Grandmother is staying in the house with the baby.

babi bayan-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | grandmother house-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Patz ex.549 directly sources house-LOC stay with ngawa-nji; subject and English changed.


Mother is staying in the shade with the baby.

ngamu wabarr-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | mother shade-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Ngawa-nji is the same sourced baby comitative; wabarr-ba shade LOC checked.


The young man went to the road with a friend.

warru jawun-unji baral-ba dunga-ny | young.man friend-COMIT:pt road-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji is a sourced comitative; baral-ba and dunga-y checked.


karrkay nganjan-anji jalun-bu dunga-ny | child father-COMIT:pt sea-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji is a sourced comitative; jalun-bu and dunga-y checked.


The woman came from the scrub with a stick.

jalbu juku-ji madja-muny kada-ny | woman stick-COMIT scrub-ABL come-PAST

Juku-ji is the sourced neutral comitative; madja-muny ABL and kada-y checked.


Mother came from the house with clothes.

ngamu kambi-ji bayan-muny kada-ny | mother clothes-COMIT house-ABL come-PAST

Kambi-ji is the sourced clothes comitative; bayan-muny source and kada-y checked.


Ngamu-ngku mayi kaya-nga ngalkal-ba bawan.

ngamu-ngku mayi kaya-nga ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | mother-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS outside-LOC leave-PAST

Patz-backed mayi kaya-nga possessive object; ngalkal-ba and bawa-l frame checked.


Grandmother put the dog's food in the bag.

Babi-ngka mayi kaya-nga balji-nga yijarrin.

babi-ngka mayi kaya-nga balji-nga yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS bag-LOC put-PAST

Patz-backed possessive object plus balji-nga LOC and yijarri-l put frame.


The woman took mother's clothes from the house.

Jalbu-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu bayan-muny wundin.

jalbu-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu bayan-muny wundi-ny | woman-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS house-ABL take-PAST

Patz-backed kambi ngamu-ngu possessive object; bayan-muny source and wundi-l checked.


ngana kambi ngamu-ngu bayan-ka wundi-ny | we clothes mother-POSS.ABS camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; kambi ngamu-ngu and bayan-ka goal are sourced; moved object remains overt.


wulman jalun-bu bundanda-ny | old.man sea-LOC stay-PAST

Grammar narrative examples source wulman as old man/old person; jalun-bu and bundanda-y are Rule 122 controls.


bikibiki jikan-ba wuna-ny | pig grass-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary/Patz source bikibiki as pig; jikan-ba grass-LOC and wuna-y are already controlled.


ngunyin wabarr-ba wuna-ny | dilly.bag shade-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary ngunyin includes dilly bag; wabarr-ba and wuna-y are source-backed.


makarr ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | fish.net outside-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary and Patz ex.162 source makarr fish net; ngalkal-ba outside LOC checked.


karra bubu-ngu wuna-ny | rope ground-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary karra rope/cord/string; bubu-ngu neutral LOC and wuna-y checked.


kaku bubu-ngu wuna-ny | lawyer.cane.top ground-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary kaku lawyer-cane top; this is the noun sense, not the wait-particle sense.


dumbul jikan-ba wuna-ny | bark grass-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary dumbul bark/hard covering; jikan-ba grass LOC and wuna-y checked.


mayngku balji-nga wuna-ny | mango bag-LOC lie-PAST

Patz/dictionary source mayngku mango; balji-nga bag-LOC is a Rule 122 control.


kuku bayan-muny kada-ny | news house-ABL come-PAST

Dictionary kuku includes news/language; bayan-muny source and kada-y are source-backed.


wulman bayan-muny kada-ny | old.man house-ABL come-PAST

Grammar narrative examples source wulman; bayan-muny ABL source and kada-y checked.


Dingkar-angka ngunyin baral-ba yijarrin.

dingkar-angka ngunyin baral-ba yijarri-ny | man-ERG dilly.bag road-LOC put-PAST

Ngunyin dilly-bag sense checked; baral-ba and yijarri-l keep the Rule 122 object-location frame.


