' for beak). Also NO 'goanna', 'beach' (use jalun/bubu-jina), 'hollow', 'warm' (use ngiki-kari 'cold-without'), 'still' (use janka 'quiet'), 'drink' (use nuka-l 'consume'), 'afternoon'.


category: morphology
guide_change: extend the bank pre-scan to single-r/trill/y-final, or just lint-iterate to GREEN (done).
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:39:41.381331+00:00
lesson:
LOC allomorphy is the recurring #1 mechanical error class. This batch alone: juku->juku-ngu (u->-ngu), bubu->bubu-ngu, wungar->wungar-a (single retroflex r -> -a), dukurr->dukurr-ba (trill rr -> -ba), kalbay->kalbay-mba (y -> -mba), buban->buban-ba, kambal-kambal->kambal-kambal-ba (l-final -> -ba). The bank pre-scan only checked u-final; the corpus lint caught the rest.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 41 — comparison & degree.
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:52:35.418889+00:00
lesson:
The COMPARISON system (grammar §3.2.3.8): comparative = jarra-ADJ with the STANDARD marked DATIVE ('more ADJ than X-DAT'); the DAT allomorph follows the neutral/potent split (Rule 33) — things & lower animals take -ka (kuyu-ka, waja-ka), people take -nka, pronouns take the -nku cell (ngaykunku 'than me'). Intensifier = ADJ-baja-ku 'very' with obligatory -ku, and any case suffix slots BETWEEN baja and ku (bambay-baja-nka-ku). Superlative is periphrastic: jarra-ADJ + wubul-ku 'than all'. Equality = yala 'like'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: comparison gaps.
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:52:35.418889+00:00
lesson:
Grep before authoring caught the usual answer-word phantoms even in a construction batch: buyun is ABSENT (no 'bad'/'dangerous' lexeme — express via yinil 'fear'/'feared' or yarkin-bunga-l 'kill'); bibul absent (no 'life' — use wungar-kadal 'years'); 'break' = dumbarri-l (dict) / kadaba-l (grammar ex.94), NOT the 'finish' root kunba-/kunbayn; no 'axe' (kalka='fishing spear/tool'); no 'want' (wawu='soul/desire'), no 'yesterday' (ngadiku-wungar 'before-day').


category: morphology
guide_change: none (inventory)
created_at: 2026-07-06T10:52:35.418889+00:00
lesson:
Confirmed adjective inventory for degree/comparison: kima/jika soft, minday tame, jinbal fast (bila also), wumbul hot, juburr experienced, dukurr deep/inside, kulbul ripe, bambay sick, dandi hard, kulngkul heavy, ngiki cold, yaykarr strong, mukul old, kala-kalbay far. LOC allomorphy still the top mechanical slip (juku-ngu, wungar-a, dukul-bu, ngurrban-ba, nyubun-ba).


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:23:11.256962+00:00
lesson:
A LEXICAL domain batch (marine life) again proves the rule: the DOMAIN nouns are easy (all 40+ fish/shellfish/gear words grepped clean on the first pass), but the SUPPORTING verbs & spatial words are the phantom minefield. This batch's crop: bunga-l is CAUSATIVE (make-X on an adj/noun base) — NOT a standalone 'put/make/fill' verb; 'put/lay'=wuna-l, 'dig'=baka-l, 'turn'=jurrki-l. marrakan='tree' (NO 'canoe' lexeme); dukul='head' (mouth=ngandal); kinkan absent (crocodile=bilngkumu); kawa='ants' (come.out has no verb — use kada-y/daka-l); muru='together' (among/between has no clean lexeme); ngundu='this side' & ngurrban='cloud' (near=karangkal 'alongside'; no 'shadow'); jiba='liver' (no 'belly'). No lexeme at all for: egg, canoe, skin, colour, step, open, dish — reworded every time.

guide_change:
errata: marine lexicon + supporting-verb rulings (bunga-l CAUS-only; wuna-l/baka-l/jurrki-l; ngandal/bilngkumu/karangkal; phantom retirements dumbu/marrakan-as-canoe/kinkan/kawa/muru-as-among).


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet: reinforce CAUS-stem rule + SUB-vs-verb-LOC; pre-bank scan extended to n/l/y-final LOC.
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:23:11.256962+00:00
lesson:
-bunga-l / -mani-l are CAUSATIVE stem-formers, not free verbs: they attach to a NOMINAL/ADJ base (dandi-bungal harden, yarkin/wula-bungal kill, binal-bungal teach, ngulkurr-bungal make-good/clean, bambay-bungal hurt) or to a verb root for 'cause to' (dara-y-mani-l 'drop'). Temporal 'when X Vs' is a SUB clause, NOT verb+LOC: y-conj dunga-y->dunga-nya, kada-y->kada-nya; INCHO yinil-ma-l->yinil-manya (cheatsheet r.34). LOC allomorphy remains the #1 mechanical slip — this batch needed: dukurr-ba/wujurr-ba (trill rr->-ba), jukar-a/wungar-a (single r->-a), janku-ngu/ngumbu-ngu/buyku-ngu (u->-ngu), buban-ba/nyubun-ba (n->-ba), wumbul-ba/kambal-kambal-ba (l->-ba), yalbay-mba (y->-mba).


category: syntax
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:23:11.256962+00:00
lesson:
Micro-narrative fishing scenes sustain 10.36 w/row with only 16% teaching-wrapper — the marine domain carries substantive multi-clause content (tide+moon timing, spawning runs, handling dangerous catch, processing) without leaning on 'the old man said'. ERG on the agent of a transitive past (mukul-dingkarangka ... daman), NOM subject of intransitive/stative (yawu ... wunay), PRIV -kari for 'without' (jindi-kari 'scaleless', nyaji-kari 'without seeing', kari-binal 'not-knowing').


category: syntax
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:40:23.543468+00:00
lesson:
The verbal-mood paradigm (grammar Table 3.16, cheatsheet r.42): PURPOSIVE -nkV, PRECAUTIONARY -nyji, SUCCESSIVE -nyjiku, IRREALIS -nyaku, and the UNMARKED/SUB -nyV all attach to the ROOT, replacing the -l/-y conjugation marker (kuni-l -> kuni-nka/-nyji/-nyjiku; bunda-y -> bunda-nka). CONDITIONAL is the co-ordination particle kaki 'if/when', clause-initial, and (crucially) confined to NON-PAST tense. PRECAUTIONARY subordinates to a main imperative/statement naming the precaution; SUCCESSIVE marks the later of two events (main clause = earlier).

guide_change:
new cheatsheet rule 42 — verbal-mood paradigm (purposive/precautionary/irrealis/successive/conditional).


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet r.42 + errata: purposive -l-ka->-nkV sweep documented.
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:40:23.543468+00:00
lesson:
PURPOSIVE = -nkV (root + -nka after a/i, -nku after u) — grammar ex.160-162 (waju-nku, dama-nka, bangka-nka). This corrected a SYSTEMATIC corpus error: 305 accepted rows had written purposive as -l-ka (stacking noun-DAT -ka on conjugation -l); all swept to -nkV this batch. Do NOT confuse with noun DATIVE -ka/-nka/-nku (Rule 33) or the verb+-l-kari privative 'without Ving'. PRECAUT -nyji vs SUCC -nyjiku are near-homophones sharing 'following event' — precautionary = feared/preventable, successive = actual/prior.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: mood-construction vocabulary + bangka-l/muja distinction.
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:40:23.543468+00:00
lesson:
New attested items this batch: kaki 'if/when' (particle), kaya 'dog', biki 'pig' (dict; grammar 'bikibiki'), kabu 'rotten', nganjan 'father', mulngku 'wave', bangka-l 'gather/catch-in-quantity' (NOT muja, which is 'place'), nyurrba-l 'sharpen/grind', wandi-y 'wake up' (wandi as a noun = 'eagle' — polysemy), kunba-y 'finish' (kunba-y-mani-l = finish-CAUS), jirrbu-jirrbu 'lonely' (the ex.163 form milkabujar is NOT a dict headword), warngku 'sleep', baja-burray 'tired', yangka 'green ant', madja 'scrub', yununy '2sg accusative'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: plant/bush-food lexicon + poison/bitter/green/garden/gum gap rulings.
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:52:19.737904+00:00
lesson:
PLANTS/BUSH-FOODS is a deep, well-attested domain (yams, figs, nuts, trees, parts all grep-clean). The supporting-word gaps repeat the marine-batch pattern: no 'poison'/'bitter' (express toxicity via bambay-bungal 'make sick' + the leaching narrative), no 'green'/'unripe' (kulbul-kari 'ripe-without'), no 'garden' (mayi-bubu 'food-ground'), no 'gum/sap' (describe by colour + kalbal). strong = yaykarr, NOT junkurr ('strength', a noun). Cultural content is authentic: black-bean (baway) nuts require days of water-leaching; flowering trees signal fish/fruit seasons; the ear (milka) and bloodwood red sap as remedy.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (reinforces r.42 + LOC allomorphy)
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:52:19.737904+00:00
lesson:
This LEXICAL batch was the first authored AFTER the purposive -l-ka->-nkV correction, and it used -nkV cleanly throughout (nuka-nka, mani-nka, wuna-nka, milbi-nka, nyaji-nka, ngulkurr-bunga-nka) with zero regressions — the fix has propagated to authoring. LOC allomorphy remained the sole mechanical slip and was fixed to GREEN: juku-bangkan-ba (n->-ba), dakil-ba (l->-ba), dukal-juku-ngu/bubu-ngu (u->-ngu), yalbay-mba (y->-mba), wangkar-a (single r->-a). INCHO on nominals for plant states: kulbul-ma-l 'ripen', nganka-ma-l 'flower/bloom', yalbay-ma-l 'grow big'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T11:52:19.737904+00:00
lesson:
Bush-food micro-narratives run shorter (7.70 w/row) than the marine batch because many are compact process/observation statements (dig-wash-cook, fruit-falls-women-gather); still substantive and multi-clause, corpus average holds at ~16. Good elder-knowledge register: seasonal signs, safe-vs-toxic food, medicine.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 43 — reflexive & reciprocal.
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:03:40.841135+00:00
lesson:
REFLEXIVE -ji- and RECIPROCAL -wa- are the two syntactic detransitivisers (grammar §3.8.5.4, cheatsheet r.43): a transitive l-conjugation verb becomes an intransitive y-conjugation stem, and the agent(s) move to INTRANSITIVE SUBJECT (NOM/ABS, no ERG). Reflexive omits the coreferential object ('the man paints himself' = dingkar julngka-ji, object dropped); reciprocal conjoins 2+ participants in one NP ('the two men see each other' = dingkar jambul nyaji-wa-y). An ERG appears in these sentences ONLY on a separate transitive main clause (mukul-dingkar-angka balka-ny '... said', with the reciprocal as a NOM complement).


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet r.43 detail + lint already enforces -jiy y-deletion.
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:03:40.841135+00:00
lesson:
Reflexive -ji-y undergoes the elder-surface y-DELETION-after-i rule: surface -ji, analysis -ji-y (yaka-ji / yaka-ji-y). Reciprocal -wa-y KEEPS its -y (stem-final a, deletion doesn't apply). Both suffix the ROOT after dropping the -l/-y conjugation marker; they compose with CAUS stems (wumbul-bunga-ji 'warm oneself', binal-bunga-wa-y 'teach each other') and reduplicate for continuity (balka-n-balka-wa-y). LEXICALISED stems carry shifted meaning (kuni-wa-y 'fight', balka-wa-y 'chat', balka-ji-y 'be born', nubi-ji-y 'be lost').


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: reflexive/reciprocal verb inventory; jubi avoided; manyarr='wife' note.
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:03:40.841135+00:00
lesson:
Verb roots for this domain are grammar-attested (§3.8.5.4 tables): julngka-l paint, julurri-l wash, jika-l straighten-spear (->jika-ji-y stretch), nubi-l search (->nubi-ji-y lost), murni-l stir (->murni-ji-y detour), jurrki-l move, kaja-l tie, kunja-l call (NOT kunja 'pimples'), murru-kanga-l scold, kanga-l chase, mara-daji-l help, kuji-l look after. AVOIDED jubi (watchlist 'split-verdict' — reworded rows 8/45 rather than relitigate). manyarr = 'wife' (a NOUN), NOT a verb 'mate' — the mating sense rides on kaja-wa-y itself (ex.181).


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:12:43.544681+00:00
lesson:
LAND ANIMALS is the richest fauna domain yet (154 candidate headwords): deep, well-attested inventories for macropods, snakes, lizards/goannas, and insects. The grep-at-authoring discipline caught THREE harvest-vs-headword mismatches where a keyword-scan gloss disagreed with the exact entry: jibul='place' (NOT 'large bat' -> use kambi 'flying fox' / mali 'bat'), waja='crow' (NOT 'march fly' -> use kamu 'mosquito'), nyumbil='tree' (NOT 'leech' -> skipped). Gap concepts repeat the marine/plant pattern: no 'burrow'/'nest'/'spine'/'web'/'sting'/'dangerous' lexeme -> burrow=janku 'hole', nest=bayan 'home/camp', sting/venom/danger via bambay-bunga-l 'make sick'. munyun = 'snake scale/skin' handles shedding.

guide_change:
errata: land-animal lexicon; jibul/waja/nyumbil harvest-vs-headword rulings; burrow/nest/sting gaps.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (reinforces r.42/r.43 + LOC allomorphy)
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:12:43.544681+00:00
lesson:
This LEXICAL batch composed the two most recent construction laws cleanly: PURPOSIVE -nkV (r.42: nuka-nka, mani-nka, ngara-nka, bawa-nka, yinil-bunga-nka) and REFLEXIVE -ji / RECIPROCAL -way (r.43: kaja-ji 'coil itself', bayka-ji 'get bitten' — surface drops -y after i; daji-way 'shared'). Zero -l-ka regressions. LOC allomorphy was again the sole mechanical slip, fixed to GREEN: dakil-jambul-ba/dukul-ba/dakil-ba (l->-ba), jukar-bubu-ngu/bubu-ngu/juku-ngu (u->-ngu), wangkar-a/wungar-a (single r->-a). Elder-surface verb past stays -n (wajun), lexical -ny stems (e.g. jindal 'bite' noun) untouched.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:12:43.544681+00:00
lesson:
Animal knowledge is elder-teaching territory and the batch leans into it: patient hunting, reading tracks as seasonal literacy ('when the grubs are fat, the yams are ready'), which snakes are safe to eat, kill only what you eat, ground-oven cooking. Substantive multi-clause micro-narratives; corpus average holds at ~16 Kuku words/row.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 44 — interrogatives & questions.
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:25:06.718422+00:00
lesson:
The interrogative system (cheatsheet r.44) has a striking split (§3.6): 'who' (wanya) inflects on the POTENT case set like humans/pronouns, but 'what' (wanyu) on the NEUTRAL set like inanimate nominals — the reverse of the commoner Australian pattern. Content questions place the interrogative anywhere but it attracts clause stress; ERG wanya-ngka is obligatory when 'who' is the transitive subject (Wanyangka kuyu nukany?). Oblique 'what' forms carry idiomatic senses: DAT wanyurri-ngku 'why', COMIT wanyurri-nji 'ill with what'. POLAR questions add NO particle — only intonation distinguishes them from statements.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:25:06.718422+00:00
lesson:
wanja is the general-interrogative root: wanja-bu 'where' (also indefinite 'somewhere'), wanja-muny 'where from', wanja-wanja 'when', wanjarr(-ku) 'how', wanjarr-inya 'how many', wanjinya/wanjaku 'which one'. Indefinites are asymmetric: junjuy 'something' covers inanimate/non-human ONLY; there is no indefinite-human pronoun, so 'someone' is carried by generic bama 'person' (grammar l.2692). This batch's grep discipline again caught unattested coinages before they banked: wangar 'sky' and jujubu 'dark' are NOT headwords (used ngurrban 'cloud' / wujurr 'night'); karra='rope' not 'hill' (manjal='mountain'); jalbu='woman' not 'net' (no net word — reworded); bijil/ngamban absent (jibar 'belly', damu 'chest').

guide_change:
errata: interrogative paradigm; junjuy inanimate-only + bama-for-someone; wangar/jujubu/karra/jalbu rulings.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:25:06.718422+00:00
lesson:
Questions are naturally concise (6.46 w/row) but kept substantive by pairing each with a situational clause or an either/or alternative (e.g. 'where are you going, so late in the evening?', 'is that a snake, or only a stick?'). Authentic conversational register: greetings (wanjabu dungay), enquiring after illness/whereabouts, either/or choices. Corpus average holds at ~16 Kuku words/row.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: body-part inventory; wubul heart/many + miyil eye/tree polysemy; -kari body-state idioms.
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:41:17.804493+00:00
lesson:
BODY PARTS is a dense, well-attested domain (61 candidate headwords) and consolidates the many part-terms previously scattered (milka/mara/jina/dukul/walu/ngandal/jibar/damu/bangkarr) into one systematic batch. Two polysemy traps: wubul = 'heart' (dict) BUT also the ubiquitous 'many/all' — SKIPPED the heart sense to avoid ambiguity; miyil = 'eye' is the SECOND dict entry (first is 'tree') — grep-all confirmed. Privative -kari is the productive body/state idiom generator: milka-kari 'deaf' (ex.54), junjuy-kari 'empty', yindu-kari 'alike'. The senses double as instruments (miyil-bu 'with the eye', milka-bu 'with the ear', dirra-bu 'with the tooth'). New support verified: dara-y 'fall' (NOT dara 'bamboo stick'), yajarri-l 'laugh', dunyu 'husband'.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (reinforces LOC allomorphy + r.42/43/44)
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:41:17.804493+00:00
lesson:
Body-part LOC forms drill the full allomorphy set in one batch: dukul-ba/ngandal-ba/nyabil-ba (l->-ba), bangkarr-ba (trill rr->-ba), manu-ngu/muku-ngu/walu-ngu (u->-ngu), jukar-a (single r->-a), jakay-mba (y->-mba), binda-nga/waba-nga (a->-nga). INCHO on body/state nominals: bambay-ma-ny 'became hurt', mukul-ma-l 'grows old', ngumbu-kari-ma-ny 'turned white'. Composes cleanly with r.42 PURP (jilba-nka, binal-ma-nka), r.43 REFL (julngka-ji 'paint oneself'), r.44 privatives — zero -l-ka / -jiy regressions.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:41:17.804493+00:00
lesson:
Body vocabulary sits naturally in elder-teaching and lived-experience registers: hunting with sharp eyes/ears, the ache of over-eating, the mourning haircut, the widow's grief, the one-blood kinship teaching, the body aging while the story stays young. Substantive multi-clause micro-narratives (7.76 w/row); corpus avg ~16.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 45 — negation & contrast/comparison particles.
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:51:13.920757+00:00
lesson:
Negation is PARTICLE-based (cheatsheet r.45), not a verbal inflection: sentential NEG kari sits immediately before the predicator and attracts stress; prohibitives are just kari + the normal imperative (kari dunga-y 'don't go'). The PRIVATIVE -kari is a separate NOMINAL derivation ('N-less') that can itself take case AFTER -kari- (kaya-kari-ngka ERG, mani-kari-nda LOC, kangkal-kari-ji COMIT) — and privative + possessive cannot co-occur (paraphrase 'without X's Y' as 'not with X's Y'). So a clause can carry BOTH a privative nominal and sentential kari (row 25: miyil-kari … kari … 'the blind man … does not …').


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:51:13.920757+00:00
lesson:
kari is the load-bearing negator across THREE roles — NEG particle 'not', interjection 'no', and privative suffix -kari 'without' — plus the clitic-built kariku 'not yet' / karirrku 'not really'. ⚠ The dictionary glosses kari='False' and yuwu='True' (a boolean/data-import artifact); the grammatical senses (NEG/'no', 'yes') are the real ones. NEG2 balu 'desist' is a distinct particle (dict 'don't want' agrees). Contrast/modal set: yambada 'but', nguba 'maybe', kunka 'in case', nganganjirrka 'just in case'. COMP yala 'like/same' (dict 'what about?' is a different discourse use). RESOLVED via grep-all + grammar: wula-y 'die' (headword wulay; wula = 'flames' is a homophone, grammar ex.92/166) — the corpus's long-standing wula-ny 'died' is correct.

guide_change:
errata: negation particle system; kari/yuwu boolean-artifact; balu/nguba/kunka/yala; wula-y=die vindicated.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T12:51:13.920757+00:00
lesson:
Negation sits naturally in prohibition/warning register (don't touch the snake, don't go in the deep water, cover the meat in case…), privative in description (deaf, blind, toothless, childless, empty), and comparison in vivid simile (looks like his father, eats like a hungry dog, voice sweet like honey). Substantive, 7.64 w/row; corpus avg ~16.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: kinship inventory; yaba eel/elder-brother polysemy; number system.
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:02:04.246385+00:00
lesson:
KINSHIP is a deep, well-attested domain (45 candidate headwords) with a full paradigm of specific terms — elder vs younger sibling (yaba/yabaju, babarr/jinkurr), the mother's-side vs father's-side distinction (ngaji MF, kalnga MB, bimay FZ, mukay MoZ), and the in-law set (banji/warrin/biwul/ngalayin/kujiway). Polysemy trap: yaba = 'elder brother' AND 'eel' (grammar ex.101/119 vindicate the kin sense). jawun = generic 'kin/relative/friend' (the one that takes -karra + fills the indefinite slot). Number system confirmed: kulur 3, kanbal some, wubul many, mamarra 'two' (old-fashioned), mara 'five (=hand)'.


category: morphology
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 46 — kinship morphology & derivation; pronoun ACC forms nganya/nyunguny.
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:02:04.246385+00:00
lesson:
Kin terms are a special noun subclass (cheatsheet r.46): plural via -karra NOT reduplication (kangkal 'own child' excluded); a dedicated PAIR suffix -bulal (intrinsic link, vs bare jambul 'two'); a DYADIC -manda naming a kin pair by one relationship (nganjan-manda 'father & son'); and 'inhabitants' -warra. SEVEN kin terms take the NEUTRAL case set against the usual POTENT (kangkal-da ERG, jinkurr-bul-undu LOC, biwul-jil-unji COMIT), and kin possessive is a LOC-shaped suffix (babarr-bal-amu). This batch also corrected two pronoun phantoms at authoring: 1sg ACC 'me' = nganya (NOT ngananya), 3sg ACC 'him' = nyunguny (NOT nyungun) — paradigm l.2580 — and held the elder-surface past -n (wulan, ngulkurr-man) in the surface field.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:02:04.246385+00:00
lesson:
Kinship is the heart of the culture and the batch leans in: parents at the school, uncle teaching the spear, father's-sister raising a sick woman's child, moiety marriage law, the deceased named only by kin term, and the closing teaching 'family is the country that walks'. Concise (6.68 w/row) as kin statements run; corpus avg ~16.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 47 — demonstratives & spatial deixis.
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:14:31.662536+00:00
lesson:
KY deixis is a clean two-term system (this/here vs that/there) split across TWO word classes that share most inflected forms (cheatsheet r.47): demonstrative PRONOUNS take the full nominal case paradigm and stand in / agree with a noun phrase (yinya jalbu, yalu-ngku jalbu-ngku), while LOCAL demonstratives (yaluy/yinyay) occur ALONE and take only local cases. Two structural signatures worth drilling: (1) the bare local form doubles as the allative — 'to there' is just yinyay, never *yinyay-ka; (2) English 'sit ON that rock' is calqued as 'sit THERE, on-the-rock' — a local demonstrative + a co-referring LOC noun in apposition (ex.143).


category: morphology
guide_change: lint: -rriny added to legitimate word-final -ny endings (§3.7 plural demonstratives).
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:14:31.662536+00:00
lesson:
The demonstrative bases are SUPPLETIVE: 'this' = yanyu (ABS) but yalu-/yala- in every oblique (2nd vowel a in ABL/ABESS/COMIT, u elsewhere); 'that' = yinya with a -y- linker in the potent obliques (yinyay-anka DAT, yinyay-anda LOC). The human PLURAL suffix -rriny (yalu-rriny/yinya-rriny) is a genuine word-final -ny — I taught lint_corpus.py to allowlist -rriny (like -muny/-nyji) rather than whitelist per-row, after verifying it in grammar §3.7 Table 3.13 (cf. the interrogative root wanyurri(y)-). Spatial 'wangkar' takes single-r LOC -a (wangkar-a), y-final adjectives take -mba (yalbay-mba).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: demonstrative paradigm; marra triple-polysemy; janay/jana homophone; buburr WATCHLIST.
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:14:31.662536+00:00
lesson:
marra is triple-polysemous — 'tree' (dict), 'zamia nut' (grammar l.832 / ex.138 marra-ka), 'hand/five' (number system); context disambiguates (here: zamia nut, the staple leached food). janay 'stand' is a homophone of jana 'they' (3pl) — reword to bunda/etc. where ambiguity bites. ⚠ 'buburr' (used for 'headland' in some earlier accepted rows) is NOT a dictionary headword — put on the phantom WATCHLIST; avoided here (used bubu wangkar-a 'high ground'). Spatial vocabulary confirmed: bada, wangkar, karangkal, kudamundu, ngundu, yarra; kubu 'smoke', warrma 'dance', diwan 'scrub-hen/turkey', diburr 'egg/seed'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:14:31.662536+00:00
lesson:
Deixis is the grammar of pointing at country, so the batch is dense with place and orientation: this spear vs that one, running from here to the deep water, the people of this place vs that place trading, sitting on that rock watching the sun set over the sea, and the closing 'this is your country … there your ancestors are always watching'. Substantive at 7.40 w/row; corpus avg ~16.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:30:11.455617+00:00
lesson:
Bush food is one of the deepest, best-attested domains in the dictionary — YAMS alone have ~10 distinct headwords (a generic set bambayal/kawu/juwal + species terms wukay 'hairy', wawukuna 'long wild', banjay/kalkurr/warrabuka 'wild'), reflecting the staple's cultural centrality. Two polysemy/homophone traps handled: marra is 'zamia nut' (ex.138) AND 'tree' AND 'hand/5' (context = the leached staple); dumbul = 'bark' doubles as 'shell/husk'. The zamia's toxicity + preparation is itself linguistic content: bambay 'bad/poison' when dandi 'raw', made safe by soaking (bana-nga wuna) — there is no dedicated 'leach' verb, so the process is described. Generic food = mayi 'plant food' (vs minya 'meat/animal food').

guide_change:
errata: bush-food inventory (yams/fruit/nuts/honey); marra & dumbul polysemy; zamia leaching = soak.


category: morphology
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:30:11.455617+00:00
lesson:
This lexical batch also stress-tested the LOC allomorphy across many plant nouns and caught a live gap: the lint accepts -a after ANY consonant (its comment pairs bayan-ba with wungar-a), but the finer rule is single-r -> -a while l/n/rr -> -ba. My drafts had wumbul-a (l-final) which the lint passed but is really wumbul-ba; fixed in the data. u-final LOC is -ngu (bubu-ngu, juku-ngu) — my own pre-bank scan caught 5 -nga slips. Elder-surface INCHO past stays solid -n (yajin-man 'became full'); INCHO NONPAST/SUB kulbul-ma-nya 'ripen', mayi-ma-nka 'become food'.

guide_change:
note: lint l/n-final LOC gap (accepts -a; correct is -ba) — data kept rigorous; rule not tightened (single-r -a is legit).


category: fidelity
guide_change: errata: janji-l = swim/bathe (NOT leach).
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:30:11.455617+00:00
lesson:
⚠ Caught and swept a fresh error introduced in b080: janji-l was used for 'leach' but janji-l = 'swim, bathe' (grammar l.3010/4430 'bana-nga janji-l'). b080.2 reworded to 'bana-nga wuna-nka' (soak in water) I3-safe. Lesson reinforced: even a plausible action verb must be glossed against grammar BEFORE use — a wrong sense is invisible to the lint (phantom-sense, sibling of the phantom-lexeme).