Grandmother left the remains dilly bag outside.

babi-ngka yinkar ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG remains.dilly.bag outside-LOC leave-PAST

Dictionary yinkar is a dilly bag for holding remains; English and gloss expose the narrower sense.


The child put the fish net in the shade.

karrkay-ngku makarr wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | child-ERG fish.net shade-LOC put-PAST

Makarr fish net is dictionary/Patz-backed; wabarr-ba and yijarri-l are controlled.


jalbu-ngku karra bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | woman-ERG rope ground-LOC put-PAST

Karra rope/cord/string checked; object remains overt before bubu-ngu.


Mother put the lawyer-cane top in the bag.

ngamu-ngku kaku balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG lawyer.cane.top bag-LOC put-PAST

Kaku noun sense checked; balji-nga bag LOC and transitive A marking retained.


The old woman brought bark from the scrub.

Wulbuman-angka dumbul madja-muny wundin.

wulbuman-angka dumbul madja-muny wundi-ny | old.woman-ERG bark scrub-ABL bring-PAST

Dumbul bark checked; madja-muny ABL and wundi-l transfer frame retained.


dingkar-angka makarr jalun-bu mani-ny | man-ERG fish.net sea-LOC get-PAST

Makarr is sourced; jalun-bu place and mani-l get frame retained.


The woman brought the mango from the house.

jalbu-ngku mayngku bayan-muny wundi-ny | woman-ERG mango house-ABL bring-PAST

Mayngku mango checked in Patz/dictionary; bayan-muny source and wundi-l retained.


Grandfather brought news from the house.

kami-ngka kuku bayan-muny wundi-ny | grandfather-ERG news house-ABL bring-PAST

Kuku news sense checked; English 'brought news' matches the object-plus-source transfer frame.


ngana mayngku bayan-ka wundi-ny | we mango camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; mayngku and bayan-ka goal are source-backed.


karrkay-ngku bikibiki jikan-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG pig grass-LOC see-PAST

Bikibiki pig checked; common-noun perceiver remains ERG-marked.


ngayu bikibiki jikan-ba nyaji-ny | I pig grass-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; object/location match row 21 for contrast.


The woman saw the dilly bag in the shade.

jalbu-ngku ngunyin wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG dilly.bag shade-LOC see-PAST

Ngunyin dilly-bag sense checked; common-noun perceiver marked ERG.


ngana ngunyin wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | we dilly.bag shade-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; ngunyin and wabarr-ba checked.


dingkar-angka makarr jalun-bu nyaji-ny | man-ERG fish.net sea-LOC see-PAST

Makarr fish net checked; common-noun perceiver ERG and jalun-bu place retained.


ngayu makarr jalun-bu nyaji-ny | I fish.net sea-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; makarr and jalun-bu checked.


babi-ngka kuku bayan-muny nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG news house-ABL hear-PAST

Kuku news/language sense checked; nyaji-l hear sense and common-noun ERG retained.


ngana kuku bayan-muny nyaji-ny | we news house-ABL hear-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; kuku news plus bayan-muny source checked.


karrkay-ngku wungar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG sun outside-LOC see-PAST

Wungar sun checked; common-noun perceiver ERG and ngalkal-ba location retained.


ngayu mayngku balji-nga nyaji-ny | I mango bag-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; mayngku and balji-nga checked.


maral babi-nda kuku-ku babaji-ny | girl grandmother-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Patz ex.584 sources kuku-ku language/news-DAT; babaji-y asker remains ABS/S.


The young man asked grandfather about the mango.

warru kami-nda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | young.man grandfather-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Patz ex.602 sources mayngku-ku mango-DAT; no ERG on the asker.


jalbu nganjan-anda mayi-ka babaji-ny | woman father-LOC:pt food-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y frame retained with ABS/S asker, LOC:pt person, and mayi-ka DAT topic.


jawun ngamu-ndu kuku-ku babaji-ny | friend mother-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Kuku-ku is grammar-sourced; jawun remains ABS/S in the fixed intransitive ask-about frame.


The child asked the girl about the mango.

karrkay maral-anda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | child girl-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Mayngku-ku is grammar-sourced; maral-anda person asked and ABS/S asker retained.


wulman karrkay-anka yajarri-ny | old.man child-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Wulman participant noun checked; yajarri-l target remains karrkay-anka DAT:pt.


ngamu kami-nda yajarri-ny | mother grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Laugher is intransitive S; kami-nda DAT:pt target retained.


nganjan warru-ndu yajarri-ny | father young.man-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Warru-ndu target form retained from Rule 122 source controls.


maral jalbu-ndu yajarri-ny | girl woman-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Jalbu-ndu DAT:pt target retained; no ERG on the laugher.


jawun nganjan-anka yajarri-ny | friend father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Nganjan-anka target form retained; subject remains intransitive S.


The old man is staying in the house with the baby.

wulman bayan-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | old.man house-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Ngawa-nji remains direct-source only from Patz ex.549; wulman subject changes the row without new morphology.


Grandmother went to the road with a friend.

babi jawun-unji baral-ba dunga-ny | grandmother friend-COMIT:pt road-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji is in the closed comitative set; baral-ba road goal/source control retained.


The young man went to the sea with father.

warru nganjan-anji jalun-bu dunga-ny | young.man father-COMIT:pt sea-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji is in the closed comitative set; jalun-bu sea LOC retained.


The woman went to the road with a stick.

jalbu juku-ji baral-ba dunga-ny | woman stick-COMIT road-LOC go-PAST

Juku-ji is a sourced neutral comitative; no new object comitative is introduced.


ngamu kambi-ji wabarr-ba dunga-ny | mother clothes-COMIT shade-LOC go-PAST

Kambi-ji is in the closed comitative set; kambi has clothing sense here.


Grandmother came from the house with the baby.

babi ngawa-nji bayan-muny kada-ny | grandmother baby-COMIT:pt house-ABL come-PAST

Ngawa-nji remains direct-source only; bayan-muny source and kada-y checked.


Dingkar-angka mayi kaya-nga ngalkal-ba bawan.

dingkar-angka mayi kaya-nga ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | man-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS outside-LOC leave-PAST

Patz-backed mayi kaya-nga reused only as a fixed possessive object; no new possessor template.


The woman put the dog's food in the bag.

Jalbu-ngku mayi kaya-nga balji-nga yijarrin.

jalbu-ngku mayi kaya-nga balji-nga yijarri-ny | woman-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS bag-LOC put-PAST

Mayi kaya-nga and balji-nga are Patz/Rule 122 controls; A marked ERG.


The young man took mother's clothes from the house.

Warru-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu bayan-muny wundin.

warru-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu bayan-muny wundi-ny | young.man-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS house-ABL take-PAST

Kambi ngamu-ngu is reused only as Patz-backed possessive object; bayan-muny source retained.


ngayu kambi ngamu-ngu bayan-ka wundi-ny | I clothes mother-POSS.ABS camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; kambi ngamu-ngu fixed possessive object and bayan-ka goal retained.


ngunyin baral-ba wuna-ny | dilly.bag road-LOC lie-PAST

Rule 124 consolidates source-backed ngunyin with retained baral-ba and wuna-y.