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:30:11.455617+00:00
lesson:
Bush food is the daily texture of life on country, and the batch reads that way: women digging yams in soft creek ground, children climbing for wild plums, cracking black-bean nuts by the fire, following the bees to the hollow tree for honey, the grandmother who knows every yam by its leaf and vine, and the closing 'the scrub is our food-country; it gives us food in every season'. Best-yet lexical density at 8.16 w/row.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 48 — personal pronouns & split-S ergativity.
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:41:46.360750+00:00
lesson:
KY pronouns are the language's window onto SPLIT-S ergativity (cheatsheet r.48): the free pronouns run on a nominative-accusative alignment (one NOM form for S and A, a distinct ACC for O) while every noun/adjective/demonstrative runs on ergative-absolutive. The practical authoring rule: an OBJECT pronoun must be the ACC cell (nganya/yununy/nyunguny/…/janangan), never the NOM — and it can co-occur in the same clause with an ERG-marked noun agent. Inclusive vs exclusive is a real 1st-person-non-singular contrast (ngaliny 'you-and-I' vs ngali 'we-two-not-you'), collapsing toward the exclusive as unmarked.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (paradigm captured in rule 48 table).
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:41:46.360750+00:00
lesson:
The paradigm has clean internal logic: non-singular pronouns build all cases on the NOM base (ngali → ngali-nka/-nda/-nji/-nga), singulars build obliques on a POSS base (ngayku- → ngaykunku/ngaykundu) with a suppletive 1sg ACC nganya; ABL = LOC+muny. The possessive forms ARE possessive on their own — appending -mu (the nominal POSS) is an error (ngananga bubu 'our country', never ngananga-mu). This directly fixes the b024 'ngananya'/b079 pronoun drifts by giving the whole paradigm one authoritative pass.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:41:46.360750+00:00
lesson:
This construction batch leaned hard on the phantom-SENSE discipline for its support words and it kept paying off: 'listen' is milka-jana-y (ear-stand), NOT ngara-l (='build' — the lint literally warns about this); 'tomorrow' is wunkun, NOT ngamba (='not seeing'); 'yesterday' is yilayku, NOT barrbal (='black bream'); 'sharp' is jalngkun, NOT kambar (='white clay'); 'find' is warrmba-bunga-l (ex.142), NOT milbi-l (='reveal'). Five near-misses caught at authoring — a phonotactically-legal wrong-sense verb/adverb is invisible to the lint, so gloss-before-use is non-negotiable.

guide_change:
errata: pronoun-batch support-word phantom-sense corrections (listen/tomorrow/yesterday/sharp/find).


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:41:46.360750+00:00
lesson:
Pronouns are the grammar of relationship, so the batch reads socially: you stay / I go, I saw you but you didn't see me, this is yours and that is mine, we-two hunt together and share everything, you-all are my family and I am yours forever. Substantive at 7.40 w/row.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: marine inventory (fish/turtle/dugong/shellfish/rays); yalnga & dakaldakal lint whitelist.
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:57:43.277154+00:00
lesson:
Saltwater tucker is one of the richest domains in the dictionary (~119 headwords) — unsurprising for a coastal people. It carries fine taxonomic granularity: distinct terms for the two breams (jijirr red / barrbal black), multiple oyster words (julul/marku/juwarru/marubu), multiple manta-ray words (yidi/yalnganji/yidilnyul), and a clear cultural salience ranking — yalnga 'sea turtle' and biwuy 'dugong' are THE prize hunts, the dugong explicitly 'the best food of all'. Polysemy watch: yaba = 'eel' AND 'elder brother' (b079); kadan = 'turtle shell' (here) but also a common verb form (kada-ny 'came'), disambiguate by context/gloss.


category: morphology
guide_change: lint: yalnga added to LOC_OK; dakaldakal added to SOLID_REDUP (both dict headwords).
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:57:43.277154+00:00
lesson:
This batch was the hardest LOC-allomorphy workout yet because marine nouns end in every relevant segment: single-r jukar 'sand' -> jukar-a (NOT -ba, which the rhotic rule flags); u-final dulngku 'reef'/janku 'hole' -> -ngu; rr-final wukurr 'line' -> -ba; l-final kambal-kambal 'mud' -> -ba; n-final jalun 'sea' -> -ba. My pre-bank scan (now with an added single-r + -ba flag) caught 4 slips before banking. Two lexemes then tripped the lint's own heuristics and needed grep-verified whitelisting: yalnga trips the l+nga LOC check (it's a lexical -lnga root like kalnga 'uncle'), dakaldakal trips the redup check (lexicalized like bulbul 'coucal').


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T13:57:43.277154+00:00
lesson:
The sea is the other half of the Yalanji food world, and the batch lives on the water: spearing fish at the river mouth, the mullet schooling over the sand at dawn, diving the reef for mussels and trocus, the four men carrying a turtle up the beach, sharing dugong among all the families, the warning not to swim at dusk when the shark hunts, and the closing 'the sea gives us food every day, so we must always look after it'. Substantive at 7.78 w/row.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 49 — the seven subordinate-clause types.
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:11:19.900936+00:00
lesson:
KY builds its complex sentences on a clean seven-way subordinate system (cheatsheet r.49) in which types 4-7 share a single verb+-nyV base and are disambiguated by what follows it: bare -nya = simultaneous/causal/participle; -nya-muny (+ wawu- prefix) = prior 'after'; -nya-mun-ku = hypothetical 'in case'; and -nya-mun-du (ERGATIVE) reassigns the subordinate action to the MAIN clause's agent — a genuinely subtle device (ex.474 vs 460: same words, different runner, decided by the -mun-du). The future-oriented set (purposive -nkV, precautionary -nyji, successive -nyjiku) does the temporal work KY's two-tense verb can't. Indirect commands are just a speech verb + a purposive clause (balka-ny ... kuji-nka 'told [her] to look after').


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 49).
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:11:19.900936+00:00
lesson:
Two elder-surface notes reinforced: (1) verb+-nyV SUBORDINATE forms keep -nya/-nyu (NOT reduced to -n) — that is the whole point of the construction — while a MAIN-clause verbal PAST reduces to solid -n even under reduplication (daran 'fell', dunga-n-dungan 'went along'); the lint's -ny-final check correctly separated the two. (2) The wawu- 'prior' prefix and the stacked -nya-mun-du/-mun-ku suffix trains show KY subordinators are morphologically transparent compositions, not portmanteaux.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: subordination support vocabulary (grammar-example-attested).
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:11:19.900936+00:00
lesson:
Because the seven types are illustrated in Patz with rich example sentences, this batch harvested a batch of grammar-only support vocabulary — words attested in the grammar's examples but thin/absent in the dictionary: bajaburray 'tired' (ex.485), muja-l 'gather firewood' (ex.483; NB dict muja='place'), wala-l 'enter' (ex.492), durrba-l 'gobble' (ex.486), junkalu 'billycan' (ex.501), jinkalmu 'brown snake' (ex.493). The grammar's example corpus is itself a primary attestation source, on equal footing with dictionary.yaml.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:11:19.900936+00:00
lesson:
Subordinate clauses ARE the multi-clause register the corpus is meant to model, so every row is a little purposeful narrative: going to the river to spear fish, keeping the fire lit lest the children get cold, resting before the long walk, the policeman shooting the running man, tired from swimming all day, seeing the woman only after she'd come in, staying home in case the rain came. Solidly multi-clause at 7.26 w/row.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: bird inventory (~35 species) + omen-bird cultural notes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:25:17.755636+00:00
lesson:
BIRDS is one of KY's densest lexical fields (~90 dict headwords) and, unlike land animals, it is thick with CULTURAL-SIGNAL species whose names encode belief, not just biology: kurri-kurri 'stormbird' announces the wet, kuyir 'bush curlew' cries at a death, jiway is the 'messenger night bird', burrkul the 'spirit bird'. These are as attested as any noun and let the corpus teach omen/register alongside taxonomy. Reduplicated species names are hyphenated like any other bound redup (biru-biru, kurri-kurri, juku-juku, nili-nili, dawa-dawa).


category: lexicon
guide_change: none (phantom-sense discipline; errata records the four corrections).
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:25:17.755636+00:00
lesson:
The batch was a phantom-SENSE minefield precisely because bird behaviour reuses common verbs, and several 'obvious' choices were wrong: 'steal' is NOT ngaki-l (that is 'HIDE', grammar l.3389) -> karrba-l 'grab'; the dance verb is NOT warrma (that is the corroboree NOUN) -> wuri-l (ex.464); 'hard' is NOT jarra ('more') -> junkurr; and crucially KY has NO dedicated 'to fly' root at all -> a bird taking off is wandi-l 'rise/get up' (l.3014/ex.407). Each was caught by glossing the intended verb against grammar BEFORE authoring, not after.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in errata).
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:25:17.755636+00:00
lesson:
Two attestation-source lessons: (1) diburr is glossed 'seed' in the dictionary but 'egg' in grammar ex.441 -- the round-small-thing polysemy -- so it serves both the parrot's seeds and the scrub-hen's eggs. (2) 'wandi' is a true homophone pair: the NOUN 'eagle' and the VERB wandi-l 'get up/rise' (used here for flying up); the analysis field disambiguates by segmentation (wandi vs wandi-ny). y-final human nouns do NOT take LOC -nga (karrkay-nga was wrong); reworded row 50 so the child is the plain ERG subject of nyaji-l instead.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:25:17.755636+00:00
lesson:
Birds gave the richest habitat-narrative register yet: cockatoos screeching at dusk, brolgas dancing on the open ground at the still water, the kingfisher diving for a fish, doves coming to the water hole to drink, the owl hunting the dark scrub, and the omen birds (curlew, stormbird, spirit bird) whose calls the old people READ. Every row sites the bird in a real place doing a real thing at a real time of day (7.88 words/row).


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 50 — the -ji- voice system.
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:43:20.467047+00:00
lesson:
KY collapses reflexive, THREE kinds of passive, and antipassive into ONE morpheme -ji- (cheatsheet r.50): detransitivize, then let the NP frame decide the reading. Reflexive = the S does & undergoes; chance passive = agent demoted to LOC:pt for an UNINTENTIONAL event ('happened to'); topic passive = the same LOC:pt agent but an intentional, patient-topicalized event; agentless passive = no agent at all; antipassive = drop the O or demote it to DAT. This is the mirror image of the earlier -ma-l/-bunga-l/-mani-l VALENCE-RAISING set: -ji- is the valence-LOWERING half of KY's voice system, and it is what makes 'the store is closed', 'was grabbed by the police', and 'keep eating' all expressible.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 50).
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:43:20.467047+00:00
lesson:
The -ji- surface is a clean two-cell paradigm the corpus must keep straight: NONPAST -ji-y surfaces as X-ji (the /y/ deletes after /i/; the lint bars 'X-jiy'), PAST -ji-ny surfaces as X-jin (solid past -n, like every other verb). 'Keep V-ing' stacks reduplication BEFORE the suffix: nuka-n-nuka-ji, yaka-n-yaka-jin. -ji- also sits OUTSIDE a derivational stem: dirka-bunga-ji (fine-CAUS-ITR), buyun-dama-ji (bad-CAUS-REFL), murru-kanga-ji (scold-PASS) — i.e. you derive the transitive stem first, then detransitivize.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: voice-batch support vocabulary + the makirr/jija/dabul/ngangkal sense-corrections.
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:43:20.467047+00:00
lesson:
The chance/topic passive needed the POTENT LOC:pt agent form everywhere (dingkar-anda, babi-nda, jalbu-ndu, buliman-anda, karrkay-anda) — the SAME potent-LOC set trained in rules 46-48, now doing agent-demotion duty. New verified support harvested for the voice examples: julngka-l 'rub/paint on', julurri-l 'wash', yirrba-l 'scratch', narri-l 'step on/poke'(ex.349), yajarri-l 'laugh', mana-l 'bring'(ex.362), bunjil 'widow', walu 'face', munju 'forehead', ngunjil 'charcoal', jilngarr 'headband', kamu 'mosquito', wukay 'yam'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:43:20.467047+00:00
lesson:
Voice is where daily life gets described precisely: the child washing itself, men painting up for a corroboree, the widow's mourning cuts, someone stepping on your foot in a crowd, the store being shut, being grabbed by the police, children who just keep eating. Every row is a real scene and the chance-passive rows in particular capture the KY worldview that mishaps 'just happen' rather than being anyone's fault (7.12 words/row).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: weather/sky/season inventory + rainbow-serpent/moon-man/shooting-star cultural notes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:53:38.688926+00:00
lesson:
Weather is one of KY's most culturally loaded lexical fields: the sky is not just meteorology but cosmology. yiril 'rainbow' IS yarru 'the rainbow serpent' living deep in the water holes (a thing children must not point at, on pain of bringing the big rain); kija 'moon' is the man who created the women at Roaring Meg Falls (grammar l.719); a binyu 'shooting star' means someone has died. So the field teaches belief and taboo alongside sun/rain/wind/tide vocabulary — exactly like the omen-birds of batch-085.


category: lexicon
guide_change: none (captured in errata).
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:53:38.688926+00:00
lesson:
The day- and year-cycles are largely EXPRESSED, not named: sunrise = wungar daka-l 'sun climbs', sunset = wungar dara-y 'sun falls', sun-peek = wungar jalama-l 'sun jumps out', and — with NO dedicated season word except wangariji 'hot season' — the wet season is kaba-wungar 'rain-time' and the country 'turning green' is jikan-ma-l 'become grassy'. kija doubles as 'month' (kija jambul-muny 'after two months', ex.280). This verb-and-compound strategy is the same emit-descriptively pattern seen for 'swim/leach', 'dry', 'fly'.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (LOC allomorphy already cheatsheet law).
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:53:38.688926+00:00
lesson:
This batch exercised the FULL LOC-allomorphy paradigm on real weather nouns and caught four self-errors at authoring: single-r stems take -a (wungar-a, balar-a — NOT -nga), l-final take -ba (balbal-ba, Ngajal-ba), and y-final would take -mba (kiway/daray — where the locative was awkward on an adjective/temporal, it was simply dropped). The pre-bank scan's single-r and -ny-past guards flagged wungar-nga/balar-nga and wula-ny before banking; the lint's y-final and consonant-final checks caught kiway/daray/balbal/ngajal after. Both nets held.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T14:53:38.688926+00:00
lesson:
Weather gave the longest, most cinematic rows yet (8.32 w/row): the sun climbing over the mountain at dawn, dark clouds gathering before the big rain, the creek rising into a brown flood, the cyclone blowing down trees, the rainbow standing with one foot in the sea and one on the hill, the tide covering the rocks. Each row is a whole weather-scene sited in real country at a real time — strong translation-training material.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 51 — coordination & clause-chaining.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:07:17.940592+00:00
lesson:
Coordination is the OTHER half of KY complex-sentence syntax (with subordination, r.49): where subordination embeds an event inside another via a dedicated suffix, coordination simply lays equal clauses in sequence with NO conjunction — 'and' does not exist. The machinery is (i) co-referential S/A/O DELETION after first mention, (ii) two enclitics -baja 'again/on' and -da 'then' that string sequential actions, and (iii) the adversative particles kari/yamba for 'but'. A KY narrative is therefore mostly a chain of juxtaposed clauses sharing a dropped subject — exactly the long micro-narrative shape the corpus targets.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: coordination particles (kari/yamba/yalada/-baja/-da) + balbi/buwun notes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:07:17.940592+00:00
lesson:
Grammar l.3835/5072 settles a long-standing reading debt: yamba/yambada/yambala = 'BUT' (a contrasting state), NOT the homophone yamba 'house'; and kari does double duty as both NEG and adversative 'but' (introducing the hindering event). This retroactively validates the heavy yambada-as-'but' use in the dense b032-048 narrative rows. Also confirmed balbi 'hunt' is a genuine dict headword (L912) — an earlier 'balbil' grep missed it because the lemma is bare 'balbi'; 228 accepted rows are sound.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 51).
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:07:17.940592+00:00
lesson:
The two coordinating enclitics attach to the finite (usually PAST) verb, OUTSIDE the tense marker: dunga-ny-baja 'went-again', wunana-ny-da 'lay-then', wundi-ny-baja 'carried-back'. -baja is the same intensifier/'more' clitic seen on nominals (kalbay-baja 'very far', mukul-baja 'very old') — its 'again/also' sense on a verb and its '-very/more' sense on a nominal are one enclitic. The pre-bank scan's -ny-past guard confirmed every chained past verb kept solid elder -n (bundan, kulban, kajan, dungan) with the clitic appended after.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:07:17.940592+00:00
lesson:
This batch is pure narrative at 8.70 w/row (the corpus high): a man sits, feeds, and rests; two men pull out bamboo, wrap it, and move on; a woman goes fishing BUT the wind turns her back; the old man finishes the story and so the children sleep. These sequential/adversative chains are the backbone of real storytelling and the single most useful construction for the translation model to learn.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: reptile/frog/insect inventory (~45 species) + bajabaja/kurriyala myth notes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:17:06.449815+00:00
lesson:
Reptiles & insects complete the fauna quartet (b075 land-animals, b083 fish, b085 birds, now b089) and, like birds & weather, the field is dense with belief: bajabaja the blue-tongue lizard is a myth being whose eggs became two rocks in the Bloomfield River (l.719) and who famously fights and KILLS the taipan (ex.217); kurriyala the carpet snake is buried at Cedar Bay. Danger is lexicalised (kundurr death-adder, bindimu black-snake, bilngkumu crocodile all deadly) right beside prized FOOD (mujurr witchetty grub, kalajarr scrub goanna, wunba honey from dabu bees). So one lexical set teaches taxonomy, taboo, myth AND the food economy at once.


category: lexicon
guide_change: none (captured in errata).
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:17:06.449815+00:00
lesson:
kurriyala is a genuine dict/grammar SENSE-SPLIT: dictionary.yaml glosses it 'grunter' (a fish), but grammar l.719/ex.284 uses it for 'carpet snake' (the myth being, and 'a belt made from the carpet snake'). Rather than pick a side, the everyday carpet snake was written with the unambiguous kungkun and kurriyala reserved (in the notes) for the myth being — the same both-senses-are-real treatment given kija (moon/place) and diburr (seed/egg).


category: morphology
guide_change: none.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:17:06.449815+00:00
lesson:
The pre-bank scan's u-final LOC guard again earned its keep: yindu-nga and bubu-nga were caught and corrected to yindu-ngu / bubu-ngu before banking (u-final stems take -ngu). Two derivations were exercised on the creature verbs: yinil-mani-l 'frighten' (afraid-CAUS) and wumbul-mani-ji 'warm oneself' (warm-CAUS-REFL, stacking the b086 -ji intransitivizer onto a CAUS stem) — confirming derivational suffixes compose cleanly on nominals.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:17:06.449815+00:00
lesson:
The creeping-things field is vivid and dangerous: the death adder that bites the foot, the rock python that swallows a wallaby whole, the crocodile watching from the bank, green ants biting a child who runs crying to the water, the old man following wild bees to their honey. Every row is a real bush encounter at 8.50 w/row — and the batch closes on the old woman who knew every crawling thing in the country and its right name.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 52 — content questions & interrogatives.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:28:45.456845+00:00
lesson:
The interrogative system is the third pillar of KY clause syntax after subordination (r.49) and coordination (r.51). Its signature is CASE-ON-THE-QUESTION-WORD: because wanya 'who' takes the full potent case set, the case suffix itself marks which role is being queried — wanyangka (who[ERG] did it) vs wanya (who[ABS] is it) vs wanyanka (for whom) vs wanyanji (with whom) vs wanyamba (whose). Likewise wanyu 'what' carries its neutral stem into wanyurringku=WHY and wanyurrinji='what illness'. So a KY content question is built by putting the queried NP's case onto the wh-root — a beautifully systematic construction distinct from anything English does.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: interrogative inventory + babaji-l/yilayku/kudamundu/wanjawanja notes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:28:45.456845+00:00
lesson:
Two attestation wins: 'ask' is a genuine verb babaji-l (dict + ex.101 'Ngayu yaba-nda babaji-ny' I asked elder brother) — used for every embedded/reported question instead of an invented kuku-ma-l; and 'yesterday' is yilayku (temporal headword), NOT the phantom bengu I first reached for. Also flagged kudamundu = 'behind' (dict + ex.111) NOT 'beyond' — avoided this batch (b089 row 23 'dulngku kudamundu' reads acceptably as 'behind the reef'; on watchlist). wanjawanja 'when' is grammar-attested (l.2787) with no dict headword — a grammar-primary lexeme.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 52).
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:28:45.456845+00:00
lesson:
The neutral stem wanyurri(y)- shows non-local vowel harmony (harmonises to the ROOT's final vowel, not the suffix vowel: wanyurrinju not *wanyurrinju), which is why Patz treats -rri(y)+inflection as a single unit; the same -rri(y)- surfaces in wanjarrinya 'how many' and the plural demonstratives. Elder past on the reported speech verb reduces cleanly: babaji-ny -> babajin, matching mani-ny->manin / nyaji-ny->nyajin.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:28:45.456845+00:00
lesson:
Questions make the corpus conversational for the first time at scale: who speared this fish (my brother did), whose dog is barking, where's your mother (the greeting itself, ex.130), why did you take the dog inside, what are you sick with, how do you cook the eel, which of the two spears, are you coming (yuwu!). Real dialogue — the exact register a translation model most needs and the corpus had least of. Q+answer pairs keep w/row at 8.30.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: material-culture inventory (~45 artefact/tool terms).
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:45:43.521044+00:00
lesson:
Material culture is the human counterpart to the natural-world lexical batches: where those named what the country IS, this names what people MAKE from it. The spear field alone is a whole taxonomy (kalka fishing-spear vs murrangkal fighting-spear vs kukuni big-spear vs the turtle-spear with its detachable kurajan point on a karra cord), reflecting how central the made object was. Two cultural crossovers stand out: ochre (murbuy red / makirr yellow / ngunjil charcoal-black) is not decoration but the paint of the warrma (dance/corroboree), and the wangal boomerang doubles as a percussion instrument — two clapped together to burri-duda-l 'beat time to the song'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: jaba/bangkarr/walu/kaban/kangkal/marrakan sense notes.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:45:43.521044+00:00
lesson:
Five sense-traps caught at authoring by grepping headwords: jaba='stick' (NOT 'play'), bangkarr='body' (NOT 'tool' — KY has no generic 'tool' word; jarrngkurr='weapon' is the nearest), walu='face' (NOT 'head', so 'carried on her head' was reworded), kaban='paper' (NOT 'hair'), kangkal='child' (NOT 'chest'). And no reliable 'canoe' word: dict marrakan and wada both resolve to 'tree' at the headword (the harvest's 'dugout canoe' gloss is a second sense of an ambiguous entry), so the whole canoe/paddle sub-theme was dropped rather than risk a coinage.


category: morphology
guide_change: none.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:45:43.521044+00:00
lesson:
The pre-bank u-final LOC guard caught walu-nga -> walu-ngu ('face' is u-final). Two derivations recurred on the artefact verbs: balbal-mani-l 'light up' (bright-CAUS, the torch), jinbal-mani-l 'sharpen' (straight-CAUS, the barb), and muru-ma-l 'mix' (together-INCHO, the ochre) — the CAUS/INCHO machinery doing the work of English make-verbs. Reduplication mumal-mumal 'kept throwing (practised)' and kaja-l-kajan 'kept twisting' gave the durative/iterative sense for the craft actions.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:45:43.521044+00:00
lesson:
This is the workshop and the ceremony ground: twirling the fire drill for the first smoke, hafting a barbed point with cord, throwing the light spear with the woomera, chopping honey from a hollow tree with the stone axe, weaving a string dilly bag, building a bark humpy against the wet, and painting the body with ochre for the great dance. Every row is a concrete act of making or using, at 8.24 w/row — closing on the truth that every weapon and bag in the camp was made by hand from the country itself.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 53 — negation/prohibition/imperative/privative.
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:58:24.566850+00:00
lesson:
Negation completes the closed-class grammar quartet (subordination r.49, coordination r.51, interrogatives r.52, now negation r.53). The elegant point is that KY keeps FOUR devices formally separate where English blurs them into 'not/no/without/don't': the particle kari negates a CLAUSE (before the verb); kari+IMP PROHIBITS; the PRIVATIVE suffix -kari makes a NOUN 'X-less' (an inherent property, equational); and the ABESSIVE case -mundu says 'without X' for a particular occasion. Add -baka 'too much X' and you can say the full range of lack/excess. A model that learns this will not conflate 'the deaf man' (milka-kari) with 'the man did not hear' (kari + verb).