The remains dilly bag lay on the ground.

yinkar bubu-ngu wuna-ny | remains.dilly.bag ground-LOC lie-PAST

Yinkar remains the narrow remains-dilly-bag sense; bubu-ngu and wuna-y are retained controls.


makarr jalun-bu wuna-ny | fish.net sea-LOC lie-PAST

Makarr is dictionary/Patz-backed; jalun-bu sea LOC and wuna-y are controlled.


karra wabarr-ba wuna-ny | rope shade-LOC lie-PAST

Karra rope and wabarr-ba shade LOC are source-backed ordinary heads/forms.


kaku ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | lawyer.cane.top outside-LOC lie-PAST

Kaku is the noun lawyer-cane top; ngalkal-ba outside LOC is retained.


dumbul balji-nga wuna-ny | bark bag-LOC lie-PAST

Dumbul bark and balji-nga bag LOC are checked source forms.


mayngku ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | mango outside-LOC lie-PAST

Mayngku is an attested loan; ngalkal-ba outside LOC and wuna-y are retained.


kuku jalun-muny kada-ny | news sea-ABL come-PAST

Kuku news sense and jalun-muny sea source are source-backed controls.


wulman jalun-muny kada-ny | old.man sea-ABL come-PAST

Wulman is grammar-backed as old man/old person; jalun-muny and kada-y are retained.


bikibiki bayan-muny kada-ny | pig house-ABL come-PAST

Bikibiki pig and bayan-muny house/camp source are checked.


The man put the dilly bag on the ground.

Dingkar-angka ngunyin bubu-ngu yijarrin.

dingkar-angka ngunyin bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG dilly.bag ground-LOC put-PAST

Changed from the handoff's road placement to bubu-ngu to avoid exact duplication while keeping the frame.


Grandmother left the remains dilly bag in the shade.

babi-ngka yinkar wabarr-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG remains.dilly.bag shade-LOC leave-PAST

Yinkar is explicitly remains dilly bag; bawa-l leave frame keeps A marking.


karrkay-ngku makarr baral-ba yijarri-ny | child-ERG fish.net road-LOC put-PAST

Makarr fish net is moved as an overt object before baral-ba.


jalbu-ngku karra ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | woman-ERG rope outside-LOC leave-PAST

Karra rope and ngalkal-ba outside are checked; bawa-l keeps the transitive leave frame.


Mother put the lawyer-cane top in the shade.

ngamu-ngku kaku wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | mother-ERG lawyer.cane.top shade-LOC put-PAST

Kaku noun sense stays explicit; ngamu-ngku A marking follows the placement frame.


The old woman brought bark from the house.

Wulbuman-angka dumbul bayan-muny wundin.

wulbuman-angka dumbul bayan-muny wundi-ny | old.woman-ERG bark house-ABL bring-PAST

Dumbul bark as object with bayan-muny source and wundi-l transfer.


kami-ngka mayngku bayan-ba mani-ny | grandfather-ERG mango camp-LOC get-PAST

Mayngku loan is source-backed; bayan-ba camp/house LOC and mani-l get are retained.


The young man brought news from the sea.

warru-ngku kuku jalun-muny wundi-ny | young.man-ERG news sea-ABL bring-PAST

Kuku news object with jalun-muny source uses the existing transfer frame.


ngana makarr wawubaja-nga wundi-ny | we fish.net river-LOC take-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; wawubaja-nga is a retained river goal/location control.


ngayu karra bayan-ka wundi-ny | I rope camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A remains bare; karra object and bayan-ka DAT goal are checked.


The woman saw the dilly bag on the road.

jalbu-ngku ngunyin baral-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG dilly.bag road-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun perceiver is ERG-marked; ngunyin/baral-ba contrast row 22.


ngayu ngunyin baral-ba nyaji-ny | I dilly.bag road-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked in the same object/location frame.


The man saw the remains dilly bag on the ground.

dingkar-angka yinkar bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | man-ERG remains.dilly.bag ground-LOC see-PAST

Yinkar fidelity retained; common-noun perceiver marked ERG.