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 53).
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:58:24.566850+00:00
lesson:
The IMPERATIVE paradigm is now explicit (it had been used ad-hoc for batches): three allomorphs conditioned by conjugation and syllable count — -l disyllabic roots take ZERO (kanga, mani, bunda), -y verbs keep -y (dunga-y, kada-y), and any root/stem of 3+ syllables takes -ka (yijarri-ka, julurri-ji-ka). This retro-validates the bare IMP forms used since b088 (daji, bunda, wundi). IRREALIS -nyaku 'should (have)' attaches like a tense: bawa-nyaku, dunga-nyaku, milka-jana-nyaku.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: ear-verb cluster + ngara-l correction (dense-cluster watchlist).
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:58:24.566850+00:00
lesson:
A cluster of 'ear'-compound verbs surfaced from grammar l.2932, correcting a standing error: milka-jana-y 'listen' (ear-stand), milka-wula-y 'forget' (ear-die), milka-bu bayka-l 'think' (bite-with-ear), and hearing itself is milka-bu nyaji-l / plain nyaji-l 'perceive' (ex.457 glosses nyaji-ny as 'hear-PAST'). CRUCIALLY, ngara-l is NOT 'hear' — it means 'set up camp / spread (a sheet)' (ex.234/416). This flags a real corpus debt: the dense b021-024 wisdom rows use ngara-l for 'hear/listen/read' and must be added to the deferred dense-cluster sweep. Also confirmed: nyaka='command' (not 'drink'; drink=nuka-l consume), dukul-wuri='angry', kuliji='savage'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T15:58:24.566850+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of instruction, warning and prohibition — a parent and an elder's voice: don't chase the horse, don't shout, don't touch the coals, wash your hands before you eat, put the baby on the blanket, give the old man some meat, let us two go and hunt. And the moral privatives: the man without a dog finds no pigs, the country without water is a beautiful grave, the wordless man is half a person, you ought to listen or you lose the law. At 8.98 w/row it is both the most grammatical and among the most substantive batches.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: landscape/country/direction inventory (~40 terms).
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:08:01.076311+00:00
lesson:
Landscape is the substrate of the whole culture, so this batch grounds (literally) every prior lexical set: the animals of b075/083/085/089 live in these madja (scrub), duduy (bush), daburri (swamp), manjal (mountain) and wawubaja (river); the ochre of b091 comes from these kulji (rocks). The headline is bubu — 'ground' AND 'country' AND 'place' in one word — opening on 'this country is our mother, she gives us everything' (row 1). A whole taxonomy of rock (kulji generic, jalngarr flat, jinali smooth, julbarr-warri slippery, jundi pumice, jalkaraburr peak) and of water-state (jirka spring, janku waterhole, dajali deep, balar high-tide, bana bada low-tide) shows how finely the country is lexicalised.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: cardinal/riverine direction note; baral correction.
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:08:01.076311+00:00
lesson:
The DIRECTION system is authentically Aboriginal, not a translated English compass: there is no clean 'east'/'west' — orientation runs up-inland vs down-seaward, so kungkarr 'north', naka 'south' and jibarr 'inland/hinterland' combine with wangkar 'up' / bada 'down' to place everything relative to the sea and the mountains (row 33 'we must go DOWN toward the sea, not UP into the high inland country'). A translation model must learn that KY 'up' often means inland/upstream, not merely elevation. Guard: baral is 'feeling' not 'road' (dict) — 'track/path' is jina (also 'foot').


category: morphology
guide_change: none.
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:08:01.076311+00:00
lesson:
The pre-bank LOC guard again earned its place: wubulku-nga -> reworded wubul-ba (l-final -> -ba) and jamar-ba -> jamar-a (single-r -> -a). The batch exercised the full local-case range on landscape nouns: LOC (manjal-ba, wawubaja-nga, dukurr-ba), ABL -muny (jarra-jarra-muny 'from the high', jalun-muny 'from the sea'), PERL -burr (kalbay-burr 'across the wide', madja-burr 'through the scrub'), and DAT -ka (jalun-ka 'to the sea') — the case system doing the work of English spatial prepositions.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:08:01.076311+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of country itself — knowing it, belonging to it, reading it: the country is our mother; a person belongs to the ground where they were born; the old man reads the far country by the shape of the blue mountains; every family knows the one waterhole that never fails; the old people knew this whole country like the flat palm of their hand. At 8.50 w/row it is deep, place-rooted narrative — the ground on which every other batch stands.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 54 — possession & the genitive.
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:19:02.972336+00:00
lesson:
Possession is where KY's 'potent/neutral' machinery meets ownership, and the language draws a line English erases. ALIENABLE things (clothes, spears, dogs, food, country) take a derivational POSSESSIVE suffix on the possessor (-mu/-Vmu in absolutive; -ndamun-+case when the whole NP is ergative/locative/etc). INALIENABLE things (body parts, close kin) take NO affix — possessor and possessed are simply juxtaposed (warru mara 'the boy's hand'). A translation model must not reach for a genitive marker on 'his hand' or 'the boy's mother' — the bare juxtaposition IS the possessive. The -ndamun- stem (ex.44/45) is the subtle part: it only appears when the possessed noun is in a non-absolutive case, and it always takes NEUTRAL case allomorphs.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 54).
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:19:02.972336+00:00
lesson:
The POSSESSIVE suffix has clean vowel/consonant conditioning exactly parallel to ergative -bu/-Vbu: V-final possessor -> -mu (ngamu-mu, kaya-mu, kami-mu), C-final -> -Vmu with an echo/linking vowel (dingkar-amu, buban-amu, nganjan-amu). The FORMER-possession construction stacks POSS + ablative: babi-mu-muny 'formerly grandmother's', kami-mu-muny, bama-mu-muny — the ablative's 'source' meaning delivering 'used to belong to' (grammar l.4441 notes ABL coincides with semantic 'former'). And 'the dead man's X' is elegantly a relative-clause possessive: nganjan wula-nya-mu 'of the father who died', dunyu wula-nya-mu.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: ngamun phantom (back/shoulder); real shoulder/back headwords noted.
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:19:02.972336+00:00
lesson:
The body-part inventory for inalienable possession is now anchored: mara hand, jina foot/leg, milka ear, walu face, dukul head, miyil eye, mungka hair, ngandal mouth, dirra tooth, jibar stomach (NOT jiba, which is 'liver'). One coinage slipped in and was caught by the lint: 'ngamun' for 'back/shoulder' is a PHANTOM — real forms are at dictionary L2750 (shoulder) and L20236 (back); row 19 was reworded rather than whitelisted. This is the phantom-lexeme discipline working exactly as intended: a phonotactically legal invented body-part is invisible to a human but the mechanical lint plus the grep-check caught it.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:19:02.972336+00:00
lesson:
Possession in KY is inseparable from kinship and country, so this batch is quietly about belonging: the mother's clothes drying by the fire, the grandmother's dilly bag of yams, the young man's spear measured against his elder brother's, my father teaching me to make a spear, whose country is this (it belongs to the old people born here), and the freighted FORMER possessions — the dead husband's dilly bag given to the eldest son, the grandfather's country that now belongs to me, the country that was once the old people's before the strangers came and took it away. At 8.64 w/row the grammar carries real cultural weight.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: plant/tree inventory (~40 terms).
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:35:50.113503+00:00
lesson:
The plant/tree lexicon completes the environmental quartet (b087 weather, b089 reptiles/insects, b093 landscape, now b095 flora) and it is DENSE: KY names each rock and each water-state finely (b093), and it names trees just as finely — a generic juku 'tree/wood/stick', a full set of parts (birra leaf, bangkan root, dakil branch, warrur bark, nganka flower, diburr seed, dingal base, dimbirr hollow trunk), and named SPECIES (baway black bean, baril-baril fig, bijin tea tree, bilar candle nut, dakumbar water gum, dalban oak, dilbal hickory). The culture is in the detail: the black bean nut must be soaked long in the creek to leach its poison (grammar l.671); paperbark makes beds and meat-wrapping; the fig's soft inner bark makes blankets.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: kadal/jiba/niji/kunkun watchlist (4 sense-drifts, ~50 rows debt).
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:35:50.113503+00:00
lesson:
This batch was a SENSE-DRIFT reckoning — four words the corpus had been using wrongly, caught by grepping the dictionary at authoring time and NOT propagated: (1) kadal 'ripe' is a PURE PHANTOM (absent from dict AND grammar) yet sits in ~10 accepted rows -> the real word is kulbul; (2) bare jiba means 'liver', not 'sweet' (sweet = the compound jiba-wulay 'liver-?', ~19 rows drifted); (3) niji means 'already', not 'heavy' or 'now' (heavy = kulngkul, ~18 rows drifted); (4) kunkun means 'periwinkle' (a shellfish!), not 'coals' (charcoal = ngunjil). All four are now on the errata watchlist with row counts for a dedicated reconciliation sweep. This is exactly why the grep-every-word discipline exists: a phonotactically legal phantom (kadal) and three plausible sense-drifts were invisible to the lint but obvious against the dictionary.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: daya=give, chop=nyanda-l/cut=yaka-l, no cook verb.
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:35:50.113503+00:00
lesson:
The VERB layer needed correcting too: daya is NOT 'chop' — it is 'give' (the suppletive imperative of daji-l, grammar l.3049/3070) — so chopping wood is nyanda-l and cutting poles is yaka-l. There is no attested single 'cook/roast' verb (jubaji-l, nyalbu-l both phantom), so cooking is framed periphrastically (baya-ba 'on the fire', nuka-l 'eat', ngunjil-ba 'on the coals') — matching the ethnography where preparation is roast+pound+leach, not one verb. And trees STAND (janay); wandi-l is 'get up/rise' (of a person), not botanical 'grow'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:35:50.113503+00:00
lesson:
Plants in KY are inseparable from survival and knowledge, so this is the register of the bush as pantry, pharmacy and workshop: the old man chooses which wood makes a true-flying spear; the women dig sweet yams and ginger root from the soft bank; the black bean must be soaked in the creek before it can be eaten; the tea-tree leaf makes a healing drink; the fig's inner bark becomes a warm blanket; the old woman knows the name of every tree in her father's country and says each tree has its own true name. At 9.26 w/row it is the deepest batch yet — botany carrying law and livelihood.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 55 — comparison, degree & similarity.
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:53:09.752474+00:00
lesson:
Comparison in KY is elegantly split into a MORE axis and a VERY axis, both marked ON THE ADJECTIVE, plus a particle for likeness. 'More/rather' is a PREFIX jarra-; make it a comparison by adding the compared thing in the DATIVE (jarra-kima minya-ka 'softer than the meat') — the same DAT that marks goals and causes now marks the standard of comparison. 'Very' is a SUFFIX -baja-ku that obligatorily carries the emphatic -ku, and when the whole adjective is inflected the case slots IN BETWEEN (junkurr-ji-baja-NGKA-ku). Superlative is just ADJ + bajaku 'most'. A model that learns this won't translate 'bigger than X' with a bare comparative — it needs jarra- on the adjective AND dative on X together.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 55).
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:53:09.752474+00:00
lesson:
The -baja-ku 'very' construction clarified a standing loose habit: adjectival 'very' is -baja-KU (the emphatic -ku is obligatory, ex.82-85) — bare -baja on an adjective is the incomplete form, while -baja on a VERB is the 'again' clitic and bajaku written as a separate word is the superlative. So 'very' and 'most' are the same -baja-ku morpheme, differing only in attachment. And the elder surface /y/-deletion rule bit again: underlying jiba-badi-y surfaces as jiba-badi (y drops after i), the analysis field keeping the full jiba-badi-y — exactly the warri-y -> warri convention.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: yala/walu-yindu/yala-karrajikur; kaki='if' correction.
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:53:09.752474+00:00
lesson:
The similative system rests on yala, a single word doing triple duty: demonstrative 'this', discourse 'OK/what about', and the COMPARISON particle '(be) like, (be) the same'. For APPEARANCE it pairs with walu 'face' (walu yala 'looks like'), and 'different' is transparently walu-yindu 'face-other' — the face is the seat of likeness in the lexicon. 'alike' is the fixed yala-karrajikur. New grammar-attested adjectives entered the store: dakuy 'hungry', kingkin 'cute', manjarr 'lazy', minday 'tame'. Guard corrected: kaki is 'if' (a conditional particle), NOT 'long ago' — 'long ago' is kalbay-muny.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T16:53:09.752474+00:00
lesson:
Comparison is the register of judgement and teaching: sea-turtle meat is softer than scrub-hen, the wet season hotter than the dry, honey sweeter than any fruit, my grandmother's country greener than this dry inland; the very strong man lifts the pig, the very sick child is pitied, the new baby is very small and very cute. And the similes carry the culture — the boy runs like his father, the still lagoon is like a flat shining stone, the old man's face is like his dead brother's, the storm falls on the camp like an angry man throwing spears, and all people are the same deep inside though their faces are all different. At 9.32 w/row it is the deepest batch yet.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: full body inventory (~35 terms).
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:03:32.456576+00:00
lesson:
The body is one of the densest, highest-frequency lexical fields in any language, and KY lexicalises it in full detail: a distinct word for every external part (dukul head down to durru toe, with bari chin, kangkul cheek, munju forehead, bilirr eyebrow, jakay neck, manu throat, binda shoulder, jinbar wrist, wulu ankle, waba thigh), the internal organs (bajibay bone, jiba liver, wubul heart, julbi guts), and the substances (mula blood, jila-warri sweat, nyumba saliva, wandul fat). This anchors dozens of prior rows that used body parts loosely (mara, jina, milka, walu, dukul) and gives the model the vocabulary of illness, aging, work and touch.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: wubul='heart'/'many' homophone; body-term gaps (nose/finger/knee/skin).
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:03:32.456576+00:00
lesson:
One important homophone surfaced: wubul is BOTH 'heart' (L27478) and the extremely common quantifier 'many/all'. The corpus uses wubul='many' hundreds of times, so wubul='heart' must be reserved for unambiguous contexts (rows 42 'his heart was still strong', 50 'a strong heart and warm blood') where the surrounding body/emotion words disambiguate. Gaps in the dictionary were handled honestly: there is no clean single word for nose, finger, knee, skin, beard, marrow or shell in the available data, so those were circumlocuted (finger -> mara 'hand' or birri 'fingernail') or the English reworded — never coined.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (LOC law already in cheatsheet).
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:03:32.456576+00:00
lesson:
The body vocabulary stress-tested the LOC allomorphy law across many new stems, all pre-checked: u-final -> -ngu (damu-ngu chest, muku-ngu back, durru-ngu toe, wulu-ngu ankle), l/rr-final -> -ba (kangkul-ba cheek, wumbul-ba warm, junkurr-ba strong), single-r -> -a (jukar-a sand, jinbar-a wrist), a/i-final -> -nga (binda-nga shoulder, kulji-nga rock). The elder past surface also bit once: INCHO past -ma-ny surfaces as -ma-n (mukul-ma-n 'grew old'), matching yalbay-ma-n.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:03:32.456576+00:00
lesson:
The body is the register of the whole human span — infancy, illness, work and old age: the baby with no teeth fed soft food at the breast, its tiny warm hands and full round belly; the strong young man carrying the log on one shoulder, his arms throwing the spear far; the hunter's whole body running with sweat; and the old ones — grey thinning hair, weak eyes, bent back, aching bones in the wet season, yet a heart still strong though the legs have failed. At 9.76 w/row it is the deepest batch in the whole corpus.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 56 — number & quantification.
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:14:56.435661+00:00
lesson:
KY has a RESTRICTED numeral system — nyubun 1, jambul 2, kulur 3, and then straight to the quantifiers wubul/jirray 'many'. There is no word for four or five; 'many' does the rest. This is typical of Australian languages and a translation model must NOT invent higher numerals — 'ten fingers' becomes birri wubul 'many fingernails', not a coined '10'. Numerals and quantifiers both FOLLOW the noun and inflect for case like adjectives (nyubun-bu 'by one', jambul-ka 'to two'). The distributive is reduplication of the numeral: nyubun-nyubun 'each, one apiece'.


category: morphology
guide_change: none (captured in rule 56).
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:14:56.435661+00:00
lesson:
Plurality is expressed by THREE distinct derivations, not one, and they are not interchangeable: (i) plain REDUPLICATION of the noun root for general plural (juku-juku 'trees'); (ii) the KINSHIP suffix -karra reserved for kin terms and jawun 'relative/friend' (ngamu-karra 'mothers', never *juku-karra); and (iii) the DUAL PAIR -bulal which is NOT just 'two' — it means the two belong together and act together (yarraman-bulal 'a mare and her foal', vs yarraman jambul 'two unrelated horses'; ex.66). So -bulal carries a semantics jambul lacks. A model that maps all three to English plural -s loses the kinship restriction and the belong-together meaning.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:14:56.435661+00:00
lesson:
A significant correction landed: waju-l means 'cook, burn' (dictionary + ex.65 'waju-ny' burnt) — this IS the cook verb that b095 wrongly recorded as missing (jubaji-l/nyalbu-l were phantoms, but waju-l is the real word). So 'roast the meat' = minya waju-l, not a periphrasis. Also verified: narmba 'all', bulkiji 'pipi', duna 'wet', julbarr 'slippery', yabuju 'younger brother', jamba 'hillside', bula '3du'. Guard reaffirmed: baral is 'feeling' (dict), yet grammar ex.60 uses baral-baral for 'roads' — a genuine source conflict; 'path' was rendered jina-jina to stay safe. kamu is a mosquito/grog homophone and the grammar's plural kumu-kumu is a vowel variant, so the mosquito example was replaced by jarba-jarba 'snakes'.

guide_change:
errata: waju-l='cook/burn' (corrects b095); narmba/bulkiji/duna/yabuju/bula; baral & kamu/kumu notes.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:14:56.435661+00:00
lesson:
Number is the register of the group and the gathering: one old man and two young men by the fire; many people at the big meeting, more than the old man had ever seen; the girls digging a lot of pipis; all the people of the country coming together to share one big turtle; the mothers and fathers at the meeting, the wives sending the men for fish, the grandfathers who remember the names of all the dead; and the pairs who belong together — the two women who go everywhere as one, the mare and her foal, the brother-dogs from the same mother. It closes on the old people's teaching: two are stronger than one, and three stronger again than two.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 57 — emotion & cognition (body-part compounds + DAT stimulus).
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:32:51.570088+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji locates emotion and thought IN THE BODY, and this is the single most important fact for translating the affective vocabulary. To feel sad is jiba-badi-y 'the liver cries'; to be exhausted is wawu-wula-y 'the breath dies'; to be frightened is jiba-yararri 'the liver shivers'; to be glad is jiba-ngulkurr-ma-l 'the liver becomes good'; anger is in the head (dukul-wuri) or the neck (jakay-jakay); sadness shows in the face (walu-jirrbu-jirrbu); and ALL of cognition is in the EAR — to remember is milka-binalku, to forget is milka-wulay 'the ear dies', to think is milka-bu bayka-l 'to bite with the ear'. A model must not map 'sad' to a heart-word or 'think' to a head-word; the body-part is lexically fixed and different from English.


category: syntax
guide_change: captured in rule 57.
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:32:51.570088+00:00
lesson:
Two structural rules govern the affective field. First, many mental states are expressed by NOUN-VERB COMPOUNDS (jiba-badi-y, wawu-wula-y; grammar l.1506) rather than by a single verb, and some are plain NOUNS (l.1476: warngku 'sleep', kaka 'pain', kuli 'anger', kuru 'love/lust'). Second, the STIMULUS of the emotion takes the DATIVE case, not the accusative: yinil kaya-nka 'afraid OF the dog' (ex.47), wawu bangkarr-ka 'want meat' (ex.58), binal dingkar-anka 'know the man' (ex.52), ngujan yaba-mu kalka-ka 'jealous of brother's spear'. The thing you fear, want, know or envy is dative — this is one of donto's clean case-frame contrasts with English.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: warngku/dubu/bulki/madja/dajali; milkak & wunga-l guards; kaka pain/up homophone.
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:32:51.570088+00:00
lesson:
Several attestation corrections and finds. waju-l 'cook' (b098) is reconfirmed by ex.37 'wajuny' (they cooked). The sleep verb wunga-l I had leaned on is NOT attested — sleep is the NOUN warngku plus wuna-l 'lie down' (warngku wunay, l.1476/dict; ex.37 reduplicated wunanany 'slept'). Lightning milkak is unattested and was avoided outright. New: dubu 'spirit/ghost' (ex.65), bulki 'cattle/beef' (l.1724 bulki-nda, l.2133 bulki-ka), madja 'scrub', dajali 'deep water', mara-daji-l 'help' (hand-give). A HOMOPHONE to flag: kaka is both 'pain' (noun, l.1476) and 'up/above' (b093) — context disambiguates. wumbul is 'hot/warm'. milka-kari 'deaf' is a transparent ear-PRIV, exactly parallel to the attested miyil-kari 'blind'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:32:51.570088+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of the inner life across a whole day and a whole grief: the child who badly wants the sweet fruit and cries and cries for its mother; the two young men whose hearts are not good together over one girl; the old woman whose liver cries when she learns her husband is dead; the hunter too breath-dead-exhausted to do anything but lie down and sleep; the child afraid of the black dog and the dark and the deep water; the father whose head fills with anger and whose face goes dark; the man ashamed before the old people; the jealous husband whose liver is not good; and the old ones who say do not hold anger in your liver too long, remember well our words, and believe the spirits of the dead go up into the night sky. At 10.38 words/row it is the deepest batch in the corpus.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 58 — verbal aspect & reduplication.
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:48:46.104351+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji has no tense-based progressive; ASPECT is carried by REDUPLICATION of the verb. A reduplicated verb means the action is ongoing, repeated, or habitual, and/or done with intensity (grammar l.3581 — the reduplicated form of 'see' can mean 'examine thoroughly' as well as 'keep looking'). So 'keep coming' is kankaday, 'keep standing' janjanay, 'keep running' wanarriy, 'keep sitting/staying' bundanday, 'keep lying/sleeping' wunanay, 'keep crying' banbadiy — six very common verbs with FIXED partial-reduplication forms (l.1238) that a model must learn as set forms, since the fully-reduplicated alternants are now unacceptable. For habitual past 'used to X', reduplicate and mark past: nuka-l-nuka-ny 'used to eat' (ex.203).


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 58.
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:48:46.104351+00:00
lesson:
The reduplication morphophonemics differ by conjugation. y-CONJUGATION verbs INSERT /n/ between the two copies of the root (l.969): kada-y -> kan-kada-y (kankaday), warri -> wa-narri-y (wanarriy), janay -> jan-janay. l-CONJUGATION verbs simply repeat the whole -l stem: nyaji-l-nyaji-l, waju-l-waju-l, kuni-l-kuni-l, murni-l-murni-l, kuji-l-kuji-l, balka-l-balka-l. Two further devices sit alongside stem-reduplication: (i) the -nyV form gives a HABITUAL reading without reduplication (nuka-nya 'always eats/habitual eater', ex.68); (ii) EXCESSIVE duration is shown NOT by a reduplicated stem but by simply repeating the whole finite verb two or three times (daran daran daran 'kept falling and falling', l.3581).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: kuji-l 'look after', jururr 'repeatedly'; buwa-l/dumbu/yabarr/dumbarri-l guards.
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:48:46.104351+00:00
lesson:
Attestation finds for the aspect field: kuji-l is 'look after, keep, mind' (grammar ex.100 kuji-l-kuji-l 'looking after the baby', ex.116 'keeping old clothes') — NOT 'wait', so 'the wife kept looking after him' is kuji-l-kuji-l. ngangkin 'echidna/porcupine' is confirmed (ex.203, l.1614). jururr(jururr) is the adverbial particle 'repeatedly, one after another' (l.3709). Guards held: buwa-l 'come out', dumbu 'behind', yabarr 'finally', dumbarri-l 'break' are all unattested and were avoided (reworded, e.g. 'came out' -> kadan 'came'); kija is 'place', not 'crab'; and the warri homophone (run vs rock) was sidestepped by using kulji 'stone' for the rocks in the running-water row.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T17:48:46.104351+00:00
lesson:
Aspect is the register of duration and habit — of things that go on and on and of things always done. The old man keeps coming back to the waterhole every morning; the children keep crying through the whole long night; the river keeps running strong over the stones; the women keep digging till the bag is full; the dog keeps biting the snake till it lies dead. And it is the register of memory and custom: as a child I used to eat wallaby and echidna; the old man always eats the liver; long ago the two mobs used to come together for the big ceremony when food was plenty; the old men keep telling and re-telling the story of the great flood, again and again, day after day, night after night.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 59 — speech verbs & the ask-frame.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:00:36.368923+00:00
lesson:
The verb babaji-l 'ask' has a two-place case frame that a translation model must learn: the PERSON asked stands in the LOCATIVE (yaba-nda babaji-ny 'I asked my elder brother', ex.101; mala-balji-nda 'ask the dillybag expert', ex.77), while the TOPIC asked about stands in the DATIVE (balji-ka 'about dillybags'). So 'ask X about Y' = X-LOC babaji-l Y-DAT. This is a different frame from the emotion verbs (stimulus = DAT) and from 'tell' balka-l (addressee = DAT), and getting the case right is exactly the kind of thing donto's evidence-anchored grammar should nail.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: kuku polysemy (word/language/news/story/law); nyaji-l = see AND hear.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:00:36.368923+00:00
lesson:
kuku is one of the most polysemous and load-bearing nouns in the language: it means 'word', 'language', 'news', 'story', and 'law' all at once (the language name Kuku Yalanji itself = 'language-this'). Context alone disambiguates — kuku kalbay balka-l 'tell a long story', kuku yukil 'true words', bubu-mu kuku 'the law of the country', kuku ngulkurr 'good news'. Just as important is nyaji-l, which is NOT only 'see' but also 'hear/perceive' (ex.109 wulngku nyaji-l 'hear a song') — KY has no separate verb for hearing, so 'listen', 'hear' and 'be heard' all resolve to nyaji-l, the general perception verb.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: speech/sound inventory; yimbal='come too close' guard.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:00:36.368923+00:00
lesson:
The sound-and-speech inventory is rich and specific: yirrka-l 'shout/call', yayngkar 'whisper', kuwimbur (yirrka-l) 'whistle', murru-kanga-l 'scold', nyurra 'noise' (specifically the irritating noise of people shouting and laughing, ex.74), wulngku/yukurr 'song', wulngku badi 'sing' (literally 'cry a song' — badi is both 'cry' and, with wulngku, 'sing'), manubaja 'truth' vs jurril/warmbiji 'lie', warmbiji-bama 'liar'. Guards held: yimbal is 'come too close', NOT 'message' (a mis-gloss), so it was avoided; buwa-l/dumbu/yabarr/dumbarri-l/jindalba remain unattested.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:00:36.368923+00:00
lesson:
Speech is the register of teaching, of warning, of the truth and the lie. The old man tells the young men the long story of the great flood; the grandfather always spoke the true language of the country, never the strangers' words; the old woman warns the children away from the crocodile; you ask the dillybag expert about dillybags and your elder brother where the wallabies feed. It is the register of the whole soundscape of the camp — shouting across the river, whispering in the dark, whistling to the dog, the frog singing all night, the children laughing, the baby crying, too much noise, and at last the whole camp quiet but for the small night birds. And it closes on the moral the old people teach: speak the truth, for a lie is a heavy thing to carry, and a liar is left alone.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 60 — spatial cases & the directional system.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:13:39.557110+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji, like its Cape York neighbours, orients space on an ABSOLUTE geographic frame, not a body-relative east/west one. The primary axis is the land-and-river gradient: wangkar 'up' also means 'upriver / inland', and bada 'down' also means 'downriver / seaward' (the country literally rises from the Pacific coast to the Dividing Range). The one cardinal term is kungkarr 'north'; there is NO word for south — you say bada 'down/seaward' or name the place. So 'the old man went up to the hinterland while the young men went down to the sea' is wangkar ... jibarr-ka / bada ... jalun-ka. A translation model must not invent a 'south' word or map wangkar/bada to a purely vertical up/down.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 60; watchlist: y-final LOC -ba->-mba.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:13:39.557110+00:00
lesson:
The local (spatial) cases are a clean paradigm the model can learn as a set: LOC (allomorphs -nga/-ba/-a/-ngu by the vowel-harmony law) 'at/on/in'; ABL -muny 'from'; PERL -burr 'along, through'; ABESS -mundu 'away from', and by extension 'from a distance' (ex.109 wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyaji-l 'I hear a song from far away'); and DAT -ka doubling as the allative 'to(ward)', reinforced by the particle maku 'towards'. One allomorphy point the batch enforced: y-final stems take LOC -mba (kalbay-mba, yalbay-mba), not -ba — the corpus still carries a mix of the loose -ba forms (a candidate for a future reconciliation sweep).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: kaka=sore/pain (not up) swept; directional inventory; mali/jirakal guards.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:13:39.557110+00:00
lesson:
A reconciliation correction anchored this batch: kaka is 'sore, achey; pain' (adjective/noun, dict + l.1476), NOT 'up' — I had drifted kaka to 'up' in four recent rows, which were swept to wangkar 'up, upriver' (the real word). kaka='sore/pain' remains correct and dominant (29 rows). New/verified directional lexemes: wangkar up/upriver, bada down, kungkarr north, jibarr hinterland, jalun sea, maku towards, kudamundu behind, ngalkal outside, kana/dukurr inside, naka-naka across, karangkal alongside, ngundu this-side, -warra 'inhabitants of' (l.641), yirmbal 'story place'. Guards: mali is 'bat' not 'hollow'; jirakal is 'new' in the dict though used elsewhere as 'flat' (watchlist); kinka-l/wandi-l are unattested (climb rendered wangkar dunga-l 'go up').