We saw the remains dilly bag on the ground.

ngana yinkar bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we remains.dilly.bag ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A contrast for row 23; yinkar remains narrow in English and gloss.


karrkay-ngku makarr ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG fish.net outside-LOC see-PAST

Makarr object and ngalkal-ba location are checked; karrkay-ngku A marking retained.


ngayu makarr ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I fish.net outside-LOC see-PAST


babi-ngka karra wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG rope shade-LOC see-PAST

Karra rope object with ERG common-noun perceiver and shade location.


ngana karra wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | we rope shade-LOC see-PAST


warru-ngku dumbul jikan-ba nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG bark grass-LOC see-PAST

Dumbul bark and jikan-ba grass LOC are checked; common-noun A marked ERG.


ngayu wungar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I sun outside-LOC see-PAST

Wungar sun is source-backed; pronoun A remains unmarked.


The old man asked grandfather about news.

wulman kami-nda kuku-ku babaji-ny | old.man grandfather-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y asker stays ABS/S; kuku-ku is grammar-sourced DAT topic.


warru ngamu-ndu kuku-ku babaji-ny | young.man mother-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

ABS/S asker, LOC:pt person asked, DAT topic; no ERG drift.


jalbu nganjan-anda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | woman father-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Mayngku-ku is grammar-sourced; asker remains unmarked ABS/S.


The friend asked the girl about the mango.

jawun maral-anda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | friend girl-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Maral-anda LOC:pt person asked; mayngku-ku DAT topic retained.


karrkay babi-nda mayi-ka babaji-ny | child grandmother-LOC:pt food-DAT ask-PAST

Mayi-ka DAT topic is retained; child asker has no ERG marking.


wulman kami-nda yajarri-ny | old.man grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Yajarri-l keeps DAT:pt target; laugher is intransitive S.


ngamu karrkay-anka yajarri-ny | mother child-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Karrkay-anka target form retained; no ERG on laugher.


nganjan jalbu-ndu yajarri-ny | father woman-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


maral warru-ndu yajarri-ny | girl young.man-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


babi maral-anda yajarri-ny | grandmother girl-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Maral-anda avoids the duplicate handoff target while preserving the DAT:pt laugh frame.


The old man went to the sea with the baby.

wulman ngawa-nji jalun-bu dunga-ny | old.man baby-COMIT:pt sea-LOC go-PAST

Ngawa-nji is direct-source only; no new wulman case form is coined.


Grandmother went to the shade with a friend.

babi jawun-unji wabarr-ba dunga-ny | grandmother friend-COMIT:pt shade-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji is in the closed comitative set; wabarr-ba shade LOC retained.


The young man went to the road with father.

warru nganjan-anji baral-ba dunga-ny | young.man father-COMIT:pt road-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji is in the closed comitative set; baral-ba road LOC retained.


The woman came from the house with a stick.

jalbu juku-ji bayan-muny kada-ny | woman stick-COMIT house-ABL come-PAST

Juku-ji is the sourced neutral comitative; bayan-muny source retained.


ngamu kambi-ji jalun-bu dunga-ny | mother clothes-COMIT sea-LOC go-PAST

Kambi-ji is in the closed comitative set; jalun-bu sea LOC retained.


The child is staying outside with the baby.

karrkay ngalkal-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | child outside-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Ngawa-nji remains direct-source only; row tests subject-place-verb-comitative order.


The man put the dog's food on the ground.

Dingkar-angka mayi kaya-nga bubu-ngu yijarrin.

dingkar-angka mayi kaya-nga bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS ground-LOC put-PAST

Mayi kaya-nga is reused only as fixed Patz-backed possessive object; POSS analysis explicit.


The old woman brought the dog's food from the house.

Wulbuman-angka mayi kaya-nga bayan-muny wundin.

wulbuman-angka mayi kaya-nga bayan-muny wundi-ny | old.woman-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS house-ABL bring-PAST

Fixed possessive object plus bayan-muny source; no new possessive template.


The young man left mother's clothes in the shade.