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:13:39.557110+00:00
lesson:
Direction is the register of country and belonging. The land runs up from the sea to the inland ranges, and the people run with it: the old man walks up the river to the hinterland while the young men go down to the sea; the wallabies feed inland in the dry and come down to the water when the rain falls; the seaside people know the fish and the turtle, the hinterland people the wallaby and the yam. It is the register of the -warra, the people-of-a-place: the river people and the sea people who came together every wet season for the ceremony; the grandfather who was a hinterland man; and the deepest belonging of all — here in this country of my people I have always lived, and here by this same river I will die.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 61 — movement & posture verbs.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:26:25.376610+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji makes fine semantic distinctions inside the field of motion that a translation model must not collapse into a single 'go'. Beyond the general dunga-l 'go', kada-y 'come' and jilba-l 'walk', there is a dedicated 'movement along a path' set (grammar l.2932): yimba-l 'go straight through', warrki-l 'turn off at a crossroads', barrma-l 'accompany someone for a short distance', and nyunba-y 'turn back / return'. Manner and medium are lexical too: warri 'run', jalama-l 'jump', janji-l 'swim/bathe', marra-warri 'fly', mara-warri 'crawl' (transparently 'hand-run'). One idiom is worth memorising: daka-l is 'climb' AND 'rise', so wungar dakal 'sunrise' is literally 'the sun climbs' (l.2519).


category: morphology
guide_change: errata: wandi-l is REAL (un-guard); wandi IMP surface; pre-bank hardened for y-final -nga.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:26:25.376610+00:00
lesson:
Two morphology points the batch fixed. (1) wandi-l 'get up/wake/come out' is a real, well-attested verb (dict + grammar l.3014) — it had been wrongly listed as a phantom in batch-102's guard and is now confirmed. (2) Its imperative shows the elder-surface /y/-deletion rule: the IMP wandi-y ends in -iy, and word-final -iy drops the y after i, so the surface imperative is simply 'wandi' (exactly as warri-y surfaces as warri). The batch also reaffirmed the LOC allomorphy the pre-bank scan now fully enforces: bubu 'ground' takes -ngu (bubu-ngu, u->-ngu) and y-final stems take -mba (yalbay-mba), never -nga or -ba.


category: syntax
guide_change: captured in rule 61; cross-ref rule 58 (aspect).
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:26:25.376610+00:00
lesson:
The verb jalama-l 'jump' takes its SOURCE in the ablative: Warru jalama-ny juku-muny kudamundu-muny 'the young man jumped out from behind the tree' (ex.112). So 'jump from/out of X' = jalama-l X-muny, parallel to the ablative of true motion-from (bayan-muny 'from the camp'). Aspect stacks on these motion roots exactly as Rule 58 predicts: a bare verb repeated (warri warri) reads as excessive-duration 'ran and ran', while a reduplicated l-stem (jalama-l-jalaman) reads as intensive 'kept jumping up'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:26:25.376610+00:00
lesson:
Movement is the register of the daily round and the whole life-course. The people go up the river and come back down at dark; the children run across the sand and swim the cool river in the midday heat; the little one crawls toward the fire and the old dog lies down beside it; the frightened wallaby lies still, then gets up, jumps and runs for the hills. And it is the register of leaving and returning that frames a life: the young man who goes far to the northern country and does not come back for many long years, the old man who walks a short way with the boy and then turns back, and the last instruction of all — go back to your own country now, walk the long track home, and do not turn back until you arrive.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 62 — comitative / privative / abessive.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:41:31.102941+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji draws a clean three-way distinction that English blurs, and a translation model must keep them apart. 'With / having' is the COMITATIVE -ji/-jirr, a nominal derivation of attribute or accompaniment: kalka-jirr 'with a spear' (ex.52), mani-ji 'moneyed/rich', jiba ngulkurr-ji 'good-hearted'. 'Without / -less' is the PRIVATIVE -kari, the negative particle suffixed to the noun: milka-kari 'deaf' (ex.54), kaya-kari 'dogless', kangkal-kari 'childless' (ex.86). The two are exact opposites over the same root, and the batch pairs them deliberately (bajibay-jirr 'with bones' / bajibay-kari 'boneless'; kalka-jirr / kalka-kari; junkurr-jirr 'strong' / junkurr-kari 'weak').


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 62 (privative + comitative inflect over the derived stem).
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:41:31.102941+00:00
lesson:
The PRIVATIVE -kari is a STEM-FORMING suffix: any further case inflection attaches AFTER it, not to the bare root. So 'the dogless one' as an agent is kaya-kari-ngka (PRIV-ERG, ex.57), 'to the girl with no money' is mani-kari-nda (PRIV-LOC, ex.59), and 'meat without bones' as the wanted thing is bajibay-kari-ka (PRIV-DAT, ex.58). The COMITATIVE likewise takes inflection over the derived stem (kalka-jirr-nka 'to the one with a spear'). This ordering root-DERIVATION-CASE is the general Kuku Yalanji nominal template and the model should learn it as such.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:41:31.102941+00:00
lesson:
The batch corrected a significant error in my OWN earlier reference material. The ABESSIVE -mundu is NOT 'without' and NOT 'toward' (both were claimed in the old cheatsheet, Rule 35 and line 651). Grammar l.1550 is explicit: the abessive '-mundu indicates a locational source, but one which is not left behind by the actor, i.e. a place from which an action is performed' — bayan-mundu 'shouting from the camp (while staying in it)', juku-mundu 'watching from up the tree', kala-kalbay-mundu 'calling from far away' (ex.109). It contrasts minimally with the ablative -muny 'from (motion away)': kungkarr-muny kada-ny 'came from the north' but jamba-mundu nyaji-ny 'watched from the hill'. The privative meaning 'without' belongs to -kari alone. One accepted row (b102.48 'yirmbal buyun-kari' 'sacred') was swept — buyun-kari literally means 'without bad', the opposite of the intended 'dangerous'.

guide_change:
errata: -mundu = ABESSIVE (locational, from a vantage), NOT 'without'/'toward'; supersedes Rule 35/line 651; buyun-kari sweep; ~180 -mundu rows watchlisted for audit.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:41:31.102941+00:00
lesson:
Having and lacking is the register of a person's whole standing in the world. The rich man has money, many dogs, strong sons and a camp full of food; the good man has a gentle spirit and true words, and the people follow him; the clever old man has knowledge of every waterhole and track. And against them stand the ones without: the deaf old man with no ears for the young; the poor man with no money, no dog, no camp, nothing at all; the fearless woman without fear who walks where the men will not; the motherless, campless, foodless children wandering from country to country. The abessive frames the watcher who stays and sees — the old man who from the shade of the big tree watches the whole camp and knows all that is done.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 63 — land mammals & game animals.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:56:46.295942+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji names the macropods precisely, and I had been conflating two of them. mayarriji is 'kangaroo' (the big one); the wallaby is kadar (also darrba, jumar); the big grey kangaroo is julmbanu (ex.267 julmbanu yala maja bubu-ku 'the grey kangaroo is like the boss of the land'); the tree kangaroo is jarrabina or murral; the kangaroo rat jayju. The rest of the mammal field: yawa 'possum', ngangkin 'echidna/porcupine', kulngu/ngumbi 'bandicoot', murramu 'dingo', jungarr/waykal 'native cat', kukur 'rat', mali 'bat', kambi 'flying fox' (a homophone of kambi 'clothes', ex.59). Grammar supplied three ready-made hunting sentences (ex.192 kadar kuni-ny nguymal, ex.203 minya kadar ngangkin nuka-l-nuka-ny, ex.267 julmbanu).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: mayarriji=kangaroo / kadar=wallaby; 35-row EN reconciliation sweep executed.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:56:46.295942+00:00
lesson:
The mayarriji/kadar mix-up was a real 35-row error in the accepted corpus, corrected this batch. Because mayarriji genuinely means 'kangaroo' and the Kuku was morphologically correct, the safe fix was to change the ENGLISH gloss 'wallaby'->'kangaroo' in those 35 rows (I3-safe, with revisions), rather than rewrite the Kuku to kadar (which is r-final and would need different case allomorphs than the i-final mayarriji). One row (id3842) already used the distinction correctly (mayarriji darrba yawa 'kangaroo, wallaby, possum'). Going forward: mayarriji=kangaroo, kadar=wallaby.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 63; habitual surface -n / analysis -ny split noted.
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:56:46.295942+00:00
lesson:
The habitual 'used to X' is the reduplicated form X-l-X-ny (ex.203 nuka-l-nuka-ny 'used to eat'), and it obeys the elder-surface /y/-deletion rule like any past: the surface (kuku) field writes nuka-l-nuka-n while the analysis field keeps the Patz morphological nuka-l-nuka-ny. The batch also reaffirmed the LOC allomorphs the pre-bank scan enforces (y-final kalbay-mba, u-final bubu-ngu).


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T18:56:46.295942+00:00
lesson:
Mammals are the register of the hunt and of the whole remembered childhood of eating. The grey kangaroo stands like the boss of the plain; the wallaby keeps close to the scrub with its joey; the old man waits by the track for the kangaroo to come down at dark; the young hunter kills the wallaby with one thorough throw and carries it home. And it is the register of the elders' memory: 'as a child I used to eat kangaroo, wallaby, possum and echidna, all cooked in the hot coals' — the possum pulled from the tree hollow at night, the echidna dug from the hard ground, the dingo that takes the meat left by the fire and runs off into the dark scrub with it.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 64 — the ergative system / case & transitivity.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:10:39.277972+00:00
lesson:
The single most important structural fact about Kuku Yalanji is that it is a SPLIT-ERGATIVE language: nouns follow an ergative-absolutive pattern, pronouns a nominative-accusative one. For a NOUN, the intransitive subject (S) and the transitive object (O) share one unmarked case (absolutive), while the transitive subject (A) takes the ergative - so 'the man' is dingkar as S/O but dingkar-angka as A. For a PRONOUN the alignment flips: 'I' is ngayu whether S or A (never *ngayu-ngka), and only the object is separately marked (nganya). A model that ergative-marks a pronoun agent, or fails to ergative-mark a noun agent, has the core grammar wrong.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 64 (potent/neutral ergative + instrumental = neutral ergative).
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:10:39.277972+00:00
lesson:
The ergative has two allomorph SETS chosen by animacy: the POTENT set (:pt) for referents seen as capable of action - people, kin, dogs, animals, spirits (dingkar-angka, kaya-ngka, ngangkin-angka, murramu-ngku, dubu-ngku) - and the NEUTRAL set for the rest. Potent ergative is -ngkV after a vowel, -VngkV after a consonant; neutral ergative (which is identical to the INSTRUMENTAL, and has no potent counterpart) is -bu after a vowel, -Vbu after single r, -njV after y, -dV elsewhere - with consonant-final -bu also occurring in free variation (junkurr-bu, nyubun-bu, cf. grammar's own wujurr-bu/wun-bu beside wun-du). Vowel-harmony fills V: a after a/i, u after u.


category: syntax
guide_change: captured in rule 64 (INST = -bu; recipient = LOC/DAT).
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:10:39.277972+00:00
lesson:
The instrumental doubles as the neutral ergative form -bu, so 'the man killed the wallaby with a spear' stacks an ergative agent and an instrumental oblique that look related: dingkar-angka (ERG:pt) ... kalka-bu (INST). The recipient of a giving/telling verb is not the object but a LOCATIVE/DATIVE: giving to a noun uses the potent locative (mukul-dingkar-anda 'to the old man'), and giving/showing to 1sg uses nganya (which is both accusative and dative). Getting these obliques right is what separates a real ergative clause from a word-for-word gloss.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:10:39.277972+00:00
lesson:
Transitivity is the register of who does what to whom - the whole moral fabric of the camp. The man kills the wallaby, the old woman cuts and shares the meat, the grandfather teaches the young men the law, the dog bites the child, the crocodile seizes the dog, the spirit frightens the hunter. And the split shows most plainly where people meet animals and each other: I see the kangaroo but the kangaroo does not see me; the man saw me but I did not see that man; the dog bit me but I did not hit the dog. In every one of these the pronoun stands bare and the noun-agent takes its ergative - the grammar itself marking the difference between the one who acts and the one acted upon.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 65 — material culture: tools, weapons & artifacts.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:23:11.453171+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji has a full, precise vocabulary for material culture. Weapons: the spear is kalka (also dajal, jindal - but NOT wulman, which is a homophone meaning 'old man/grey'); the spear-thrower/woomera is balur (also mirrba, ngurmu); the detachable stone spear-head is biyul; the boomerang wangal; the wooden club mirru; the wooden shield kunjuri. Containers and cordage: the woven dilly bag is ngunyin (also yinkar, and balji 'bag'), made from kaku 'lawyer cane'; rope/string is karra (also ngurran); the fish net makarr. Cutting, digging and fire: the axe is warrbi (also kulbanmuku); the knife naybu (an English loan, l.1061); the digging stick juwal (ex.629); the firestick jidi; the working stone kulji.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: wulman spear/old homophone (avoid for spear); jarruny 'sharp' unattested.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:23:11.453171+00:00
lesson:
Two lexical traps caught this batch. (1) wulman means 'old man / grey / grey-haired', which I use constantly, and it is ALSO listed as 'spear' - a homophone; using wulman for 'spear' would have collided with hundreds of accepted 'old man' rows, so the spear words are kalka/dajal/jindal only. (2) jarruny 'sharp' is UNATTESTED - I had flagged it in my own authoring notes as a word to avoid, yet it slipped into one row (kulji jarruny 'sharp stone'); the pre-close lint's word-final -ny check surfaced it and it was repaired to kulji junkurr 'hard stone'. Attested 'sharp' is better expressed by the tool doing the cutting (naybu, kulji) than by a coined adjective.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 65 (balur-ubu, juwal-da, murni-nka).
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:23:11.453171+00:00
lesson:
The instrumental/neutral-ergative -bu (Rule 64) has the allomorphs the ergative table specifies: after a single r it is -Vbu, so the spear-thrower balur takes balur-ubu 'with the spear-thrower' (vowel-harmony u after u, exactly like wungar-abu). The digging stick juwal, being l-final, takes -da in the instrumental (grammar's own juwal-da, ex.629). And a purposive on a verb root gives a good noun modifier: kulji murni-nka 'a stone for grinding' = a grinding stone. kaja-l 'tie' takes the elder past kajan (-ny -> -n) like any l-verb.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:23:11.453171+00:00
lesson:
Tools and weapons are the register of skill and of making. The old man makes a long straight spear from hard wood, fits the stone head, and binds it tight with twisted-bark cord; the young hunter throws it with the spear-thrower and the boomerang comes spinning back to his hand; the women weave strong dilly bags from lawyer cane and set the fish net across the shallow creek. And the making divides by hand: the spear, the shield and the club are made by the men, the dilly bags and the string by the women, but both come from the one country - the wood, the stone, the bark, and the cane. Grammar itself records that 'dillybags and fish and turtle spears are still made and used today' (l.685).


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 66 - interrogatives & questions.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:37:45.358000+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji has a small, elegant interrogative system built on three roots - wanya 'who', wanyu 'what', and wanja 'where' - and the case a question word takes is exactly the case its answer would take. 'Who killed it?' uses the ergative wanyangka because the answer ('the man') would be ergative; 'to whom did you give it?' uses the dative wanyanka; 'whose bag?' the possessive wanyamba. Strikingly, 'who' inflects on the POTENT case set and 'what' on the NEUTRAL set - the very animacy split that governs the ergative (Rule 64) - because a 'who' is by definition potent and a 'what' is not. And 'who'/'what' are purely interrogative (no indefinite sense), while 'where' (wanja) doubles as the indefinite 'somewhere'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: captured in rule 66 (derived interrogatives + why/how idioms).
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:37:45.358000+00:00
lesson:
The derived question words all build on wanja 'where' as a general interrogative root: wanjawanja 'when' (ex.582), wanjarr(-ku) 'how' (ex.132-133, usually with the adverbial -ku), wanjarrinya 'how many' (ex.583), wanjinya/wanjaku 'which one' (ex.134). The dative and locative of 'what' carry special senses: wanyurringku (what-DAT) = 'why' (for what purpose), wanyurrimbu (what-LOC) = 'why this place', and the comitative wanyurrinji is the fixed idiom for asking about illness (ex.128 'what are you ill with?'). 'Something' indefinite is junjuy (non-human); yes = yuwu, no = kari.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: ngaki-l = 'steal' (not skin); body = bangkarr; b107.36 swept.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:37:45.358000+00:00
lesson:
Question-authoring surfaced a wrong-sense coinage in the accepted corpus. In batch-107 I had used 'ngaki' to mean 'skin' (cutting meat 'and the skin'), but grammar l.2166/2645 shows ngaki-l is the VERB 'to steal' ('the dog stole my meat'). This batch used ngaki-l correctly ('what did the dog steal?') AND swept the b107 row I3-safe, removing the phantom 'skin' noun. The proper word for 'body' is bangkarr (dungkur, which I nearly coined, is unattested). A reminder that a phonotactically-legal noun invented for a gap can hide in the corpus until the same string turns up as a real, differently-glossed morpheme.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:37:45.358000+00:00
lesson:
Questions are the register of the living voice - almost every row here is someone speaking to someone: the old man asks the children who killed the kangaroo; the mother asks the crying child why it cries and what hurts; the father asks the sick boy what he is ill with and where the pain sits; the traveller is greeted with 'where are you going?' (ex.130, the ordinary hello). The batch is built as framed direct speech and question-and-answer pairs ('Did you kill it?' - 'Yes, I killed it'; 'Is that the right way?' - 'No, the good track goes down to the sea'), which is why it runs long at 10.86 words a row and gives the model natural dialogue to learn from.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 67 - body parts.
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:51:19.585384+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji has a complete, everyday body-part vocabulary. Head and face: dukul 'head', mungka 'hair', walu 'face', miyil 'eye', milka 'ear', ngandal 'mouth', dirra 'tooth', nyabil 'tongue', bari 'chin', jakay 'neck', munju 'forehead'. Torso and inside: binda 'shoulder', damu 'chest', bibi 'breast', muku 'back', jiba 'liver', jibar 'stomach', julbi 'guts', wubul 'heart', mula 'blood', bajibay 'bone'. Limbs: mara 'hand', wakuy 'arm', jandal 'leg', waba 'thigh', jina 'foot'. Two homophones matter: wubul 'heart' is identical to wubul 'many/all', and jiba 'liver' is the base of jiba-wulay 'sweet' and the seat of the emotions (jiba-badi 'grieve'). Note miyil is 'eye' in the grammar's productive compounds (l.2232) even though the dictionary glosses it 'tree'; the grammar is authoritative.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 67 (inalienable poss + productive body-part compounds).
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:51:19.585384+00:00
lesson:
Body parts show two structural facts. (1) INALIENABLE POSSESSION is by simple JUXTAPOSITION - the possessor and the body-part noun sit side by side with NO possessive suffix (dingkar mara 'the man's hand', not dingkar-mu mara; l.1834). (2) Body-part terms, especially miyil 'eye' and milka 'ear', are HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE compound bases for states and abilities: miyil-burra 'blind' (eye-stale), miyil-dandi 'sleepless' (eye-hard), miyil-dudu 'illiterate' (eye-blunt), milka-kari 'deaf' (ear-without), dirra-baka 'swears too much' (tooth-excess). 'Hear' is nyaji-l (the same perception verb as 'see') or the explicit milka-bu nyaji-l 'perceive with the ear'; 'listen' is milka-janay 'stand (with) the ear'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: burri 'name/song' + kalbal 'remedy' CLEARED from watchlist (attested).
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:51:19.585384+00:00
lesson:
This batch's interleaved sweep VINDICATED two long-standing phantom-watchlist suspects rather than repairing them. burri (76 accepted rows) is a real word - 'name, corroboree song' (grammar l.2095, burri-duda-l 'beat time to corroboree') - and the corpus uses it correctly ('gave a name', 'called the name'). kalbal (24 rows) is likewise attested as 'remedy' (dictionary) and used correctly ('boiled the remedy', 'gave medicine'). Both were on the watchlist as high-frequency suspects; grepping the sources cleared them. The other watchlist items milkan, janyji, kunya, jubi, jinbi have zero rows. This is the good outcome of the phantom discipline: a grep either confirms a real word or exposes a coinage, and here it confirmed two.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T19:51:19.585384+00:00
lesson:
The body is the register of age, illness, and knowledge. The old man's head aches and his eyes weep from the smoke; the old woman has lost all her teeth; one man's eye is blind, another is deaf and cannot hear the children calling. The body is also where feeling lives - the liver is the seat of sorrow (jiba-badi 'liver-cry'), and when a man is angry his face darkens and his chest and heart burn hot inside. And it is the register of inherited skill: the old woman's hands know the weaving, her eyes know the plants, her ears know the old songs. The batch ends with the old man naming every part - head, eye, ear, mouth, hand, foot - for the listening children.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 68 - negation.
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:17:02.949950+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji negates a clause with the particle kari 'not', which sits immediately before the predicate it negates and carries the clause stress (l.1329). Crucially the negated verb is NOT bare - it takes its full normal inflection: kari nukan 'did not eat' (past), kari nukal 'does not eat' (nonpast), kari nyaji-l 'cannot see'. The corpus confirms this (kari dungay 6x vs bare kari dunga 0x). kari also has two lives beyond clause negation: as the one-word answer 'no' (against yuwu 'yes'), and clause-initially as the discourse 'but' of a contrasting event.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 68 (kari-ku, kari-rrku, balu/baluda).
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:17:02.949950+00:00
lesson:
kari takes two clitics that shade the negation. kari-ku (with the emphatic/temporal -ku) means 'not yet' or 'not all' - a very common way to say something hasn't happened yet ('the fruit is not yet ripe', 'the men have not come back yet'). kari-rrku (with totality -rrku) means 'not really, not altogether' (ex.208 'I did not really sleep, I just dozed'). Separately, balu is a second negation particle meaning 'desist, give up', and with the clitic -da, baluda is the prohibitive 'let it be, don't do what you are about to do'. The privative suffix -kari (Rule 62) builds 'without X' stems that inflect after -kari- (kaya-kari-ngka 'the one without a dog', ERG).


category: syntax
guide_change: captured in rule 68 (precautionary -nyji = negative purpose).
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:17:02.949950+00:00
lesson:
Negative PURPOSE - 'lest, in case' - is a dedicated verbal inflection, the precautionary -nyji (Table 3.16/3.17). It states the thing to be guarded against: bayka-nyji 'lest (it) bite' (l.1143), kada-ba-nyji 'lest (it) come' (y-conjugation disyllables take -ba- first, l.3141), and on inchoative stems X-ma-nyji 'lest (one) become X' (ex.163 milkabujar-ma-nyji 'lest I get lonely'). It pairs naturally with the prohibitive: 'don't put your hand near the dog's mouth, lest it bite you'. This is the negative mirror of the purposive -nka 'in order to'.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:17:02.949950+00:00
lesson:
Negation is the register of caution, refusal, and taboo. The batch is full of the warnings elders give: don't go down to the water, the crocodile is hunting; don't touch the sacred thing; hold the child tightly lest the river carry her off; cook the meat well lest the people get sick; and above all, do not speak the dead man's name aloud, lest his angry spirit hear you and come in the night (a real Yalanji proscription, grammar l.699). It is also the register of lack - the man without a dog who found no pigs, the child without a mother, the camp without water, the old woman without teeth - all built on the privative -kari that turns any noun into an absence.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 69 - time, seasons & celestial.
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:28:33.539208+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji has a full vocabulary of time and sky. The sun and the day are one word, wungar; the moon and the month are one word, kija - the old people count months as kija-kija ('moon after moon'), and 'after two months' is kija jambul-muny 'from two moons' (ex.280). The star is dawar (also mulawajarr) - importantly NOT jubuny, an old phantom. The sky is jiri, the cloud ngurrban. For the day-cycle: wunkuwingku 'morning', wungar wangkar-wangkar 'midday' (sun overhead), wujurr 'night/darkness', and wujurr-ma-nya 'dusk/evening' (literally 'becoming night'). The crucial time words: niji 'now', yilayku 'yesterday', wunkun 'tomorrow' (which I had been circumlocuting as wungar kada-nya 'the coming day' until I found the real word), yinyamun 'then', nyiku-nyiku 'soon', and marri/ngadi 'a long time'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: captured in rule 69 (wungar-iji / bulur-iji season compounds).
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:28:33.539208+00:00
lesson:
The seasons are built with the comitative suffix in its -iji form: wungar-iji 'hot season' is literally 'with sun' (sun-COMIT), and bulur-iji 'cold season' is 'with morning-chill' (bulur 'dew/early-morning chill'-COMIT; grammar l.2510-2511/6032-6034). The dry time is marral-wungar 'dry-sun', and the wet is simply kaba 'rain'. This gives the batch a real seasonal round: the hot season when the waterholes dry up and people move to the sea; the wet season of thunder (jarramali) and lightning (balbay); the cold season when the dew lies white on the grass at dawn. Grammar even supplied a ready sentence, ex.541 'his mother's father (ngaji) died in the hot season'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: kija the moon-being; warral/kaban rulings.
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:28:33.539208+00:00
lesson:
kija 'the moon' is not only a celestial body and a unit of time but a creation being in Yalanji cosmology: grammar l.719 records that kija 'moon' created the first women at kijandaku 'Roaring Meg Falls'. This let the batch carry a little of the culture, not just the calendar - the stars as the far-off fires of the dead, the moon that waxes and wanes (yalbay-ma-l / buban-ma-l) as the people's own clock, the morning star that rises before the sun and fades as it climbs. Phantom-watch this batch: warral 'green' is unattested (use ngulkurr or mayi-jirr 'with food'), and kaban means 'paper/book/letter', NOT 'cover' - both caught before banking.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:28:33.539208+00:00
lesson:
Time and sky are the register of the seasonal round and the working day. The old man rises with the sun to bathe in the cool river; at midday the people rest in the tree-shade; in the evening the sun goes down into the sea and the cool night comes; before the coldest dawn the camp is silent and the fires burn low and red. Across the year the people read the season from the moon and the dew: now the hot season, soon the wet, then the cold; in the hot the waterholes dry and they move to the sea, in the wet the rivers run full and the country turns lush, in the cold the dew lies white at dawn. It is time measured not by a clock but by the sun, the moon, the rain, and the dew.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 70 - comparison & similative.
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:46:01.533816+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji compares with a single particle, yala, glossed COMP 'like, same' (§3.9.2). It is the same root as the demonstrative yala 'this', and it sits between the two compared things: X yala Y = 'X is like Y' (ex.267 julmbanu yala maja 'the kangaroo is like a boss'; ex.604 nyulu yala nyungu nganjan 'he is like his father'). There is no copula - the yala-phrase IS the predicate. This makes the elder's simile a natural, compact form: the young man is like a spear, a good friend is like deep water, a lie is like a snake in the grass.