Warru-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu wabarr-ba bawan.

warru-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu wabarr-ba bawa-ny | young.man-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS shade-LOC leave-PAST

Kambi ngamu-ngu is the fixed source-backed possessive NP; bawa-l frame retained.


ngayu kambi ngamu-ngu jalun-bu wundi-ny | I clothes mother-POSS.ABS sea-LOC take-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; fixed possessive object and jalun-bu goal/location retained.


kuyu balji-nga wuna-ny | fish bag-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary/Patz source kuyu fish; balji-nga bag LOC and wuna-y are retained controls.


minya wabarr-ba wuna-ny | meat shade-LOC lie-PAST

Minya meat/flesh-food checked; wabarr-ba shade LOC retained.


warrbi bubu-ngu wuna-ny | axe ground-LOC lie-PAST

Warrbi used only in the axe sense; bubu-ngu ground LOC retained.


naybu balji-nga wuna-ny | knife bag-LOC lie-PAST

Naybu is an attested English loan for knife; object remains ABS.


kalka ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | spear outside-LOC lie-PAST

Kalka is fishing spear/generic spear; used instead of excluded biyul.


mirru baral-ba wuna-ny | club road-LOC lie-PAST

Mirru club/nullanulla checked; baral-ba road LOC retained.


kunjuri ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | shield outside-LOC lie-PAST

Kunjuri shield checked in dictionary and grammar instrument example.


wangal bubu-ngu wuna-ny | boomerang ground-LOC lie-PAST

Wangal is boomerang noun, not a dance verb; bubu-ngu retained.


Grammar sources kaba kada-y rain came; no new case morphology.


marrkin bayan-ba wuna-ny | gun camp-LOC lie-PAST

Marrkin is a source-backed loan from musket/rifle; bayan-ba camp LOC retained.


dingkar-angka kuyu balji-nga yijarri-ny | man-ERG fish bag-LOC put-PAST

Kuyu object enters the retained yijarri-l placement frame; common-noun A marked ERG.


jalbu-ngku minya wabarr-ba bawa-ny | woman-ERG meat shade-LOC leave-PAST

Minya meat object with source-backed shade LOC and leave frame.


dingkar-angka warrbi bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG axe ground-LOC put-PAST

Warrbi axe sense only; no grass-house sense in this row.


ngamu-ngku naybu balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG knife bag-LOC put-PAST

Naybu loan object in a retained placement frame; no instrument morphology introduced.


warru-ngku kalka ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | young.man-ERG spear outside-LOC leave-PAST

Kalka spear object; ngalkal-ba outside LOC retained.


The man brought the club from the house.

dingkar-angka mirru bayan-muny wundi-ny | man-ERG club house-ABL bring-PAST

Mirru club object with bayan-muny ABL source.


kami-ngka kunjuri bayan-ba mani-ny | grandfather-ERG shield camp-LOC get-PAST

Kunjuri shield object in a retained get-at-place frame.


The old woman left the boomerang outside.

wulbuman-angka wangal ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | old.woman-ERG boomerang outside-LOC leave-PAST

Wangal boomerang object; no dance-verb sense.


ngana kuyu jalun-muny wundi-ny | we fish sea-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A remains bare; kuyu object plus jalun-muny source.


ngayu marrkin bayan-ka wundi-ny | I gun camp-DAT take-PAST

Marrkin loan object; pronoun A bare; bayan-ka DAT goal retained.


jalbu-ngku kuyu jalun-bu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG fish sea-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun perceiver ERG; kuyu object at jalun-bu.


ngayu kuyu jalun-bu nyaji-ny | I fish sea-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked in the matched fish perception frame.


dingkar-angka minya bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | man-ERG meat ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun perceiver ERG; minya object on bubu-ngu.


ngana minya bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we meat ground-LOC see-PAST


karrkay-ngku naybu balji-nga nyaji-ny | child-ERG knife bag-LOC see-PAST

Naybu loan object with ERG common-noun perceiver.


ngayu naybu balji-nga nyaji-ny | I knife bag-LOC see-PAST


babi-ngka warrbi ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG axe outside-LOC see-PAST

Warrbi axe sense with ERG common-noun perceiver.


ngana warrbi ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we axe outside-LOC see-PAST


warru-ngku kija ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG moon outside-LOC see-PAST

Kija is moon only here; common-noun perceiver is ERG-marked.


ngayu dawar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I star outside-LOC see-PAST

Dawar is the safe star lexeme; pronoun A bare.


The old man asked grandfather about meat.

wulman kami-nda minya-ka babaji-ny | old.man grandfather-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Minya-ka is grammar-sourced; babaji-y asker remains ABS/S.


warru ngamu-ndu minya-ka babaji-ny | young.man mother-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about frame with LOC:pt person and minya-ka DAT topic.


jalbu nganjan-anda minya-ka babaji-ny | woman father-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Duplicate-safe replacement for a mayi-ka row; minya-ka is grammar-sourced.


jawun maral-anda kuku-ku babaji-ny | friend girl-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Kuku-ku DAT topic retained; no ERG on asker.


The child asked grandmother about the mango.

karrkay babi-nda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | child grandmother-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Mayngku-ku remains directly grammar-sourced.


wulman babi-nda yajarri-ny | old.man grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

DAT:pt target retained; no ERG on laugher.


ngamu maral-anda yajarri-ny | mother girl-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Duplicate-safe target change; maral-anda DAT:pt retained.


nganjan maral-anda yajarri-ny | father girl-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


maral karrkay-anka yajarri-ny | girl child-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


jawun kami-nda yajarri-ny | friend grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Duplicate-safe replacement for the repeated warru target; DAT:pt target retained.


Grandmother went to the sea with the baby.

babi ngawa-nji jalun-bu dunga-ny | grandmother baby-COMIT:pt sea-LOC go-PAST

Ngawa-nji remains direct-source only; jalun-bu sea LOC retained.


The young man went outside with a friend.

warru jawun-unji ngalkal-ba dunga-ny | young.man friend-COMIT:pt outside-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji is in the closed comitative set.


The woman went to the shade with father.

jalbu nganjan-anji wabarr-ba dunga-ny | woman father-COMIT:pt shade-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji closed comitative plus retained shade LOC.


The child went to the road with a stick.

karrkay juku-ji baral-ba dunga-ny | child stick-COMIT road-LOC go-PAST

Juku-ji closed neutral comitative; no new implement comitative.


ngamu kambi-ji baral-ba dunga-ny | mother clothes-COMIT road-LOC go-PAST

Kambi-ji closed comitative; duplicate-safe location replacement.


The old man is staying in the shade with the baby.

wulman wabarr-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | old.man shade-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Under-review repair restored source-like place-before-comitative order while avoiding an exact duplicate.


dingkar-angka kunjuri wabarr-ba bawa-ny | man-ERG shield shade-LOC leave-PAST

Kunjuri shield object in leave-location frame.


The old woman brought the boomerang from the house.

Wulbuman-angka wangal bayan-muny wundin.

wulbuman-angka wangal bayan-muny wundi-ny | old.woman-ERG boomerang house-ABL bring-PAST

Wangal boomerang object plus bayan-muny source.


warru-ngku marrkin ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | young.man-ERG gun outside-LOC leave-PAST

Marrkin loan object in leave-location frame.


ngayu mirru bayan-ka wundi-ny | I club camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A bare; mirru object and bayan-ka DAT goal retained.


kuyu wabarr-ba wuna-ny | fish shade-LOC lie-PAST

Kuyu fish and wabarr-ba shade LOC retained from source-backed Rule 125 frames.


minya balji-nga wuna-ny | meat bag-LOC lie-PAST

Minya meat/flesh-food plus balji-nga bag LOC; no new morphology.


warrbi ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | axe outside-LOC lie-PAST

Warrbi kept to axe sense only; ngalkal-ba outside LOC retained.


naybu bubu-ngu wuna-ny | knife ground-LOC lie-PAST

Naybu is a source-backed English loan; used as ABS rest subject, not instrument.