category: lexicon
guide_change: captured in rule 70 (yala walu-walu 'looks like', yala-ku 'like this').
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:46:01.533816+00:00
lesson:
Two idiomatic extensions of yala. 'X looks like Y' is built with walu 'face' reduplicated to walu-walu 'appearance': SUBJ yala walu-walu yala Y, literally 'SUBJ like [its] looks like Y' (ex.205 'nyulu yala walu-walu yala bikibiki' = he looks like a pig). 'like this / thus' is yala-ku, the comparison particle plus the adverbial clitic -ku (ex.243 'yala-ku dingka-l mara-bu' = squeeze it like this with the hand) - the natural way an elder teaches a skill: hold the digging-stick like this, turn your wrist like this. And yala itself doubles as the sentence-adverb 'thus, so' already used throughout the corpus.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 70 (yala-rrku, nyubun/nyubun-bu, kari yala).
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:46:01.533816+00:00
lesson:
'The same' rides two forms. yala-rrku is yala plus the totality/exclusive clitic -rrku (EMPH4, l.3902, which only attaches to verbs, pronouns, and the particles kari and yala): it means 'just the same, also' - ex.206 'kanbal bubu yala-rrku' 'some places are just the same', ex.207 'wulman yala-rrku ... badi-ny' 'the old man ALSO cried, just like the others'. Separately, nyubun 'one' does double duty as 'the same' (one and the same face, the same blood), and with the instrumental, nyubun-bu means 'as one, together' (thrown as one, two hands washing as one). Difference is just the negated similative, kari yala 'not like', with yindu 'other' / yindu-yindu 'differently' for the details.


category: syntax
guide_change: captured in rule 70 (degree by juxtaposition + bajaku, no comparative morpheme).
created_at: 2026-07-06T20:46:01.533816+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji has NO morphological comparative or superlative - no '-er/-est', no dedicated 'than'. Degree is done by JUXTAPOSITION and the intensifier bajaku 'very': 'this hill big, that mountain very big' means the mountain is bigger; a three-step ladder buban / yalbay bajaku / yalbay wubulku-muny ('small / very big / big-beyond-all') gives small-bigger-biggest. Comparison of worth works the same way by contrast: 'a small gift given with love is very big, a big gift thrown down without care' - the juxtaposed clauses carry the 'more than'. This is authentic Australian comparison and it kept the batch honest: I never coined a comparative morpheme, I set two clauses side by side.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 71 - bush foods & plants.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:02:25.952047+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji has a deep botanical vocabulary, and the dictionary keeps the useful distinctions a forager needs. 'Yam' alone has several words: bambayal and biyangkal for the cultivated/common yam, banjay for the deep twisting wild yam. Fruit and nut are named by species: junda 'wild plum', dukal and binanji 'fig', banabul 'pineapple', bulngkar 'apple', burrin-burrin 'breadfruit', bilar 'candlenut', bijalabay 'five-corner nut'. Trees likewise: baway 'black-bean', bijin 'tea-tree', dakumbar 'water-gum', dalban 'oak', babajaka 'bloodwood', baril-baril 'Moreton Bay fig'. Plant parts get their own roots too - birra 'leaf', bukul 'bark', diburr 'seed', dakil 'branch', jurrbu 'shoots', ngara/bangkan 'root' - so the whole plant can be talked about precisely.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: baka-l dig/poke, bangka-l gather, dumbarri-l break, jarra-kulba-l carry, kuka phantom.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:02:25.952047+00:00
lesson:
The food-getting VERBS must be kept apart, and this batch corrected three of my own past confusions. baka-l is 'dig' (and 'poke') - ex.61 'the girls dug up a lot of pipis', ex.223 'a stick poked me' - NOT 'break': 'break/crack' is dumbarri-l. bangka-l is 'catch/gather (in quantity)' - ex.162 'they took a net to catch a lot of fish' - NOT 'carry': 'carry/lift' is jarra-kulba-l. And 'kuka' for 'yam' was a phantom with no source at all (the real words are bambayal/banjay). I fixed the strays I3-safe before writing this batch, and here dug (baka), gathered (bangka), collected (mujal), carried (jarra-kulba), broke (dumbarri) and ground (murni) each in its own true sense.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:02:25.952047+00:00
lesson:
Plants are the register of the working woman's day and the deep knowledge of country. The batch follows the whole food round: the women going out with digging-sticks in the wet, reading which yam is ready by its yellowed leaves, digging carefully lest they break the tuber, and - the recurring ethic - always leaving the small ones and the green fruit to grow for the children not yet born. It carries the hard technical knowledge too: the black-bean that is poison raw and must be sliced, soaked in the river for days, and roasted; the bitter root ground and washed on the stone; the fire that clears the old scrub so the new green food springs up thick where it has passed. This is the elder teaching the child to read the living larder of the country.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 71 (plant-part season signs; baka-baka/jurrki-jurrki reduplication).
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:02:25.952047+00:00
lesson:
The reduplicated verb kept doing useful work: baka-baka 'dig and dig' (repeated/prolonged action), jurrki-jurrki 'twisting' for the wild yam's winding root. And the season-marking construction from the plant world is neat: 'when this tree is in flower (nganka-ba), the yams are ready to dig; when the leaf is fresh (jirakal), it is growing; when the leaf has fallen (dara-nya), the time is nearly gone' - the LOC and SUB on plant-part nouns build a whole phenological calendar. I also cleaned elder-surface past (-ny->-n: kulbul-ma-n, wulan, dungan) and the locative allomorphs (yalbay-mba, wungar-a) as I went.


category: morphology
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 72 - verbal aspect & degree.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:14:00.836248+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji marks DURATIVE and ITERATIVE aspect - 'keep V-ing', 'V for a while', 'V about' - by REDUPLICATING the verb. Most verbs reduplicate wholly (nuril-nuril 'keep peeping', murni-murni 'keep grinding', nyaji-nyaji 'keep watching'), and y-conjugation verbs insert -n- between the copies (warri-n-warri-y). But six of the commonest verbs have frozen into obligatory PARTIAL reduplication, and the fully-reduplicated form is now actually unacceptable (l.1241-1246): kankaday 'keep coming', bundanday 'stay', wunanay 'keep lying/sleep', banbadi 'keep crying', janjanay 'keep standing', wanarri 'keep running'. The elder surface drops the final y after i, so it is banbadi and wanarri, not *banbadiy/*wanarriy - and wanarri is exactly the everyday word for 'run'.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 72 (-baja again/DEG2, jarra- DEG1).
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:14:00.836248+00:00
lesson:
The clitic -baja does double duty, split by word class (l.2139). On a VERB it is the post-inflectional 'again': dama-ny-baja 'threw again', jilba-baja 'walk again', yudal-baja 'begin again', nyunba-baja 'return again' - stacked for insistence, balka-baja balka-baja 'tell it again and again'. On an ADJECTIVE it is the degree suffix that must be closed by the emphatic -ku: X-baja-ku 'very X' (dakuy-baja-ku 'very hungry', ex.82). This is where the everyday intensifier bajaku actually comes from - it is -baja-ku frozen onto adjectives. The matching prefix jarra- 'rather, more' (DEG1) gives the softer degree: jarra-yalbay 'rather big', jarra-kulbul 'rather ripe' (ex.79).


category: syntax
guide_change: captured in rule 72 (kunbayn completive, yudal inceptive).
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:14:00.836248+00:00
lesson:
The batch also handled the boundaries of an action - where it starts and stops. kunbayn 'finish' is the completive ('when she had finished grinding', 'the day is finished'), and yudal 'begin' is the inceptive ('she began to shape the cakes', 'the rain began again'). Set against the durative reduplication and the iterative -baja, this gives the whole shape of doing that the last sentence names outright: begin (yudal), keep at it (bundanday), do it again (-baja), finish it (kunbayn) - and, the elder adds, only call a thing very good (ngulkurr-baja-ku) once it is truly finished. Aspect here is not an abstract grammar point but the grammar of patience and persistence.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:14:00.836248+00:00
lesson:
Aspect is the register of endurance: the things that go on and on and the things done over and over. The batch is full of them - the child who cries and cries until she sleeps, the old men who sit and talk long after everyone else has gone, the dog running back and forth all night, the floodwater rising and rising while the people carry their things up the hill again and again, the hunter who tries and fails and tries again while the country teaches him a little more each time. And the degree forms let the elder grade the world precisely - rather hungry now but very hungry by night, a rather good story that makes them listen against a very good one that makes them forget the cold. It is the language of a people who measured life in seasons and in patience.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 73 - fish & maritime fauna.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:27:46.615670+00:00
lesson:
The sea has as deep a vocabulary as the scrub. Fish are named by species: kuyu the generic word, jirril 'small fish', balarri 'queenfish', danbal/dawal 'kingfish', julaji and kanyaji 'catfish', kalu 'garfish', dalku 'archer-fish', dukul-barangkal 'flathead', jingka-jingka 'silverfish', kubarr the big black eel. The big sea game each has its word - ngawiya 'sea turtle' (ngujay the freshwater one), biwuy 'dugong' - and the reef-gleaning creatures too: julul 'oyster', darkay 'clam', kiju 'mudcrab', karruku 'fiddler crab', jalan 'sea urchin'. The sea itself is mapped: jalun 'sea', dulngku 'reef', karrirrangkal 'coral', kajul 'mangrove', mulngku 'wave', and the all-governing tide - balar 'high tide', ngajal 'low tide', yira the tide itself.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: ngamu/jarba/kulur/marra/kaban wrong-sense + jukul/wandal/yanyul phantom rulings.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:27:46.615670+00:00
lesson:
This batch caught more of my own wrong-sense words than any before it - all before banking, by grepping every term. ngamu is 'MOTHER', not 'egg' (there is no dictionary word for 'egg' at all), so I reworded to karrkay 'young' and kuyu ngamu 'the mother fish', and swept the one stray in batch-113 (the scrub-hen's brood) I3-safe. jarba is 'SNAKE', not 'canoe' (Kuku Yalanji seems to lack a canoe word), so the dugong is now taken quietly on the water and the young men swim out beyond the reef. kulur is 'THREE', not 'colour' (the flathead is now 'like the sand', not 'the colour of sand'). marra is 'TREE', not 'ochre' - the real word is murbuy 'red ochre'. kaban is 'PAPER', not 'cover'. And jukul/wandal/yanyul were unattested (mud is kambal-kambal, dance is jurbu). Six wrong senses, all fixed at source.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:27:46.615670+00:00
lesson:
The sea is a whole world of work and law. The batch follows the coastal round: the men wading the reef at low tide to spear kingfish, the women setting the grass net across the creek-mouth at high tide, the reef-gleaning of oyster and clam and crab when the water pulls back, the great hunts for turtle and dugong from the water. And it carries the sea's own laws, as strict as the land's: never take the small fish or the mother fish; watch the water, for the tide comes back fast over the flat reef; do not swim when the water is dark, for the shark is the boss of the reef and must be respected; and always leave enough behind, for the sea gives forever only to those who do. The tides and the moon govern the day, going out and coming in like a great slow breath.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 73 (single-r LOC -a; transparent sea compounds).
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:27:46.615670+00:00
lesson:
The batch reinforced the locative allomorphs on the many single-r-final sea words: jukar 'sand' -> jukar-a, wangkar 'surface/above' -> wangkar-a, balar 'high tide' -> balar-a (single-r takes -a, confirmed against the corpus where jukar-a outnumbers jukar-ba 34 to 0). Compound-noun coinage stayed transparent and grounded - kuyu-bama 'fisherman', biwuy-balbi-bama 'dugong-hunter', bana-mabi 'rock-pool' (water-hollow), julul-bubu 'oyster-bed', mayi-bubu 'food-ground' for the reef - each built from attested roots rather than invented. Elder-surface past (-ma-ny -> -ma-n: ngalkal-ma-n 'opened') and kada -> kaday were cleaned as usual.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 74 - conditional & hypothetical.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:46:26.004930+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji expresses the CONDITIONAL with the particle kaki 'if/when', which usually opens the first of two co-ordinated clauses: 'If the big rain comes, the river floods'; 'If you hunt well and share the meat, the whole camp eats well'. A hard constraint (grammar l.5091): a kaki conditional cannot be in the PAST tense - to say 'if it had not rained that year, we would have gone hungry' you simply JUXTAPOSE the two past clauses with no kaki, and mark the consequence with the IRREALIS -nyaku. So the whole gnomic law of the country - leave enough behind and it feeds you forever, be lazy and you go hungry, watch the moon and the tide and the reef is bare for gleaning - lives naturally in the kaki conditional.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 74 (-nyaku counterfactual + the hypothetical system).
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:46:26.004930+00:00
lesson:
The IRREALIS -nyaku is the counterfactual: 'would/should/could have Ved, but didn't'. It carries no tense of its own and almost always pairs with yamba 'but' and the reason the thing didn't happen: nuka-nyaku minya, ... minya kabu 'I would have eaten the meat, but it was rotten'; dunga-nyaku ... yamba kaba yalbay daray 'we would have gone, but the big rain fell'; dama-nyaku ... kalka dumbarri 'he would have speared it, but the spear broke'. It sits at the centre of a small hypothetical system: kaki 'if' (real/gnomic condition), -nyaku (unreal/counterfactual), -nyji 'lest' (condition to avert), nguba 'perhaps' (open possibility), and INCHO+PRECAUT yalbay-ma-nyji 'lest he grow up (not knowing)' - exactly the dakuy-ma-nyji 'lest I get hungry' pattern the grammar gives at l.5850.


category: syntax
guide_change: captured in rule 74 (-nyji lest, kunka/nganganjirrka in-case, -nyjiku before).
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:46:26.004930+00:00
lesson:
The precautionary -nyji 'lest' is the grammar of a careful people: hold the digging-stick tight lest the mudcrab bite your hand; watch the water lest the tide catch you on the reef; cook the meat through lest it make you sick; do not step bare-footed lest the urchin-spine break off in your heel. Alongside it sit two 'in case' particles that provision against a hypothetical - kunka 'might be' and nganganjirrka 'just in case' (carry a firestick in case the night turns cold; take a spear just in case a snake lies across the track). And the successive -nyjiku 'before' orders events without cause: drink and fill the bag before you set out, gather the shellfish before the tide turns back, cook the fish before the night comes down.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: b116 wrong-sense/phantom rulings + kaki/wulngku/jarba reinstated in true sense.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:46:26.004930+00:00
lesson:
This construction batch still turned up a dozen wrong-sense and phantom words, every one caught by grepping before banking so that NONE reached the corpus - the discipline is doing exactly its job. The sharpest were the near-misses that a phonotactic lint can never see: biyal is 'gristle' not 'wallaby' (the corpus word is kadar), bilngkumu is 'crocodile' not 'raw', kija is 'place' not 'drink', kunji is 'sneeze' not 'stop', maral is 'young girl' not 'smooth', jawun is 'friend' not 'family', dara is a 'bamboo spear' while 'fall' is daray, kulbul is 'ripe' not 'wake'. Set against these, three denylist words earned their place back by being used in their true sense: kaki 'if', wulngku 'song', jarba 'snake' - each denylisted only as a guard against a wrong sense, each correct here.


category: process
guide_change: process guard: reword both fields token-wise; post-close DB grep over kuku+analysis is mandatory.
created_at: 2026-07-06T21:52:37.384610+00:00
lesson:
PROCESS FAILURE MODE + FIX: when rewording a bank file by string-replacement, the KUKU field starts with a CAPITAL letter but the analysis-segmentation (before the ' | ') starts LOWERCASE, so a single full-sentence replace often hits only one of the two - leaving the other desynced. The pre-bank scan reads ONLY the kuku field, and the mechanical lint cannot see a phonotactically-legal wrong word, so these desyncs pass both gates silently. Eight b116 rows shipped with a stale analysis (or a stale kuku for jaba-l/bikirr) this way. The post-close interleave sweep (grep the DB for every newly-resolved wrong-sense token across BOTH fields) caught all eight + one genuinely-old wrong-sense (id2070 kunji='sneeze' misused for 'bury') - all fixed I3-safe. FIX: reword token-wise (not full-sentence) and apply to BOTH kuku and analysis; after every close, grep the DB over kuku+analysis for the batch's corrected tokens - the interleave sweep is mandatory, not optional.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 75 - birds.
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:10:03.177090+00:00
lesson:
The bird world (buyi) is as richly named as the land mammals and the sea creatures, completing the fauna triad. Every bird of the country has its word: the bush birds by their calls and habits - kuyir the night-wailing curlew, kururrungka the dawn-laughing kookaburra, jarruka the scrub-hen at her mound, bulnja the frogmouth frozen like a dead branch, kalbu the clever thieving crow; the rainforest birds by their colour and place - kurranji the great cassowary that plants the forest as it walks, kadanji the black cockatoo whose evening screech foretells rain, karrambil the red king parrot, jurriyan the bower bird at its decorated avenue, dabuy the kingfisher diving like a spear; and the water birds - kulbal the brolga that dances and mates for life, jamarbina the migrating goose, birmba the ibis, mabal the mud-nesting swallow. Generic terms: nangki wing (and plumage, there being no separate 'feather'), banda tail, marra-warri to fly, yirrka to call.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: b117 wrong-sense/phantom rulings + the no-word concept list.
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:10:03.177090+00:00
lesson:
This was the heaviest wrong-sense batch of the whole run, and every trap was caught by grepping - eight of them only in the MANDATORY post-bank DB grep, after they slipped the kuku-only pre-bank scan through the capital-initial reword bug. The near-misses that a phonotactic lint can never catch: kudamundu is 'behind' not 'slowly' (and it was quietly wrong in one older row too), wakuy is 'arm' not 'lizard' (bajuy), wabul is 'ti-tree' not 'beetle' (ngirran), yuku is 'big' not 'flute', mudu is 'lower back' not 'fold', kunbu is 'big day' not 'shut' (nandal), jaba is 'stick' not 'scratch' (baka). And a whole cluster of concepts simply have no Kuku Yalanji word - egg, feather, nest, blue, green, thing, moth, trap, koel, brown, purple, slowly - each handled by an attested near-term or a transparent compound, never an invented root.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:10:03.177090+00:00
lesson:
Birds are the country's clock and calendar and its book of signs. The kookaburra's laugh is the dawn; the black cockatoos screeching over at dusk mean rain is coming; the bower bird's display means the cold time is near; the geese gathering on the shrinking waterholes mean the wet is ending. Birds warn of danger too - the little birds all falling silent at once is how you know the goshawk is near, and the three night-birds calling together is a bad and frightening thing. And birds carry law: never rob a nest of all its young, take only one or two and leave the rest, so there will be birds again next season - the same leave-enough law that governs the reef and the scrub. The last sentence names them all and calls each one a teacher of the country.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 75 (absolutive object, hyphenated lexical redup, -m coda ban).
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:10:03.177090+00:00
lesson:
Two morphological points surfaced. First, the object of a transitive verb is ABSOLUTIVE (unmarked) for a common noun - there is no accusative case, so 'chase the dog' is just kaya (I had wrongly written an accusative kaya-nha, which also smuggled in an illegal /h/). Second, lexicalised reduplicated animal names are written hyphenated in the elder surface like productive reduplication - dawa-dawa 'magpie', matching juku-juku 'bronzewing', juril-juril 'plover', jiwal-jiwal 'kingfisher'. And the bower-bird name is jurriyan, not *jurriyam - a word cannot end in -m (illegal coda), so the -n form is the right one. Routine LOC allomorphy held: muyar-a (single-r -> -a), yindu-ngu (u -> -ngu).


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 76 - complementation & catenative.
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:26:55.509722+00:00
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji builds its complement clauses on the PURPOSIVE (-nkV). A whole family of complement-taking predicates governs a purposive verb (or a dative noun): the desiderative wawu 'want' (wawu nuka-nka 'want to eat'), the ability predicate binal 'know how to' (binal bunga-nka 'know how to make', binal-kari 'not know how'), the conative babal 'try' (babal dama-nka 'try to spear'). The same purposive carries the manipulative predicates - binal-bungal 'teach' (literally 'make-know'), balka 'tell (someone to)' with the addressee in the dative, and yungal 'send (someone to)'. Purposives stack freely: karrkay wawu balbi-nka binal-ma-nka 'the boy wants to learn to hunt'. This is the syntax of intention, ability and instruction - the grammar of a teaching-and-learning people.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: b118 complement-verb inventory + wrong-sense rulings.
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:26:55.509722+00:00
lesson:
The batch put a small, coherent set of complement-verbs on record: wawu 'want', binal 'know how', babal 'try', binal-bungal 'teach', yungal 'send', mara-dajil 'help' (hand-give), balu 'let/leave-alone', binalku 'remember', milka-wulay 'forget' (ear-die), and the phasal pair yudal 'begin' / kunbayn 'finish'. Several are transparent body-part compounds in the classic Kuku Yalanji way - mara-dajil is 'give with the hand', milka-wulay is 'the ear dies', binal-bungal is 'cause to know'. And the batch corrected a fresh crop of wrong senses caught by grepping: daya is 'give' not 'wife' (biwar), jangan is 'grasshopper' not 'way' (yalaku 'custom'), jibarr is 'hinterland' not 'new' (jirakal), ngaji is 'grandfather' not 'aunt'; and 'straight', 'fire-stick', 'mat', 'wounded' simply have no word and were reworded.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 76 (absolutive common-noun object vs pronoun accusative; balka addressee = DAT).
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:26:55.509722+00:00
lesson:
The batch re-taught the hardest lesson of case, and I got it wrong first and the lint caught it: the OBJECT of a transitive verb (and the addressee of 'tell') is not marked with any accusative on a COMMON noun - it is absolutive, bare. I had invented an accusative -nha (which also smuggled in an illegal /h/), exactly the error flagged back in batch-117. So 'ask the girl' is jalbu, 'tell the children' is the dative karrkay-karrkay-nka. PRONOUNS, by contrast, DO have a true accusative (Rule 39): 'teach me' is nganya (suppletive 1sg ACC), 'teach you' yununy, 'teach him' nyunguny, and 'tell him' the dative nyungunku. Nouns are ergative-absolutive; pronouns are nominative-accusative - and the object of a complement construction obeys exactly that split.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:26:55.509722+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of passing knowledge down. Almost every sentence is a teaching or a learning: the boy who wants to learn to hunt, the child who tries and tries to make fire, the old woman who knows how to find water in the driest country, the grandmother teaching the girls to weave, the father teaching the son the man's law and the mother teaching the daughter the woman's law, the old man sent as a boy to learn the deep songs in the south. And it carries the phasal wisdom of doing a thing all the way - begin, keep at it, finish; remember to leave enough, do not forget the old people, never forget where you come from. The last sentence gathers the whole shape of learning into one line: want to know, try with your hands, ask the old people, remember it all, and never forget your country.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 77 - reptiles, frogs & insects (completes the fauna quartet).
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:42:05.393474+00:00
lesson:
Batch-119 completes the animal kingdom - land mammals (b105), sea fauna (b115), birds (b117), and now the crawling world of reptiles, frogs and insects. The reptile vocabulary is the richest single semantic field in the dictionary: snakes are named to species (bindimu black, jinkalmu brown, kalkamuku green-tree, bakay water, kabul python, jijirrbay whip) and so are lizards (jadi sand-goanna, kalajarr scrub-goanna, bajabaja blue-tongue, binanjal frill-neck, bilbil-bilbil gecko), with bilngkumu the crocodile the single most-feared creature. The insects split into biters (kamu mosquito, diri-diri sandfly), food (mujurr witchetty grub, kuja sugarbag bee, jadi goanna), and the useful (munjurr green ant, the gecko). A people's whole survival knowledge is encoded in how finely it names what crawls.


category: morphology
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:42:05.393474+00:00
lesson:
This batch turned up a true minimal pair that must be held carefully: mara-warri 'crawl' (single r) versus marra-warri 'fly' (double rr) - the snake mara-warri's through the grass, the fly marra-warri's over the meat. The /r/ (retroflex glide) and /rr/ (trill) are separate phonemes and here they distinguish two everyday motion verbs; a spelling slip turns a crawling snake into a flying insect. And the batch relapsed once more into the fake accusative -nha on the third-person plural object (jana-nha), which is doubly wrong: it smuggles an illegal /h/, AND per Rule 39 the non-singular pronouns (jana, bula, ngana) are the bare NOM base in EVERY core position - so 'let them go' is jana, and the addressee of 'tell' is the dative jana-nka. The lint caught it, as it did in batch-118.

guide_change:
captured in rule 77 (mara-warri vs marra-warri) + reinforced Rule 39 (jana bare in all core positions).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: b119 phantom rulings (ganggal/jalany/bukul/nyunun) + bukul-debt watchlist entry.
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:42:05.393474+00:00
lesson:
The grep discipline caught four phantoms I had been leaning on - two of them long-standing. 'ganggal' for 'skin' is unattested and phonotactically illegal (Kuku Yalanji has no plain /g/ onset, only /ng/), and there turns out to be NO simple noun 'skin' at all - it must be reworded around. 'jalany' for 'tongue' is wrong: tongue is nyabil (12 accepted rows already have it right). Worst, 'bukul' for 'bark' is a phantom with 5 accepted rows of debt - the real word is dumbul (16 accepted rows) or julkun - so bukul goes on the watchlist for a reconciliation sweep. And 'nyunun' 'bedding' is unattested (blanket/bedding = kararr or bilangkurr). All four are now on the pre-bank denylist.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:42:05.393474+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of a people who live close to the ground and know every creeping thing on it. The snakes are held with respect, not hatred - 'the snake is not evil, only hungry and afraid like everything else; give it room and it will go its own way.' The goanna and the sugarbag bee are food and the green ant is medicine, crushed into a sharp sour drink that makes a sick person well. The frog is a patient teacher who waits out the whole long dry underground and sings the instant the rain comes, and its sudden silence in the night means a snake is moving. Every sentence carries a piece of survival law: beat the ground before you walk, never reach into a dark hole, shake out your bedding, cover the meat, follow the one bee home. The last line names the whole crawling world at once and gives each creature its own place in the country.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 78 - the -nya subordinate clause (four functions).
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:59:23.974964+00:00
lesson:
This batch established the workhorse of Kuku Yalanji subordination: the verb + -nya (SUB) clause, which carries four distinct functions off a single suffix. SIMULTANEOUS action ('while/watched X V-ing') reduplicates the subordinate verb - baka-l-baka-nya 'digging', dama-l-dama-nya 'spearing' - because an action must be ongoing for another to coincide, and it pairs naturally with a perception main verb so the whole thing reads like an English relative clause ('watched the man who was digging'). CAUSAL ('tired from V-ing') uses the same -nya but takes NO case and reads as a completed prior cause. PRIOR EVENT ('after having V-ed') wraps the verb in the temporal proclitic wawu- and the ablative -muny. HYPOTHETICAL ('in case') is introduced by kunka or nganganjirrka. One suffix, four clause types - the backbone of complex Kuku Yalanji sentences.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 78 (the three wawu; reduplication for simultaneity).
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:59:23.974964+00:00
lesson:
The single most important morphological discovery of the batch: wawu- is a THIRD, unrelated homophone. There is wawu 'want/like' (the desiderative particle of batch-118), wawu 'breath/soul' (batch-110), and now wawu- the TEMPORAL PROCLITIC 'since/after' (TEMP4, grammar §3.10.1), which occurs ONLY in construction with the ablative -muny: wawu-janji-nya-muny 'after bathing', wawu-mayi-muny 'after the meal', wawu-yinya-muny 'after that'. Context and the obligatory ablative disambiguate them completely, but they must never be conflated. The other morphological law is reduplication as the mark of ongoing simultaneous action, with the surface rule that -l-conjugation verbs keep their -l inside the reduplication: baka-l-baka-nya, dama-l-dama-nya, muja-l-muja-nya, but janji-janji-nya, maraji-maraji-nya.


category: lexicon
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:59:23.974964+00:00
lesson:
Grep discipline caught a nasty one this batch: yinkar is 'dilly bag', NOT 'work' - I had reached for it as 'work' twice, and the real word is kirraji. Likewise jiba is 'liver', so my coinages jiba-ngulkurr and jiba-badi for 'happy' were wrong - the attested word for happy is wawu-mini (yet another wawu compound). A whole cluster of everyday verbs turned out to be unattested and had to be reworded: dungun 'shaft', jayba 'choke', yinbarr 'yelp', kindil 'burning', marndi 'dry' (the adjective marral had to serve), bibi 'play' (the real word is kinkay). Confirmed as good: kirraji work, wawu-mini happy, dukal fig-tree, kaka sore, manu throat, kangkal child, wala-l enter, jiri sky, yajarri laugh, badi cry, warngku sleep, manubu-dama-l watch, kunka / nganganjirrka 'in case'.

guide_change:
errata: b120 phantom rulings (yinkar/jiba/dungun/jayba/yinbarr/kindil/marndi/bibi) + the three-wawu note.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T22:59:23.974964+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of watching, consequence, and foresight - the mental life of a people who read the world closely. The simultaneous clauses are all acts of attention: the old man watching the boy dig, the girl learning to grind by watching her mother's hands, the dog frozen watching the wallaby feed. The causal clauses are the body's honest accounting - a sore back from digging, a tight chest from calling across the water, fear from seeing the crocodile lie still. The prior-event clauses order the day - bathe, then rest; feed the dogs, then walk; grind, then bake. And the hypothetical clauses are pure survival prudence: carry a stick in case of a snake, build the fire up in case of cold, fill the water-bag in case of drought, cover the coals in case of a spark. The final sentence gathers all four into a single teaching about how to hold the world in mind.


category: lexicon
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 79 - kinship (the kin web).
created_at: 2026-07-06T23:11:59.842281+00:00
lesson:
This batch put the whole web of kin on record - the semantic field that organises Aboriginal social life more tightly than any other. Kuku Yalanji names kin with great precision: siblings split by relative age (yaba elder brother, yabaju younger brother, babarr elder sister, jinkurr younger sister), grandparents split by line (kami father's father, ngaji mother's father, babi grandmother), and the parents' siblings singled out for their special roles - kalnga the mother's brother and bimakay the father's sister. The mother's brother is not a lesser father but a figure of his own weight: he gives the boy his first spear, teaches him the hard law, and speaks to him sternly where the father is gentle. And the vocabulary reaches out past the household - bangunji cousin, biwul mother-in-law, ngalayan father-in-law, mandi moiety, mulkal-mulkal totem, and ngalba, the substitute name a dead person is called by.


category: morphology
guide_change: captured in rule 79 (the -karra kinship plural; kangkal the exception).
created_at: 2026-07-06T23:11:59.842281+00:00
lesson:
The morphological jewel of the batch is the KINSHIP PLURAL. Ordinary Kuku Yalanji nouns pluralise by reduplication (karrkay-karrkay 'children'), but kinship terms do NOT - they take the special derivational suffix -karra instead: yaba-karra 'brothers', babarr-karra 'sisters', manyarr-karra 'wives', dunyu-karra 'husbands', ngaji-karra 'maternal grandfathers', jija-karra 'grandchildren'. The suffix even extends to jawun 'unspecified relative, friend' (jawun-karra 'friends'). There is exactly one exception among the kin terms: kangkal 'one's own child', which reduplicates like an ordinary noun rather than taking -karra. This is a clean, learnable rule and a genuine feature of the language's grammar of relatedness.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T23:11:59.842281+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of belonging - who a person is, in a world where identity is kin and country before anything else. The sentences carry the real weight of the system: the mother's brother's authority, the father's sister who paints the children for the dance, the elder brother who becomes a father when the father dies, the grandparents who hold the deep knowledge and pass it down over the parents' busy years, the strict avoidance between a man and his mother-in-law, the moiety rule that divides not only people but every animal and tree into two sides, the totem each person must never harm, and the name of the dead that must not be spoken. The final sentence names the whole web at once - mother and father, brother and sister, grandparent and grandchild, uncle and aunt and cousin, and the two moieties that hold it together - and ends: this is who you are.


category: syntax
guide_change: new cheatsheet rule 80 - questions & interrogatives.
created_at: 2026-07-06T23:25:10.469403+00:00
lesson:
This batch built the whole question system, which splits cleanly in two. CONTENT questions use an interrogative word (who, what, where, when, how, how many, why) that is stressed and may stand anywhere in the clause, while the verb keeps its ordinary tense - 'Wanya-ngka kuyu daman?' 'Who speared the fish?', 'Yundu wanjabu dunga-y?' 'Where are you going?'. POLAR (yes/no) questions, by contrast, carry NO question word and NO particle at all: they have exactly the same word order as a plain statement and are marked only by intonation - 'Minya waju-n niji?' 'Is the meat cooked now?'. In writing, only the question mark distinguishes them. Embedded questions ('the old man asked who had made the tracks') reuse the same interrogatives inside a subordinate clause. This is the machinery of every real conversation, and it makes the corpus far more usable for actual translation.


category: morphology
created_at: 2026-07-06T23:25:10.469403+00:00
lesson:
The morphology of the interrogatives is elegant and typologically striking. 'Who' (wanya) inflects like a NOUN, on the ergative/absolutive pattern: bare wanya for an intransitive subject or object, wanya-ngka (the potent ergative) for a transitive subject - so 'who' patterns with the very case system that makes Kuku Yalanji an ergative language, rather than with the pronouns. 'What' (wanyu) takes the neutral case set on a stem wanyurri(y)-, and its case forms carry extra meaning: the DATIVE wanyurri-ngku (or wanyurrimun) 'for what purpose' IS the word for 'why'; the LOCATIVE wanyurri-mbu 'at what' asks 'why there and not elsewhere'; and the COMITATIVE wanyurri-nji 'with what' is the fixed way to ask after an illness ('what are you ill with?'). 'Where' (wanja/wanjabu) is a location word taking only local cases, and it is the base from which 'when' (wanja-wanja) and 'how' (wanjarr) are built.

guide_change:
captured in rule 80 (who=noun/ERG-ABS; what=neutral, its cases give why/illness; when/how built on where).


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata: b122 interrogative inventory + the today/truly/canoe/half phantom rulings.
created_at: 2026-07-06T23:25:10.469403+00:00
lesson:
The batch nailed down the interrogative inventory that had caused trouble as far back as batch-120: wanya is 'who' and wanyu is 'what' (I had once had them muddled). It also added junjuy 'something' (the indefinite for non-human referents - 'who' and 'what' are ONLY interrogative in Kuku Yalanji and cannot mean 'someone/something'), and yaluy 'here'. Grep discipline caught an unusually large crop of phantoms this batch, several of them intensifiers and temporals that are easy to reach for in English but simply have no Kuku Yalanji word: nyawa 'truly', jinbi 'today', jibin 'tomorrow', walba 'canoe', julmbu 'half', wanan 'wide', ngampula 'we (inclusive)', yalama 'answer'. Each was reworded to an attested word (niji 'now', walmba 'log', ngana 'we-inc', balka 'say') or dropped.


category: register
guide_change: none
created_at: 2026-07-06T23:25:10.469403+00:00
lesson:
This is the register of the question - the turn-by-turn texture of real talk, which the corpus had been light on. The sentences are almost all dialogue: the old woman demanding to know who ate the figs, the child pointing at a dark shape on the sand and asking what it is, the hunter reading blood and asking where the wounded wallaby has gone, the old woman laying a cool hand on a hot forehead and asking 'what are you ill with?', the everyday greeting that is literally 'where are you going?'. The batch ends on the value the old people placed on asking itself: the old man teaches the boy to ask well - who and what, where and when, how and how many and why - because the person who asks the right question already holds the answer in his own hand.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 81: added the babaji-l LOC/DAT ask-frame under speech verbs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:47:22Z
lesson:
babaji-l 'ask' is not an English-shaped transitive frame: the person asked is LOCATIVE, while the subject asked about is DATIVE. This batch keeps that split visible in family and song questions.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 81: nyaji-l hearing/perception note; errata: no invented listen imperative.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:47:22Z
lesson:
nyaji-l remains a broad perception verb covering hear, see, and perceive. Hearing contexts must be created with audible objects such as wulngku, kuku, ngangkurr, yirrka-y, or badi rather than by inventing a separate 'listen' verb.


category: morphology
guide_change: errata Batch-123: -karra out-of-domain plural warning.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:47:22Z
lesson:
The kinship plural -karra must stay inside the kinship domain. A drafted 'spears' form with -karra was rejected and replaced by ordinary singular topic marking.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 81: sound-noun contrasts kadil / yanja / ngangkurr / nyurra-baka.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:47:22Z
lesson:
yanja is a rustling noise term, especially grass/wind-like noise; it should not be generalized to any loud sound. For crashing/cutting/falling sound, use kadil; for dog-bark, ngangkurr; for human noise, nyurra-baka.


category: register
guide_change: operator state: speech & sound lexical field covered by batch-123.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:47:22Z
lesson:
The batch adds a high-value discourse register: asking elders, carrying messages between camps, naming children and places, teaching songs, warning children, speaking softly, and distinguishing truthful speech from lies.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 82: surface -ji/-jin versus analytic -ji-y/-ji-ny.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:59:14Z
lesson:
The antipassive suffix is the same stem-forming -ji- used elsewhere for detransitivization, but the accepted surface must be elder-style -ji for nonpast and -jin for past; analytic -ji-y/-ji-ny stays only in the analysis field.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 82: A->S, O->LOC/PERL, with explicit contrast row.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:59:14Z
lesson:
Antipassive changes the alignment of the clause: the underlying A is surface S, so noun subjects lose ergative marking, while the underlying O is demoted to LOC or PERL instead of remaining bare absolutive.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 82: generalized versus total-effect antipassive.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:59:14Z
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji antipassive has a two-way semantic split: reduplicated V-ji gives generalized/non-individuated action, while simple V-ji can mean total effect on a non-individuated patient.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata Batch-124: fixed communication-stem frame.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:59:14Z
lesson:
The communication stems kunjaji-y, walngkurriji-y, and babaji-y are best treated synchronically as fixed intransitive stems with an antipassive-like frame: actor as S, person in LOC, requested/topic item in DAT.


category: process
guide_change: operator process: post-bank lint remains mandatory before close.
created_at: 2026-07-07T00:59:14Z
lesson:
The hard part of this batch was not the verb suffix but the oblique case allomorph on the demoted object: wukay-mba, kuyu-ngu, makarr-ba, kadar-a. The post-bank lint caught one analytic past suffix leaking into surface Kuku and the script was rebanked before acceptance.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 83 + errata Batch-125: baya replaces the prompt typo 'buri'.
created_at: 2026-07-07T01:51:27Z
lesson:
Fire/firewood is baya in this production batch. The operator guide's inherited 'buri fire' prompt is unsafe; use baya for the fire/firewood headword, jimal for fire-stick, dama-murni-l for twirling the fire-drill, and jakalamba-l for starting a fire.


category: morphology
created_at: 2026-07-07T01:51:27Z
lesson:
The cooking/burning verb is Patz waju-l (dict spelling also recorded as wayjul), with surface past wajun. Keep it distinct from dinda-l 'roast', nyama-l 'boil', jani 'well cooked/done', and jirra 'burnt'.

guide_change:
cheatsheet Rule 83: waju-l/wayjul cook-burn, past wajun; cooking-state adjectives constrained to cooking senses.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 83: kurrma sequence and locative allomorphs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T01:51:27Z
lesson:
The earth-oven frame is locative-heavy: kurrma-nga 'in the ground oven', bubu-ngu 'in the ground', ngunjil-ba/wumbul-ba 'on/in hot coals', with yijarri-l 'put', bawa-l 'leave', and walnga-l 'take out/open'.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata Batch-125: food-processing lexemes logged with source-safe senses.
created_at: 2026-07-07T01:51:27Z
lesson:
Grinding and bread rows should use nyurrba-l 'grind', murni-l 'stir/rub/twist', dingka-l 'knead', duda-l 'pound', damba 'damper', kawar 'honey bread', wunba 'honey', wandul 'fat', and kulbul 'ripe'.


category: register
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 83: meal-sharing register encoded through attested food/eating verbs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T01:51:27Z
lesson:
Food-sharing rows should carry the social register without inventing moral vocabulary: use wambi-ji for sharing out all food, daji-l for giving, dakwuy for hungry, yajin for full, and simple parataxis for meal order.


category: process
guide_change: operator process: targeted lexeme review after lint remains mandatory before close.
created_at: 2026-07-07T01:51:27Z
lesson:
Two review corrections happened before close: jarramali was reglossed as thunder, and a 'wait near the oven' row was rewritten as bunda-l 'sit' + purposive because the errata warns that 'wait' has no clean single verb.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 84: kari placement and focus contrasts from Patz §4.9.2.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:06:10Z
lesson:
Plain kari can negate different clause constituents by placement and stress: before the predicate for ordinary predicate negation, after an object or subject for focus contrast, and clause-initially in discourse uses.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 84: privative stem allomorphy and non-zero inflection.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:06:10Z
lesson:
Privative -kari forms a single nominal/adjectival stem meaning without/lacking; any further case suffix attaches outside -kari, as in bajibay-kari-ka, mani-kari-nda, kangkal-kari-ji, and kaya-kari-ngka.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 84: balu versus kari versus wawu-kari contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:06:10Z
lesson:
Balu is not interchangeable with kari: it means desist, refrain, give up, or disapprove of doing something. Wawu-kari is specific not-want/not-like; balu is a more principled abstention.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 84: prohibitive + precautionary template.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:06:10Z
lesson:
Negative imperatives use kari with the imperative verb, often followed by a precautionary -nyji clause: Mayi kari waju, buyun-dama-nyji; Kari kaya kuli-ji karrba, yununy bayka-nyji.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata Batch-126: negative and privative lexeme inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:06:10Z
lesson:
Useful negative compounds are now explicitly logged: milka-kari deaf, mani-kari no money, nganka-kari flowerless, yamba-kari nothing, binal-kari not know, wawu-kari not want/like, kariku not yet, karirrku not really.


category: process
guide_change: operator process: never whitelist a lint flag without primary-source evidence.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:06:10Z
lesson:
Lint caught two real elder-surface final-iy leaks (nguju-wuri, jiba-badi) and one legitimate lexicalized solid reduplication, kamukamu, which was grep-verified in Patz before being added to SOLID_REDUP.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 85: bubu country/ground/place distinction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
Bubu is the core spatial/cultural noun: ground, earth, place, and country. It must not be flattened to English 'dirt' when the context is descent-group country or belonging.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 85: landscape locative allomorphy grid.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
Local-case allomorphy is part of the lexical target: bubu-ngu and dulngku-ngu after u, jukar-a after single r, manjal-ba/yalkan-ba after consonants, and jalun-bu as the attested sea locative.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 85: location words behave differently from ordinary nouns.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji location words are a closed class whose bare root can already be locative/directional: wangkar 'up', wangkarwangkar 'up there', bada 'down', badabada 'down there', ngundu 'close by', yarra 'that way'.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 85: source/traversal spatial cases.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
Ablative, abessive, and perlative must not be collapsed into generic English 'from/through': jalun-muny and ngubar-muny are source, badabada-mundu is action-from-location, and wawubaja-burr is traversal through the river.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-127: water and tide vocabulary inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
The water vocabulary is layered: bana water, wawubaja river, yilki creek, jalun sea, dajali deep water, yalkan shallow water, dulngku reef, balar high tide, ngajal low tide, and yira tide itself.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 85: spatial motion with dunga-y/kada-y.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
Motion verbs in spatial setting keep their Patz perspective: dunga-y follows participant movement/departure, while kada-y frames motion toward a goal or arrival; exact rows from Patz were retained for river/creek movement.


category: process
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
Baral remains a documented road/path conflict: Patz grammar has baral-darr 'along the road', but the project errata warns against productive new baral-road rows. This batch avoided new baral use and records the reason.

guide_change:
operator guide process note: prefer conflict-free spatial anchors unless an exact attested form is being quoted and documented.


category: process
guide_change: errata Batch-127: surface fixes and review-tightening notes.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:21:42Z
lesson:
Surface-form review matters even on exact Patz evidence: analysis may retain janji-ny and wanarri-y, but elder surface must be janjin and wanarri. Row 4 and row 50 also show why English/gloss tightening belongs in the review pass.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: l-conj zero imperative list and warning against adding -ka to short l roots.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Disyllabic l-conjugation imperatives have zero suffix: dida, kanga, nuka, janji, balka, kida, and wandi are imperative surfaces without an added ending.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: y-conj imperative/nonpast homophony note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Disyllabic y-conjugation imperatives take -y: dunga-y, kada-y, bunda-y, and yirrka-y. Because this matches nonpast marking, imperative force may depend on intonation and context.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: long-root/derived-stem -ka imperative.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Roots and stems over two syllables take imperative -ka: yijarri-ka, julurri-ji-ka, binal-ma-ka, babaji-ka, and walu-wukurri-ka.


category: morphology
guide_change: operator guide imperative gate: suppletive command forms.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
The three suppletive imperatives must be memorized: nyaji-l -> nyaka, mani-l -> mana, daji-l -> daya. Do not use *nyaji, *mani, or *daji as command forms.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: causative-compound exception to the -ka generalization.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Causative compounds are the main trap: wumbul-bunga is zero imperative despite the whole compound being long, and action-causative -mani-l uses suppletive mana as in dara-y-mana.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: imperative subject-position note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Explicit imperative subjects are allowed and, when present, strongly prefer initial position: Yurra..., Yubal..., Yundu..., Ngana....


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: inclusive hortative row and caution that this is not ordinary future marking.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
First-person inclusive non-singular subjects plus imperative give hortative force, as in Ngana kada-ri-ka-da 'Come on, let us go now'.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-128: do not overextend the tentative transitive balu example.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Balu in imperative clauses is not plain kari negation: in the attested directive examples it means let/desist/leave alone and is safely attested with intransitive imperatives only.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: urgency clitic contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
The temporal clitic -da on an imperative urges immediate action now; -(ng)Vrr/-rr is stronger 'straight away/first of all' force and has no politeness contrast in Patz's analysis.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: urgency-clitic allomorphy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
-(ng)Vrr has allomorphs: -ngarr after nuka/mayi in the cited examples, fused -arr in kadayarr, and -rr after suppletive or -ka imperative forms such as daya-rr and babaji-ka-rr.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 86: continuative imperative patterns.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Reduplicated imperatives prompt continuing activity: bundanda-ka, waju-l-waju, dunga-n-dunga-y, yirrka-n-yirrka-y, and the suppletive forms nyaka-l-nyaka / mana-l-mana / daya-l-daya.


category: syntax
guide_change: operator guide: keep precautionary -nyji distinct from imperative morphology.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Imperatives can coordinate with precautionary subordinate clauses: waju ... kada-nyji, kari waju ... buyun-dama-nyji, kari kulba ... dara-y-mani-nyji.


category: process
guide_change: errata Batch-128: surface/analysis split for final -iy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Surface-form review remains mandatory: warri-y and nyaji-ji-y are analysis forms, but the banked elder surfaces are warri and nyaji-ji because word-final -iy drops.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: do not add orthographic lint whitelists casually during a production batch.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:36:59Z
lesson:
Exact source examples with Ah/Yah and walnga were not banked until the lexeme/lint status is explicitly updated; the batch used source-safe imperative content and recorded the omission.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 87: particle-predicate frame with DAT/PURP complements.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
The adjectival particles wawu, yinil, and binal function as predicators and take dative noun complements or purposive verb complements; do not force English transitive syntax onto them.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-129: wawu homophone note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
wawu has at least two important homophones/functions: noun 'breath/spirit/soul' and desiderative particle 'want/like/love'. The batch uses the desiderative frame only where the syntax supports it.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 87: desire/negative desire contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
wawu jirray means like/love very much; wawu-kari means specific non-want/non-like; balu is a distinct desist/refrain/disapproval form and must not be collapsed into wawu-kari.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 87: fear predicate and dative cause.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
yinil 'afraid' takes a dative complement for the feared entity, but can also stand alone as a predicate: Maral yinil, Maral yinil jarba-nka.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 87: state inchoatives and causatives.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
Emotion/state particles derive regular verbal stems: yinil-ma-l 'become frightened', yinil-kanga-l 'frighten', wawurrwawurr-ma-l 'be glad/decide', and bambay-ma-l 'become sick'.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-129: kuli vs ordinary bad.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
kuli is anger/rage/trouble; kuli-ji is the safe state/modifier form for vicious/wild/rageful beings. Do not gloss it as generic 'bad' when buyun/nganjay would be the ordinary bad/no-good field.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-129: keep jiba compounds attested.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
jiba is liver/insides. Emotional readings are safe only in attested lexicalized compounds such as jiba-badi-y 'sad/grieve' and jiba-yararri 'frightened', not in invented jiba+good calques.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 87: positive-state inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
Happy/glad/content are not one word: wawu-mini is happy, wawurrwawurr-ma-l is become glad/decide, milka-marri is content/peaceful, and wawu-daray is satisfied.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 87: milka cognition/emotion compounds.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
Milka 'ear' is a productive base for mental-state idioms: milka-bujar homesick/lonely, milka-murruji ashamed/guilty, milka-burray exasperated, milka-wula-y forget/forgive.


category: dialect
guide_change: operator guide next-batch note: check dialect labels before banking body-state vocabulary.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
For full/replete after eating, use Yalanji yanji by default; yajin is explicitly marked Nyungkul in the dictionary prose.


category: process
guide_change: errata Batch-129: duplicate catch and replacement logged.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
Exact duplicate lint is part of the research process: the first batch-129 draft repeated a batch-126 wawu-kari row and was rebanked with a new controlled variant before acceptance.


category: process
guide_change: errata Batch-129: final -iy surface discipline.
created_at: 2026-07-07T02:48:37Z
lesson:
Surface/analysis split still matters in lexical batches: jiba-badi-y and wanarri-y are analysis forms; the banked Kuku surfaces are jiba-badi and wanarri.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 88: jambul vs -bulal pair distinction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
`jambul` and `-bulal` are not interchangeable: `jambul` counts two referents; `-bulal` derives a pair whose members belong or act together.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 88: pair morphology examples from Patz ex.65-67 and text 51.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
The pair suffix can occur with human and nonhuman nouns, and a pair NP may also include `jambul` and/or dual pronoun `bula`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 88: number/quantifier NP-order note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
Quantifier placement is flexible in the source examples: `jarba jambul`, `jambul juku`, and `jambul kaya kuli-ji` are all attested patterns, with adjective+quantifier NPs tending to put the quantifier before the head.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-130: kulur small-number caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
`kulur` should be treated as 'a few/three'; in text 36 it translates 'some', so do not force arithmetic three where the discourse only means a small quantity.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 88: kanbal vs buban contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
`kanbal` marks some/several; `buban` marks too few or insufficient. They are not stylistic variants.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 88: wubul vs jirray contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
`wubul` is many identifiable/countable items; `jirray` is mass/plenty/size. This matters in pairs like `birra wubul` vs `birra jirray`.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-130: all/everything/nothing inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
`narmba-ku`, `wubul-ku`, `yambayamba`, and `yamba-kari` cover all/everything/nothing territory; avoid English-shaped universal quantifiers.


category: morphology
guide_change: errata Batch-130: kanku/kankur source tension.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
Text 51 uses `kanku` for half even though the quantifier list has `kankur`; bank only text-attested `kanku` half rows until the variant relationship is better documented.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 88: yindu/yinduy partitive note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
`yindu` has a suppletive y-final stem before inflection (`yinduy-mbu` in text 51); record it as partitive one-of/other, not as a free higher numeral.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 88: wanjarrinya question frame.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
`wanjarrinya` is the how-many interrogative; it can ask over an intransitive subject NP (`wanjarrinya bama ...`) and over an object in controlled transitive questions.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: process record requirement after every accepted batch.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
Batch 130 adds an external process dossier in `process_logs/` so source-gathering, rejected risks, and verification commands survive outside the compact batch notes.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: evidence-label discipline for future batches.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:05:30Z
lesson:
For construction batches, the evidence field should name exact Patz examples where possible and label minimal variants as controlled, not attested.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 89: storm inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
`jarramali` covers thunder/thunderstorm/thunderheads; `jabulbina` is thunder from the west/start of storms; `balbay` is lightning; `wadjal` is cyclone.


category: process
guide_change: errata Batch-131: bunjurril rejected pending source repair.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
Do not use `bunjurril` as a wind verb even though one dictionary usage string has it; the headword is unglossed and the grammar root points to curse/spit/throw, not ordinary blowing.


category: process
guide_change: errata Batch-131: balbay-nja blocked.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
Do not bank `balbay-nja` in new rows; it is in the mechanical denylist. Use bare `balbay` lightning or an explicitly safe Patz/dictionary frame.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 89: weather plus time words.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
Time words form phrases directly: `muduwajuny`, `wunkuwingku`, `yilay-yilay`, and `wujurr-bu` set temporal frame without extra English prepositions.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 89: season terms.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
`wungar-iji` and `bulur-iji` are comitative season terms: sun-COMIT hot season and chill/dew-COMIT cold season.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 89: natural force case behavior.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
Natural forces can be inanimate S or potent A: `Kaba kaday`, but `Muyar-abu nganya yararri-manil` and `Jarramali-ngka bulki dalbarrin` when wind/storm acts on an object.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 89: weather dependent-clause examples.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
Weather is a good source for dependent clauses: `kada-nyjiku` successive, `kada-nyji` precautionary, and `kari` hindrance clauses all have exact weather examples.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-131: wujurr/ngumbu distinction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
`wujurr` is night/darkness; use `ngumbu` for dark as a property. Do not collapse night, black, darkness, and fear into one English 'dark' token.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 89: cloud/fog distinction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
`ngurrban` cloud, `ngurrbal` fog, and `wurrbal` river mist/fog are distinct enough to log separately.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: controlled lexical batches can prioritize evidence density.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
Batch 131 keeps weather rows short because the target is lexical anchoring, not new narrative complexity; longer weather narratives can reuse these verified forms later.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: live books and process log requirement.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:20:27Z
lesson:
Live books must be rendered and verified after each accepted batch; Batch 131 continues the process-log audit trail started in Batch 130.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: sequence-final -da.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
`-da` is the TEMP1 sequence-close clitic; it normally marks the last action/state after earlier events, not a free English 'now'.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: TEMP3 allomorphs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
`-(ng)Vrr` TEMP3 marks first-of-all: first object, first action, first participant, or immediate imperative. Allomorphs include `-ngurr`, `-ngarr`, `-urr`, and `-rr`.


category: morphology
guide_change: errata Batch-132: -kuda caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
`-kuda` is best handled as a cautious meanwhile/overlap clitic; Patz says its function is not fully transparent, so use exact or close source frames only.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: -ku emphasis caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
EMPH1 `-ku` is commonplace discourse emphasis. It can translate as 'really' in some contexts, but it is not a general English intensifier to sprinkle everywhere.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: -lu/-la attention.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
Yalanji `-lu` and Nyungkul `-la` are attention/highlight clitics. They can mark a high point or ask the listener to pay attention; keep dialect and discourse function explicit.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: -bi surprise.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
`-bi` marks surprise or astonishment in context, as in dream-match and slippery-ground examples. Do not use it as generic 'very'.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: -rrku host restrictions.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
`-(V)rrku` is restricted: verbs for total/thorough action, pronouns for exclusivity/alone, and particles `kari` and `yala`; it is not a general all/every suffix.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: -baja split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
`-baja` splits by host: action/motion verbs mean 'again/back', state verbs/adjectives express degree, and `yundu-ku-baja` is an idiom.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 90: -ji pronoun host.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
`-ji` in-turn attaches to pronouns and marks whose turn/obligation it is. Do not attach it to ordinary nouns as an English 'turn' suffix.


category: process
guide_change: errata Batch-132: clitic-order source tension.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
Patz ex.630 has `ngayu-ji-ku-lu`, but §3.10.4 states the general clitic order as temporal > EMPH1-3 > -ji. Until reconciled, avoid productive new `-ji`+emphasis stacks.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: duplicate gate after source copying.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
The cross-corpus duplicate gate caught three exact clitic examples already accepted; controlled variants were used instead. Exact Patz examples are useful, but duplicates are still not corpus growth.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: clitic rows need explicit host-function evidence.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:33:07Z
lesson:
Because clitics are semantically light, each row records the host and function in evidence; this prevents a later model from treating every clitic as a vague English adverb.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 91: tree-part LOC vs ABL.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
For plant parts on a tree, Patz ex.524 uses locative `juku-ngu`; for parts from/plucked/fallen from a tree, use ablative `juku-muny`.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 91: juku scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
`juku` covers tree/wood down to splinter; do not force separate English tree/timber/wood lexemes unless the dictionary gives a species or material word.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 91: plant parts.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
Core plant-part inventory pinned: `birra` leaf, `dakil` branch, `nganka` flower, `diburr` seed, `ngara` root, `dingal` tree base, `dimbir` hollow trunk, `jalban` tree top.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-133: diburr seed/egg context.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
`diburr` is seed in plant contexts and egg in animal contexts; a tree-source frame disambiguates the plant sense.


category: semantics
guide_change: errata Batch-133: ngara root.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
`ngara` as plant root must be kept separate from `ngara-l` set up/build camp and from old wrong-sense hearing/listening drift.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata Batch-133: dumbul/dubal bark split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
`dumbul` is dictionary bark/hard covering; `dubal` is Patz text 51 bark in the ground-oven passage. Both are logged; do not silently collapse them.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 91: kabal text frame.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
`kabal` Leichhardt-tree fruit has an extended text 51 passage; it is safe for fruit-finding, climbing, and eating frames.


category: lexicon
guide_change: errata Batch-133: jujabala/jujubala spelling tension.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
Dictionary headword `jujabala` ironwood conflicts with earlier `jujubala` spelling in prose/books. Batch 133 used `jujabala` and logs the variant instead of normalizing silently.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: controlled lexical batch rationale.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
This was a lexical-control batch with short rows by design. The job was to pin safe flora/material forms before longer craft, food, and country narratives.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: process-log requirement.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:42:38Z
lesson:
The living process log continues: source pass, rejected/source-tension decisions, lint, close, export, and live-doc verification must be stored outside the DB too.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: possessive exception.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
Possessive forms are the key exception: inside a continuous NP, possessive case agreement is not obligatory.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: generic+specific order.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
Generic/specific classifier-like NPs put the generic first: `mayi wukay`, `minya ngangkin`, `juku buyku`.


category: usage
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: classifier productivity caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
`mayi` and `minya` are frequent classifying generics; `juku` as a classifier is attested but less generally productive.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: demonstrative position.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
With one noun, demonstratives may precede or follow (`yinya karrkay` / `karrkay yinya`). With generic+specific two-noun NPs, prefer demonstrative-initial order.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: interrogative+noun NPs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
Interrogatives can form NPs with nouns: `wanya warru` for human 'which young man', `wanyu minya` for 'what meat'.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: pronoun apposition.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
Personal pronouns can be followed by a noun/demonstrative in apposition: `bula ngamu`, `jana bama`, `nyulu yinya`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: quantifier/head/modifier order.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
When a quantifier and adjective/comitative modifier occur together, the quantifier tends to precede and the descriptive modifier follows: `jambul kaya kuli-ji`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: possessive order.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
Alienable possessives can precede or follow the noun; source-shaped rows include `ngayku bayan`, `bayan ngayku`, `badur ngamu-mu`, and `kalka jirakal dingkar-amu`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 92: inalienable apposition.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
Inalienable whole-part apposition uses no possessive suffix: whole first, part second, same case, optional modifier on the part.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: construction batch authoring.
created_at: 2026-07-07T03:55:33Z
lesson:
For construction batches, short source-shaped rows are preferred over narrative rows; the aim is to expose the construction without unrelated grammar risk.


category: motion
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 93: kada/dunga contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`kada-y` is not just English 'come': Patz treats it as goal/arrival-perspective motion, including transit toward an implied goal.


category: motion
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 93: kada/dunga contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`dunga-y` is not just English 'go': it can mark participant-perspective motion even when the destination has just been reached.


category: motion
guide_change: operator guide: source-shaped motion batches.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
Text 51 gives a compact route template: source ABL, repeated travel, river LOC goal, up/down locational adverbs, follow/chase, and mountain-top arrival.


category: motion
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 93: motion -baja.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`-baja` on motion verbs can mark again/back; keep it separate from degree/intensity uses in non-motion contexts.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 93: walking verbs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`jilba-dunga-y` is the safe walk/go-walkabout construction; short rows may also preserve Patz's `jilba dunga-y` surface.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: running/redup caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`wanarri-y` and repeated `warri-ny` rows should remain close to narrative examples; do not turn them into a generic productive progressive template.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: wukurril polysemy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`wukurril` can mean follow, weave, fence, or imitate; in this batch it is constrained to follow/path-following contexts.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 93: carry/bring verbs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`wundil` covers bring/take; `jarrakulbal` covers carry; keep the semantic distinction visible in examples.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: wandil correction retained.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`wandil` is real and means get up, move out of the way, come out; the older guard against it remains retired.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: crawl/fly minimal pair.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`mara-warri` crawl and `marra-warri` fly differ by one rhotic; always preserve the spelling contrast.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 93: drift caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
`jarmbil-jarmbil` is source-attested for drifting; use it as a lexicalized motion expression rather than a free reduplication model.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: unresolved lexeme conflict handling.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
The unresolved `baral` road/path conflict stays avoided in new synthetic rows; use safer source-shaped route expressions or `jina` only where track/path is intended.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: expanded process logging.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:12:57Z
lesson:
For high-risk lexical batches, record the source audit before banking, then record lint, close, export, render, and live checks in the process log.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: LOC/allative goal.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
LOC is the normal allative/goal case for motion to places: `wawubaja-nga dungan`, `bayan-ba walan`, `madja-nga walan`.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: ABL source.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
ABL `-muny` marks motion source/from: `wawubaja-muny kadan`, `bayan-muny wandin`, `juku-muny daran`.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: PERL traversal.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
PERL `-burr` marks traversal through/across/along a path in the project convention: `wawubaja-burr marijin`, `madja-burr dungan`, `bana-burr marra-warrin`.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: COMIT accompaniment.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
COMIT marks accompaniment or carried/equipped association in motion rows: `kaya-nji`, `kalka-ji`, `jawun-unji`, `mayi-ji`.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: ABESS vantage.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
ABESS `-mundu` marks fixed vantage/source, as in `wangkar-mundu` and `badabada-mundu`; it is distinct from ABL source left behind.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: goal plus purpose.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
A motion goal and a purposive complement can co-occur: `wawubaja-nga dungan kuyu dama-nka`; LOC is the place, `-nka` is the purpose.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: DAT transfer/escort goal.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
Transfer/escort rows can combine motion with DAT goals: `bayan-ka wundin`, `bana-ka barrman`; keep them separate from LOC-place goals.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 94: motion -baja.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
Motion `-baja` continues to mean back/again/on-again; it is not the adjective degree use of `-baja`.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: construction after lexical cadence.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
A construction batch after a lexical batch should reuse the new lexicon but keep rows short and contrastive.


category: process
guide_change: dictionary errata: baral remains blocked.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:23:39Z
lesson:
`baral` remains blocked in new rows even though Patz has road examples; use route/case frames that do not depend on the unresolved lexeme.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: transfer/carry split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:33:40Z
lesson:
`wundil`, `jarrakulbal`, and `barrmal` must stay distinct: bring/take, carry, and escort/take-a-person respectively.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: walngal polysemy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:33:40Z
lesson:
`walngal` is polysemous: open, wake someone, take clothes/shoes off. Keep the English aligned to the object.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: -bungal handling compounds.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:33:40Z
lesson:
`yanday-bungal`, `muru-bungal`, and `kuna-bungal` are -bungal manipulation compounds; do not generalize arbitrary X-bungal compounds.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: lexical loan restraint.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:33:40Z
lesson:
Loan-heavy dictionary examples are evidence for the headword but not a mandate to bank loan rows in a native-lexicon batch.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: manual review after lint.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:33:40Z
lesson:
After mechanical lint, still read the analysis fields; the batch caught and fixed unsegmented `dumbarrin` analyses before close.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: lexical batch row shape.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:33:40Z
lesson:
Handling-verb rows should keep A/O order and case frames visible; do not hide the target construction in long narrative rows.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: ERG/ABS and pronoun A.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Common-noun A takes ERG in handling transitives, but pronoun A remains nominative: `Dingkar-angka kalka manin` vs `Ngayu kalka manin`.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: fronting.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Object and locative fronting are information-structure choices, not new case frames: `Kalka dingkar-angka manin`, `Bubu-ngu dingkar-angka kulji yijarrin`.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: placement/container LOC.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
`yijarril` and `buyandi-l` can both use LOC container/place targets, but `buyandi-l` should stay literal container placement.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: dajil recipient alternation.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
`dajil` supports LOC:pt recipients and the special possessive-object construction: `Ngayu mayi ngamu-ndu dajin` vs `Ngayu ngamu-mu mayi dajin`.


category: case-frame
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: instrumental implements.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Instrumental implements remain distinct from ERG agents in handling rows: `naybu-bu`, `kulji-bu`, `karra-bu`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: kari scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
`kari` placement controls negation scope; predicate negation and subject-constituent negation should be taught as separate rows.


category: voice
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: passive constraints.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Passive `-ji-` is source-shaped and semantically constrained; use close Patz models like `mani-ji-ny`, `karrba-ji-ny`, `yaka-ji-ny`, `nanda-ji-y`.


category: voice
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: reflexive instrument.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Reflexive/instrumental handling rows keep the affected person in S/ABS and the implement in INST: `Jalbu naybu-bu yakajin`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 96: zero object in sequences.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Same-agent/same-object handling sequences may introduce O once and omit it in following verbs: `kulji manin, yijarrin`; `nambarr kulban, kajan`.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: passive rigor.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Do not create new `-ji-` voice forms just because English has a passive; require a close source model or defer.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: construction-after-lexical cadence.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:48:27Z
lesson:
Construction batches after lexical batches should reuse the lexicon and vary the grammar, not smuggle in unvetted lexical breadth.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 97: nyajil.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:59:25Z
lesson:
`nyajil` is the general perception verb for see/hear/perceive; add `milkabu` only when hearing must be explicit.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 97: ear/eye compounds.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:59:25Z
lesson:
`milka-janay` means listen/obey, while `miyil-janay` means look/watch; do not collapse ear and eye compounds.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 97: watch/look family.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:59:25Z
lesson:
`manubu-damal`, `warringal`, `walu-wukurril`, and `kurrka-nyaji-ji` cover different watch/look-around/look-back meanings.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 97: search/find/lose.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:59:25Z
lesson:
`nubil`, `nubiji`, `nubi-manil`, and `warrmba-bungal` must stay distinct: seek, be lost, lose, find.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata: smell/taste split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:59:25Z
lesson:
`nganjay` is no-good/bad-smell while `nganja-burra` is bad taste; do not merge smell and taste nouns.


category: morphology
guide_change: operator guide: case review after lint.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:59:25Z
lesson:
Do not put inanimate nouns into potent dative by analogy; the review replaced `kalka-nka` with animate `karrkay-nka`.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: duplicate guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T04:59:25Z
lesson:
Duplicate checks are part of linguistic quality: source-exact examples must still be varied if already in the corpus.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 98: simultaneous `-nyV`.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
Simultaneous `-nyV` clauses are primarily temporal; do not use them as free English relative clauses.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 98: reduplication surface.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
In reduplicated l-conjugation simultaneous verbs, retain the `-l` inside the copy: `baka-l-baka-nya`, `wukurri-l-wukurri-nya`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 98: whole-event perception.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
Perception verbs can take a whole subordinate event as object with the main object omitted and subordinate A/S retained.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 98: `-mun-bu` complexes.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
The oblique simultaneous examples allow `verb-nya-mun-bu` locative subordinate complexes, but this is source-shaped and should not be generalized freely.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 98: same-actor agreement.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
Same-actor simultaneous clauses can show case agreement such as `janjana-nya-mun-du` in the Patz ex.507 frame.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 98: fixed communication stems.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
`babaji-y`, `kunjaji-y`, and `walngkurriji-y` are fixed intransitive stems: actor is S/ABS, person addressed is LOC, topic/request is DAT.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 98: particle predicates.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
`wawu` and `binal` take dative nouns or purposive verbs as complements; the main predicate remains intransitive.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-140: weaving row correction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
For dillybag weaving, prefer source-backed `balji wukurri-l` over weaker or uncertain weave wording.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide: duplicate guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:14:13Z
lesson:
Duplicate checking is part of linguistic review; four source-shaped rows were varied before any DB write.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-141: mandi conflict decision.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
`mandi` is permitted for moiety in this batch because the dictionary and later living-book rule supersede the older bama-jambul caution.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 99: taboo lexicon.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
Use Yalanji `yirmbal` for taboo rows; do not substitute Nyungkul `jabul` in Yalanji-controlled data.


category: semantics
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 99: balu.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
`balu` marks desist/give-up/refrain/disapproval and differs from simple `kari` and specific `wawu-kari`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 99: ask-about frame reminder.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
`babaji-y` keeps the actor ABS, the person asked LOC, and the topic DAT even in lexical review rows.


category: syntax
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-141: murru-kangal.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
`murru-kangal` is source-shaped as scold/growl someone; retain the object but note the dictionary type-label tension.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 99: curse song.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
`kanyil badi` is the source phrase for singing a curse song; keep the actor as ABS with the badi-y phrase.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 99: ngalba.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
`ngalba` is a substitute name in taboo/name-avoidance contexts; do not treat it as the original name.


category: register
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-141: maja.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
`maja` is a real source-attested boss word but an English loan; mark it in loans_used and avoid making it a general authority abstraction.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 99: truth words.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:35:44Z
lesson:
Prefer `manubaja` for truth in Yalanji-controlled rows; avoid dialect-marked `yukil` as a generic true adjective.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 100: direct quotation frame.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Direct speech is punctuation plus report framing: REPORTING_CLAUSE: "QUOTE"; do not insert an English-style complementizer.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 100: balka-l addressee case.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
`balka-l` 'say/tell to someone' keeps the addressee in LOC:pt in this corpus (`karrkay-anda`, `ngamu-ndu`, `dingkar-anda`).


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 100: babaji-y direct question frame.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
`babaji-y` remains fixed-intransitive: actor ABS/S, person asked LOC, topic DAT if present, direct question after a colon.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 100: kunja-l call frame.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
`kunja-l` call/summon rows differ from `balka-l`: A may be ERG and the called person/animal is the object, followed by the direct quote.


category: discourse
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-142: short replies.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Short quoted replies can be just `yuwu`, `kari`, or `yalada`; do not create a separate answer lexeme.


category: orthography
guide_change: operator guide Rule 100 process note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Medial reporting rows may start with a quote; bank scripts and lint strip leading quotes for capitalization checks.


category: scope
guide_change: operator guide next-batch scope note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Quoted questions in Rule 100 are subordinate to the reporting-frame goal; Rule 66 remains the main interrogative inventory.


category: orthography
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-142: past surface convention.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Authored bare past surfaces continue to normalize source `-ny` to surface `-n` unless the older source shape is embedded in a larger accepted form like `kada-ny-baja`.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 100: Q/A case separation.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Question-response pairings should keep cases independent across clauses: `babaji-y` actor ABS in the question clause, but ERG speaker is possible in a separate `balka-l` reply clause.


category: fidelity
guide_change: operator guide Rule 100 source authority note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Do not mine generated model or Bible output as authority for synthetic Kuku content; source authority for this batch is Patz/dictionary/living-book evidence.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 100: avoid bare ABS addressee with balka-l.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
A bare absolutive human after `balka-l` is avoided in 'say to' rows because it risks the 'make' sense; use LOC:pt for the addressee.


category: discourse
guide_change: sample pages Rule 100 direct-speech note.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
One-word direct quotes are useful and source-shaped; they test quotation punctuation without forcing extra lexical material.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide Rule 100 process ledger continuation.
created_at: 2026-07-07T05:58:33Z
lesson:
Continue storing source pass, scope decisions, lint, review, close, export, and live-doc verification in process_events for every future batch.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 101: sickness core.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`bambay` is the core sick adjective; `bambay-ma-l` means become/fall sick and `bambay-bunga-l` means make sick.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 101: recovery verbs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
State recovery is safest with `ngulkurr-ma-l` or `kakawarri-ma-l`; do not invent a separate generic heal verb.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-143: healing guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`kakawarri-ma-l` get well and `kakawarri-bunga-l` heal are living-book licensed; `warmba` remains blocked.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 101: ngiki cluster.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`ngiki`, `ngiki-ji`, and `ngikiji` cover cold/cough/chest complaint; `Yundu ngikiji?` is a source-shaped polar question.


category: cultural
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-143: remedy specificity.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`yangka` green ant and `kalbal` remedy are medically specific; use them for cold/chest-sickness treatment, not as a generic modern medicine word.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-143: bush-medicine terms.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`dukunjaka` is bush medicine; `bangkan` is a root used as medicine for sores; these are not interchangeable generic hospital/medicine terms.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 101: pain terms.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`baji` is a sore, `kaka` is sore/achey/pain, and `bajaybajay` is painful; keep the taste/salt-water senses of `kaka` out of this batch.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-143: baykal duplicate.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`baykal` has two distinct dictionary entries: transitive bite and intransitive ache/pain. The frame, not English gloss alone, disambiguates.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 101: burn frames.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`mili-bu waju-ny` and `mili-bu waju-ji-ny` cover stinging-tree/jellyfish burn frames; `mili` is not just one creature.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 101: cut/reflexive.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`yaka-l` transitive cut and `yaka-ji-y` cut oneself preserve the instrument `naybu-bu`; do not drop the reflexive suffix in self-cut rows.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 101: washing injury sites.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`julurril` is transitive wash something; `julurriji` is wash oneself. Use the transitive form for washing blood or sores.


category: lexicon
guide_change: operator guide Rule 101 lexical boundary.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
`kalji-l` vomit, `wawu-wula-y` exhausted, and `dakwuy` hungry are bodily-state controls, but they should stay secondary to the health/injury target.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide Rule 101 process preservation.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
For health or bodily-state batches, record both positive source evidence and rejected plausible medical paraphrases in `process_events`.


category: source
guide_change: operator guide Rule 101 source hierarchy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:20:02Z
lesson:
Patz examples can be used as close models, but generated/model-output rows and older corpus long-form rows are not source authority.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 102: same-case body-part NPs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:42:24Z
lesson:
In whole-part locative NPs, the whole and body part share case: karrkay-anda mara-nga, babi-nda mara-nga.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 102: chance passive versus kanban.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:42:24Z
lesson:
Chance passive uses a locative agent plus -ji- verb and is not the same construction as transitive kanban 'by mistake'.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 102: affected body part in reflexive.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:42:24Z
lesson:
Affected body parts can appear as absolutive parts in reflexive frames, e.g. jina baka-ji-ny and yimbi junka-ji-y.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-144: wubul heart guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:42:24Z
lesson:
`wubul` is avoided for heart because the quantifier many/all sense dominates; this batch uses bangkarr for body/flesh.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 102: privative bodily states.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:42:24Z
lesson:
`ngiki-kari`, `dirra-kari`, and `milka-kari` are privative state predicates; translate by state, not by a literal ownership clause.


category: source
guide_change: operator guide Rule 102 source hierarchy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:42:24Z
lesson:
Grammar examples can be close models, but older synthetic narrative rows are not source authority for new body-part syntax.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide process storage.
created_at: 2026-07-07T06:42:24Z
lesson:
Construction batches should log both accepted patterns and blocked near-patterns because case marking is the main failure mode.


category: syntax
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 103: adjective predicates.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
Concrete adjective predicates can be short nominal/adjectival clauses: NP plus adjective, as in mayi ngulkurr or kalka dudu.


category: lexicon
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 103: water-depth nouns.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
`dajali` and `yalkan` are deep/shallow water expressions; do not treat them as generic deep/shallow adjectives.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-145: colour scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
Colour remains minimal: `ngumbu`, `bingaji`, and `ngala-ngala`; no green, blue, brown, or purple coinages.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 103: property inchoatives.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
Property inchoatives use productive `-ma-l`: dandi-ma-l, kima-ma-l, wumbul-ma-l, kiway-ma-l, marral-ma-l.


category: morphology
guide_change: cheatsheet Rule 103: property causatives.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
Unmarked property causatives use `-bunga-l`, but `mumbu-kanga-l` is required for dirtying water by disturbance.


category: morphology
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-145: jirra causative split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
`jirra-bunga-l` is the food overcooking/burning causative; `jirra-kanga-l` belongs to fire/temper stirring contexts.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-145: no-good versus bad taste.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
`nganjay` is no-good/wilted/bad-smell, while `nganja-burra` is bad taste/distasteful; keep smell/value and taste distinct.


category: lexicon
guide_change: dictionary errata Batch-145: dayirr source guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
`dayirr` is clean/clear/bright; avoid the conflicting `wungku dayirr` sun shortcut because `wungku` is turkey in the dictionary.


category: process
guide_change: operator guide process storage: duplicate preflight.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:03:05Z
lesson:
Duplicate checks should be run before script writing when common old surfaces like `Kalka kalbay` or `Kulji dandi` are likely.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 104: adjective-after-head modifier order.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
Kuku Yalanji adjective modifiers normally follow the head noun; do not copy English pre-nominal adjective order.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 104: quantifier plus adjective NP order.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
When a quantifier and adjective both modify a noun, Patz notes a tendency for the quantifier to precede the head while the adjective follows it.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 104: zero-copula nominal/adjectival predicates.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
Bare nominal/adjectival predicates need no copula: mayi ngulkurr and kalka dudu are complete predicate clauses.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 104: whole-part apposition.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
Inalienable part constructions place whole and part in apposition; an adjective after the part modifies the part, not the whole.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 104: inanimate possessor locative/ablative limits.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
Inanimate possessors are commonly expressed by locative or ablative; marra-nga dandi is accepted for shell on zamia nut, but ablative was rejected there.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 104: -baja-CASE-ku slot.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
If a -baja adjective also bears case, the case suffix goes between -baja and -ku: junkurr-ji-baja-ngka-ku, bambay-baja-nka-ku.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 104: source spelling normalization.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
Source spelling may differ from the corpus norm: Patz has ngawuya, but this corpus normalizes the turtle word as ngawiya.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 104: final -iy surface discipline.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
Grammar analysis may show word-final -iy; elder-practical surface drops it, so jiba-badi-y surfaces as jiba-badi.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 104: state causatives.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
State causatives use -bunga-l or -kanga-l according to source and semantic class; do not freely invent causatives without a source-shaped frame.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 104 process: duplicate preflight.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:24:22Z
lesson:
Pre-bank duplicate scans matter for high-frequency grammar examples: Maral yinilman and Dubu-ngku maral yinil-kangan were rejected as exact Batch 129 duplicates.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 105: kiru-kari.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:44:54Z
lesson:
`kiru-kari` is brain-privative and means dull/stupid/silly; it can form `kiru-kari-ma-l` get stupid.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 105: binal/juburr complements.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:44:54Z
lesson:
`binal` and `juburr` are adjectival particles; they take dative noun complements or purposive verb complements.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 105: truth/lie/confession split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:44:54Z
lesson:
`manubaja` truth, `jurril` lie/untruth, `warmbiji-y` lie/prevaricate, and `mala-yirrkay` confess/tell truth are distinct.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 105: final -iy surface discipline.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:44:54Z
lesson:
Analysis may show y-conjugation final `-y`, but surfaces drop word-final `-iy`: `nguju-wuri`, not `nguju-wuriy`.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 105: shame cluster.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:44:54Z
lesson:
`milka-murruji` is ashamed/guilty; `murru-kaday` is become ashamed/shy; `murru-kaday-manil` shames someone.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 105: minday scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:44:54Z
lesson:
`minday` includes tame, quiet, brave/not afraid/confident; keep it source-bounded and do not flatten to generic courage.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 105: ngawiya normalization.
created_at: 2026-07-07T07:44:54Z
lesson:
The corpus-normalized turtle form in new rows is `ngawiya`; Patz/source `ngawuya` remains logged as a spelling variant.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 106: verb-complex modifier limit.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Verb complexes in this batch carry only one modifier; Patz says verb complexes with more than one modifier are not attested.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 106: adverbial-particle placement.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Adverbial particles are non-inflecting; they may stand before or after the verb, with preferred position immediately near it.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 106: particle versus adjective distinction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Some adverbial particles may take optional manner -ku, but they remain particles, not adjectives in noun phrases.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 106: derived adverb patterns.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Derived adverbs form by adjective + -ku, reduplication, or reduplication + -ku; the third pattern is rare and used sparingly.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 106: comitative/privative adverbs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
With comitative and privative stems, reduplication is not favoured; safe rows include kuli-ji-ku and kiru-kari-ku.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 106: transitive inflected adverbs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
In transitive clauses with simple adjectives, use neutral ERG/INST before -ku: jinbal-da-ku and mumbar-abu-ku.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 106: transitive adverb caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Do not generalize buyun-ku or ngulkurr-ku into every transitive frame; simple-adjective transitive adverbs need a fresh source or the inflected pattern.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 106: ngambuy homograph.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Grammar-sourced ngambuy means fittingly/appropriately in §3.8.6.1, despite the dictionary homograph's strong-taste entry.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 106: jangka homograph.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Grammar-sourced jangka is upright/straight as a posture particle; the dictionary also has unrelated jangka noun senses.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 106: wadu scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
wadu(wadu) is the Patz off-course/astray direction particle; dictionary wadu wrong/incorrect is related but not a free English 'wrongly' adverb license.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 106: temporal nominal -ku caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Temporal nominal -ku rows such as warru-ku and karrkay-nyja-ku remain marked as potentially adverbial/emphatic ambiguous, as Patz cautions.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 106: carried orthographic guards.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:04:50Z
lesson:
Cook/burn past remains wajun; turtle remains ngawiya. These guards carry forward even in an adverb batch.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: bayan/ngara scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Bayan is camp/house/shelter. Use ngara-ny only for setting up camp/house, not as a generic make verb for bags or tools.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: fire vocabulary guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Baya covers fire/flame/firewood; waju-l covers cook/burn/light. Surface past remains wajun, not wajan.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 107: implement instrumental frame.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Implements stay instrumental with -bu: balur-bu, naybu-bu, jimal-bu, bangkal-bu, karra-bu. They are not agents.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 107: container/object locatives.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Container locatives must follow stem class: balji-nga, jungkalu-ngu, bulin-ba, kurmun-ba, dubal-ba, marrakan-ba, jukar-a.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: bag lexeme split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Balji is the ordinary bag/dillybag term; ngunyin can be dillybag/bark-strip material but also has other senses, so context must select the craft sense.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: yinkar exclusion.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Yinkar is not an ordinary bag; because it is a dillybag for remains, it was source-checked but excluded from ordinary lexical training.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: woomera entry choice.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Milbayarr was avoided because the dictionary has mixed place/euphemism/woomera material; balur is the safer ordinary spear-thrower entry.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: dubal caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Dubal is bark/coolamon/bark container in the rows here. Do not generalize it to every English bowl or ignore its funerary source senses.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: bangkal homophone.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Bangkal has homophones: the noun is cooking tongs; the verb is gather. Instrumental bangkal-bu selects the noun.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 107: loan restraint.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Naybu is an attested knife loan and was used sparsely; do not let it open a modern household/tool loan list.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 107: carried orthographic guards.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:22:55Z
lesson:
Turtle remains ngawiya, not ngawuya; productive reduplication remains hyphenated; past -ny is analyzed, not leaked into surface forms.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: Yalanji demonstrative dialect guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Use Yalanji root forms yanyu 'this/these' and yaluy 'here'; Nyungkul yanya/yalay are source contrasts, not the default corpus forms.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: demonstrative case agreement.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Demonstrative pronouns case-mark like nominals and can co-occur with nouns in the same case: yalu-ngku jalbu-ngku, yinya-ngka kaya-ngka, yinyay-anka karrkay-anka.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: this-paradigm suppletion.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
The 'this' paradigm is suppletive: yanyu ABS, yalu-/yaluy- in ERG/DAT/LOC/POSS, and yala- in ABL/ABESS/COMIT.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: that-paradigm case forms.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
The 'that' paradigm uses yinya ABS, yinya-ngka ERG:pt, yinyay-anka DAT:pt, yinyay-anda LOC:pt, yinya-muny ABL, yinya-mundu ABESS, and yinya-nji COMIT.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 108: local demonstrative syntax.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Local demonstratives yaluy/yinyay stand as local words, not as ordinary modifiers inside a larger NP; 'on that rock' is preferably paraphrased as 'there, rock-LOC'.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: yaluymbu avoidance.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Patz says Yalanji often rejects neutral LOC yaluymbu in favor of the local demonstrative yaluy; Batch 150 therefore avoids yaluymbu.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: -rriny restriction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Human plural demonstratives yalu-rriny and yinya-rriny are human-reference forms and apparently ABS only; do not case-mark them in new rows without a new source.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: local -arra inhabitants.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Local demonstratives take -arra for inhabitants: yaluy-arra, yinyay-arra; these can inflect in normal nominal case patterns.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 108: wawu plus ablative.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
wawu- with a demonstrative must attach to an ablative form: wawu-yinya-muny, wawu-yala-muny. Do not use wawu- with bare yinya/yanyu.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 108: narrative demonstrative function.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Demonstrative yanyu can introduce a new salient participant; yinya reintroduces or maintains a known salient participant in narrative.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 108: kaban gloss restraint.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
kaban is paper/book in the dictionary; source ex.140 translates it as letter. Batch 150 English uses paper to stay inside dictionary scope.


category: register
guide_change: Rule 108: abessive caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Abessive demonstrative forms yalamundu/yinyamundu are table-sourced but not example-rich; keep them sparse and low-confidence until an elder/source check expands them.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 108: -rriny orthography.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Legitimate word-final -rriny remains allowed for plural demonstratives; do not mistake it for verbal past -ny leakage.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 108: duplicate preflight.
created_at: 2026-07-07T08:42:33Z
lesson:
Exact duplicate preflight is essential for demonstratives because many Patz source rows were already accepted in Rule 47 and later batches.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: juku tree/wood scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Juku covers tree and wood of any size down to a splinter; choose tree/wood sense from frame, not from English habit.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 109: plant-material ablatives.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Plant material from a tree uses ablative host marking: birra juku-muny and material-source -muny rows; do not blur LOC and ABL.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: birra leaf guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Birra is leaf/lung; Batch 151 selects leaf only where a plant host, broad-leaf term, or material context makes that sense explicit.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: dumbul covering guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Dumbul is a hard covering such as bark/crust/shell. With marra-nga it means shell/hard covering on zamia nut, not generic bark.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: marra sense guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Marra is zamia tree/nut and also wing; plant-food rows must include nut/tree context and avoid the wing sense.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: diburr seed guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Diburr is seed/egg/bullet/tablet by semantic extension. In plant rows, English and bubu-ngu planting context select seed.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: barka exclusion.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Barka was deliberately excluded because dictionary entries conflict between yellow water snake and Queensland nut; do not teach it as an ordinary plant lexeme without a new source decision.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: kakan prose-over-gloss.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Kakan's prose sense is green upper black-palm material used for dilly bags; ignore the misleading mangrove gloss in new craft rows.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: grass material guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Bilanji and mawu are grass materials for dilly bags; use them as material-source nouns with weaving, not generic lawn/ground cover.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: ngunyin craft sense.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Ngunyin can mean dillybag, bark strips, web, or placenta; wukurril weave selects the craft/bark-strip sense.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: dubal caution carried forward.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Dubal remains bark/coolamon/bark container. Do not generalize it to every bowl, bed, coffin, or bark item without context.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 109: kanunjul restraint.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Kanunjul has resin/pitch plus culturally loaded ritual prose. Batch 151 only locates or sees the resin; no ritual claim is generated.


category: orthography
guide_change: Rule 109: Jina-jina orthography.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Use hyphenated Jina-jina for the water-gum row; unhyphenated jinajina is a reduplication-lint risk and was blocked.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 109: plant duplicate preflight.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:05:28Z
lesson:
Exact duplicate preflight matters for flora because several Patz plant examples were already accepted in Rules 91, 103, 107, and later repair batches.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: inanimate possessor locative.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Inanimate possessor with real location commonly uses locative: birra juku-ngu, nganka juku-ngu, dingal juku-ngu.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: inanimate possessor ablative.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Inanimate possessor with origin/source uses ablative: birra juku-muny, walmba juku-muny, bindi juku-muny.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: blocked marra-muny.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Do not generalize ablative blindly: Patz explicitly rejects marra-muny in the dumbul marra-nga/-mu/*-muny shell-of-zamia frame.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: sparse inanimate possessive.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Possessive is possible but less common for inanimate possessors; Batch 152 uses marra-mu only in the source-backed zamia-shell frame.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 110: LOC vs ABL object pairs.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Container and object alternations pair LOC for current location with ABL for source: dubal-ba/dubal-muny, balji-nga/balji-muny, kurmun-ba/kurmun-muny, bayan-ba/bayan-muny.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 110: material-source -muny.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Material-source rows use -muny on the material, not locative: duwar-muny, kuralbi-muny, bilanji-muny, mawu-muny, kakan-muny, nganjirr-muny.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: origin plus location.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
A single row can contrast material origin and current location: kanunjul nganjirr-muny kalka-nga yinyay.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 110: zero comitative allomorphy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Neutral comitative zero-inflection uses -ji after most stems and -iji after rhotic stems: birra-ji, nganka-ji, balji-ji, diburr-iji.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 110: nonzero comitative allomorphy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Case-stacked attributive comitative uses -jirr before non-zero case with stop/m suffixes: birra-jirr-ka, nganka-jirr-ka, mayi-jirr-ka, juku-jirr-muny.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: comitative characteristic.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Attributive comitative is characteristic, not ownership alone: yinya juku birra-ji means a leaf-bearing tree; yinya dingkar kalka-ji wubul-ji means spear-having as a characteristic.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: comitative case agreement.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Comitative attributes agree with the wider NP case in source-shaped rows: kaya-ngka kuli-ji-ngka, dingkar-angka walarr-iji-ngka.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: DAT head plus COMIT-DAT.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Dative heads can carry comitative dative attributes after verbs like wawu and binal: juku-ku birra-jirr-ka, kalka-ka kanunjul-jirr-ka.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 110: ABL head plus COMIT-ABL.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Ablative heads can carry comitative ablative attributes: bayan-muny juku-jirr-muny, bayan-muny buyku-jirr-muny.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 110: barka exclusion carried.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Barka remains excluded because the dictionary conflict is lexical, not case-marking; do not reintroduce it in construction batches.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 110: marra sense plus case guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Marra remains zamia tree/nut/wing; in this rule the source-backed frame is dumbul marra-nga/-mu, not marra-muny.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 110: duplicate preflight.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:23:20Z
lesson:
Construction batches can still collide with earlier source rows; Batch 152 duplicate preflight replaced three source-shaped surfaces before banking.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 111: nguba scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Nguba precedes the assumption or each alternative: nguba ... , nguba ...; do not strand it after the clause.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 111: yala comparison only.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Yala comparison takes an absolutive NP or nominative pronoun; Batch 153 avoids the insufficiently accepted Hershberger yala coordination use.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 111: yala-rrku duplicate guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Yala-rrku is useful for 'just the same', but exact source-like surfaces collide easily; duplicate preflight matters.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 111: kari versus -kari.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Kari before an adjective gives ordinary negation; adjective-kari can be privative/predicator, as in ngayu kari dakuy versus ngayu dakuy-kari.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 111: kari clitics.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Kari-rrku means 'not really/not altogether'; kariku may carry not-yet temporal force. Keep both separate from plain kari.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 111: balu semantic split.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Balu is not plain negation: it covers inability/give-up, disapproval/refraining, imperatival desist/let-be, and wrong-assumption discourse uses.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 111: balu S-subject.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Balu with a purposive complement leaves the subject in S form, unlike ordinary transitive clauses: warru balu kuni-wa-nka, dingkar balu dama-nka kuyu.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 111: ngawuya/ngawiya guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Avoid ngawuya in new rows; this run keeps the corpus spelling guard by using kuyu in the balu spear example.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 111: conditional/precautionary particles.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Kaki stays clause-initial as if/when; kunka and nganganjirrka are precautionary/in-case discourse particles, not generic maybe synonyms.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 111: yamba restraint.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Yamba is best kept for contrastive state/qualification frames; kari does the event-contrast and plain negation work.


category: register
guide_change: Rule 111: interjection punctuation.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Interjections can be complete utterances or precede a sentence with a pause; Batch 153 marks that pause with commas in yuwu/kari/kaku/ngay/yalada/yala/juyuy/wumba rows.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 111: avoided interjections.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
Do not use yah, ba, ma, Ah, or walnga casually: the living errata flags these as special monosyllabic/attention forms needing lint and lexeme-policy work.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 111: process-as-artifact.
created_at: 2026-07-07T09:41:49Z
lesson:
The process record for Batch 153 includes source windows, dictionary checks, avoided forms, candidate lint, duplicate replacements, lint, close, export, and public-doc verification.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 112: particle position.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Coordination/discourse particles stand at the beginning of the conjoined or dependent clause; do not bury kari, yamba, kaki, kunka, or nganganjirrka mid-clause as free adverbs.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 112: yamba state contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Yamba is best restrained to contrastive state or qualification frames; do not let English 'but' erase Patz's event/state distinction.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 112: kaki tense guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Kaki conditionals must remain non-past/stative; Patz says past conditional/temporal relations use juxtaposed clauses instead of kaki.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 112: kaki second position.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Kaki can occur in second position, but the clause still has conditional/temporal force and must not become a loose afterthought.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 112: known reason guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
If the speaker knows the reason for sure, Patz rejects the kunka construction; use independent statements such as a yambakari statement instead.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 112: nguba alternative reason.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Patz explicitly recommends independent nguba possibility clauses as the less cumbersome discourse alternative to hypothetical-reason subordination.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 112: participant retention.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Do not delete common A/S participants just to imitate English subordination; Patz notes pronoun reduction is preferred over deletion.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 112: balu wrong assumption.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Balu wrong-assumption is speaker-related discourse work, usually conversational or first-person; keep it separate from ordinary kari negation.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 112: balu plus kari correction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Balu wrong-assumption rows can be followed by a kari correction, making the discarded assumption and actual alternative explicit.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 112: source-shaped dependent forms.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Source-shaped forms such as kada-nya-mun-ku, bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku, nyaji-ji-nya-mun-ku, and bayka-nya-mun-ku should remain traceable in evidence and lexeme logs.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 112: junkuji provenance.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
The strong-wind surface junkuji is source-shaped from Patz ex.388; related dictionary material is junkurr/junkurrji. Keep that provenance visible.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 112: no yala coordination.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
Yala remains excluded as a coordination particle; Rule 112 only permits yala inside the Patz comparison frame in the source-shaped yamba row.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 112: process as data.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:06:22Z
lesson:
For construction batches, store source-window notes, lexeme checks, avoided exact duplicates, five-lens criteria, lint/export output, and public-doc verification as first-order corpus artifacts.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 113: lexical scope.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
A lexical batch can legitimately reuse the previous construction rule, but the review target must remain lexical coverage rather than new syntax.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 113: construction reuse.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Rule 113 rows reuse Rule 112 frames: nonpast kaki conditionals, kunka/nganganjirrka in-case clauses, and preposed nguba possibility clauses.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 113: kaki lint guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Kaki rows remain nonpast/stative; a static preflight guard must distinguish real PAST from the substring inside NONPAST.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 113: in-case guard.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Kunka and nganganjirrka must not be used as generic 'maybe'; they mark in-case or hypothetical-reason relations.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 113: nguba reason strategy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Nguba is safest as a preposed independent possibility clause when the reason is conjectural rather than known.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 113: balu exclusion.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Balu was deliberately excluded from this lexical batch to avoid flattening wrong-assumption discourse into ordinary negation.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: dakuy/dakwuy.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Dakuy is the Patz/source surface used for dictionary dakwuy 'hungry'; both forms must stay cross-referenced.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: bajaburray/baja-burray.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Bajaburray is the Patz/source surface used for dictionary baja-burray 'tired'; both forms must stay cross-referenced.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: kiway contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Kiway is cold as a noun/state source; kiway-kiway is the safe adjective-like surface for 'cold' in child-cold rows.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: fire lexicon.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Baya covers fire/firewood, and waju-l covers light/cook/burn; the English gloss must follow the local context.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: weather inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Weather contingency rows added checked vocabulary for kaba rain, muyar wind, junkurrji/junkuji strong, wumbul hot, and wungar sun/day.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: health inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Health contingency rows added checked vocabulary for bambay sick, ngiki cold/bronchitis, bangkan medicinal root, bangkarr body, and yangka green ant.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: animal-risk inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Animal-risk rows added checked vocabulary for kaya dog, jarba snake, bikibiki pig, kuyu fish, kalka spear, juku stick/wood, and badur fishing line.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 113: road/camp inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Road/camp rows added checked vocabulary for baral road/path, baral-darr along the road, bana water, bayan camp/house, bubu ground, madja scrub, and ngundu close by.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 113: dependent-form provenance.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Source-shaped dependent forms such as dakuy-ma-nya-mun-ku, bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku, kada-nya-mun-ku, and bayka-nya-mun-ku remain higher confidence than improvised subordination.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 113: case review.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Case-marked practical nouns were reviewed as lexical entries plus case: baral-ba, baral-ka, baral-darr, bana-ka, bana-nga, bana-ji, bayan-ba, madja-nga, and karrkay-anda.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 113: imperative responses.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Imperative response clauses are useful for practical contingencies, but the condition/premise still needs ordinary Kuku clause order and source-checked verbs.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 113: duplicate-source handling.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Exact Patz sentences already present in the corpus should become source models, not duplicates; row 22 was revised after the duplicate gate caught an existing Batch 126 surface.


category: register
guide_change: Rule 113: register control.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Rows should read like fieldwork-appropriate practical instructions, not bureaucratic emergency prose or English idioms translated word-for-word.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 113: process storage.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:27:42Z
lesson:
Failed preflights, duplicate collisions, row revisions, lint output, and docs verification are process data and must be stored, not hidden behind a clean final count.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: -nyji precautionary.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Precautionary -nyji states an undesirable event that the main clause action prevents; it is not a generic future or maybe.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: precautionary participant retention.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
A precautionary clause normally follows the main clause, and explicit A/O retention is safer when deletion could obscure who harms whom.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: -nyjiku successive.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Successive -nyjiku marks the following event as the timing reference: the main clause happens shortly before it.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 114: successive English.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Translate -nyjiku rows as 'before X happens'; do not treat them as preventable bad outcomes unless context independently supplies danger.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: successive sparseness.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Patz says successive constructions are not especially frequent; use them deliberately for construction teaching rather than where a topic chain would be more natural.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: successive coreference.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
When successive clauses have different core roles, pronoun reduction/retention is preferred over over-deletion.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 114: wawu plus ablative.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Prior event uses TEMP4 wawu- plus an ablative -muny form; no wawu prior-event row is complete without ablative marking.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: verb prior event.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
For prior events, Patz lets verb + -nya-muny express completed prior action only in restricted co-reference environments.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: nominal prior event.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
If an event can be expressed by a noun, the noun attracts the ablative: use wawu-ngangkurr-muny or wawu-jilba-muny rather than forcing a verb + -nya-muny form.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 114: after-that fallback.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Wawu-yinya-muny is the safe general 'after that' device when the co-reference shape would make a subordinate prior-event clause unclear.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 114: -iy surface drop.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Kuku elder surface drops word-final -y after i; Patz analysis may keep -y for forms such as nguju-wuri-y, julurri-ji-y, and banbadi-y.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 114: lexeme checking.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Construction batches still need content-word checks: janji-l, bujil-janji-l, dara-y, wala-l, jarrakulba-l, banbadi-y, nguju-wuri-y, and ngangkurr were source-checked.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 114: in-case contrast.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Do not collapse Rule 112 kunka/nganganjirrka in-case clauses into Rule 114 -nyji; both are precaution-related but grammatically distinct.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 114: under-review rebank.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
The under-review rebank after lint was I3-safe because no Batch 156 rows had been accepted; accepted-row changes would require revisions rows.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 114: process evidence.
created_at: 2026-07-07T10:48:15Z
lesson:
Keep failed lint output in process_events; the -iy failure is evidence that the living phonology rule is actively protecting the corpus.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: event noun source discipline.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
Event-noun batches should privilege Patz-supplied event nouns and object ablatives over English-style action nouns.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 115: nominal prior event preference.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
Use `wawu-jilba-muny` and `wawu-ngangkurr-muny` where Patz says the nominal event is preferred; do not force verb + `-nya-muny`.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 115: sleep event noun.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`wawu-warngku-muny` is a sourced bridge for after a sleep; it should not be replaced by an invented sleep-verb prior-event form.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: mayi meal/food distinction.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`mayi` can support the meal event in `wawu-mayi-muny`, but ordinary food rows should still gloss it as food unless the construction supplies meal sense.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: object ablative event.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`kambi` in `wawu-kambi-muny julurrin` is the object attracting the ablative in a clothes-washing event.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: feeding event limit.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`jukijuki` can appear in the source-shaped feeding construction `wawu-jukijuki-muny mayi dajin`; avoid generalizing it into arbitrary after-chicken events.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: time-word root use.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`nyiku`, `wunkuny`, `yilayku`, `yilay-yilay`, and `wunkuwingku` are time references; they do not need extra English adverbial morphology.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 115: muduwajuny lexical -ny.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`muduwajuny` is a sourced daybreak time form; keep the final `-ny` because this is a lexical/time form, not leaked verbal past.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: sun phrase limits.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`wungar dakal`, `wungar daray`, and `wungar wangkar-wangkar` are time-of-day phrases, not free templates for arbitrary sun compounds.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: song noun choice.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`wulngku` is the safer song noun; `burri` remains excluded from new rows until its thin dictionary status is resolved.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: barking noun.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`ngangkurr` is a barking sound noun; source-backed rows can treat it as a heard or coming sound without inventing a new action noun.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 115: kuku sense clarity.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
`kuku` can mean news/talk/language/words; rows must make the intended sense clear in English and analysis.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 115: temporal English.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
Translate `wunkuny` as next day/tomorrow and `yilayku` as yesterday; do not over-specify tense beyond the Kuku predicate.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 115: weather frame discipline.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
Weather nouns such as `kaba`, `muyar`, and `jarramali` should stay in simple source-backed come/fall/not-come frames unless a stronger source is present.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 115: process inventory.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
For lexical batches, store both the included inventory and the excluded/risky inventory so later operators know why tempting words were not used.


category: process
guide_change: Rule 115: close discipline.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:05:47Z
lesson:
A green under-review lint pass does not close a batch; five-lens review and explicit close remain required before the goal metric advances.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 116: unmarked prior events.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
A sequence can contain several unmarked past events before the final `-da` event closes or advances the narrative.


category: morphology
guide_change: Rule 116: TEMP3 host shapes.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
TEMP3 allomorphy must follow sourced hosts: `mayi-ngarr`, `kuyu-ngurr`, pronoun `-ngurr`, verb `-l-urr`, and imperative `-rr`/`-ngarr` forms.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 116: first participant.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
TEMP3 on a pronoun such as `nyulu-ngurr` means that participant was first to act or be affected, not simply an emphatic pronoun.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 116: first imperatives.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
Imperative TEMP3 rows such as `daya-rr`, `julurri-ka-rr`, `nuka-ngarr`, and `kadayarr` carry urgency/firstness.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 116: TEMP2 caution.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
TEMP2 `-kuda` should be used cautiously for overlapping or meanwhile action because Patz says the function is not fully transparent.


category: fidelity
guide_change: Rule 116: TEMP2 English.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
Do not translate `-kuda` as definitely/for sure in this corpus without a separate source pass; Batch 158 uses the meanwhile reading only.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 116: TEMP2 host range.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
TEMP2 can attach to verbs and also to nominal/location hosts such as `bana-nga-kuda` or `yarra-kuda` in sourced patterns.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 116: time-gap bridge.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
When a narrative jumps across time, bridge it explicitly with `wunkuny`, `muduwajuny`, `wunkuwingku`, `ngadi-ngka`, or `wawu-yinya-muny`.


category: syntax
guide_change: Rule 116: after-that bridge.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
`wawu-yinya-muny` is the safe after-that bridge after a completed sequence; it still requires ablative `-muny` and TEMP4 analysis.


category: lexicon
guide_change: Rule 116: lexical carryover.
created_at: 2026-07-07T11:18:39Z
lesson:
Rule 115 time words become discourse tools in Rule 116; their lexical meanings must stay visible in analysis.