kalka baral-ba wuna-ny | spear road-LOC lie-PAST

Kalka is the clean spear head used instead of excluded biyul.


mirru ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | club outside-LOC lie-PAST

Mirru club/nullanulla in rest frame; no new case analogy.


kunjuri bubu-ngu wuna-ny | shield ground-LOC lie-PAST

Kunjuri shield as ABS rest subject with retained ground LOC.


wangal wabarr-ba wuna-ny | boomerang shade-LOC lie-PAST

Wangal is boomerang noun only, not a dance verb.


marrkin ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | gun outside-LOC lie-PAST

Marrkin is a source-backed musket/rifle loan; used as ABS rest subject.


kaba bayan-ba dara-ny | rain camp-LOC fall-PAST

Kaba remains a weather noun; dara-y fall and bayan-ba camp LOC are already source-backed.


jalbu-ngku kuyu bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | woman-ERG fish ground-LOC put-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kuyu object in retained placement frame.


dingkar-angka minya balji-nga yijarri-ny | man-ERG meat bag-LOC put-PAST

Minya meat object plus balji-nga bag LOC; no lexical expansion.


The young man left the axe in the shade.

warru-ngku warrbi wabarr-ba bawa-ny | young.man-ERG axe shade-LOC leave-PAST

Warrbi axe sense only; retained leave-location frame.


Grandmother left the knife on the ground.

babi-ngka naybu bubu-ngu bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG knife ground-LOC leave-PAST

Naybu loan object in retained leave-location frame.


ngamu-ngku kalka baral-ba yijarri-ny | mother-ERG spear road-LOC put-PAST

Kalka spear object plus baral-ba road LOC; no baral-muny.


kami-ngka mirru ngalkal-ba mani-ny | grandfather-ERG club outside-LOC get-PAST

Mirru club object in retained get-at-place frame.


The man brought the shield from the house.

Dingkar-angka kunjuri bayan-muny wundin.

dingkar-angka kunjuri bayan-muny wundi-ny | man-ERG shield house-ABL bring-PAST

Kunjuri shield object plus bayan-muny ABL source.


The old woman left the boomerang in the shade.

wulbuman-angka wangal wabarr-ba bawa-ny | old.woman-ERG boomerang shade-LOC leave-PAST

Wangal boomerang noun in retained leave-location frame.


ngana minya bayan-muny wundi-ny | we meat house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; minya object with bayan-muny source.


ngayu naybu bayan-ka wundi-ny | I knife camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A bare; naybu loan object plus bayan-ka DAT goal.


karrkay-ngku kuyu wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG fish shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun perceiver ERG; kuyu perceived object in shade.


ngayu kuyu wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | I fish shade-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A contrast for row 21; no ERG on ngayu.


jalbu-ngku minya balji-nga nyaji-ny | woman-ERG meat bag-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun perceiver ERG; minya perceived object in bag.


ngana minya balji-nga nyaji-ny | we meat bag-LOC see-PAST


dingkar-angka kalka baral-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG spear road-LOC see-PAST

Kalka spear object with ERG common-noun perceiver.


ngayu kalka baral-ba nyaji-ny | I spear road-LOC see-PAST


Grandmother saw the boomerang on the ground.

babi-ngka wangal bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG boomerang ground-LOC see-PAST

Wangal boomerang noun with ERG common-noun perceiver.


ngana wangal bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we boomerang ground-LOC see-PAST


ngamu-ngku kija ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | mother-ERG moon outside-LOC see-PAST

Kija is moon/month only; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana dawar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we star outside-LOC see-PAST

Dawar is the safe star lexeme; pronoun A bare.


The old man asked grandmother about meat.

wulman babi-nda minya-ka babaji-ny | old.man grandmother-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y asker remains ABS/S; minya-ka DAT topic retained.


The young man asked grandfather about meat.

warru kami-nda minya-ka babaji-ny | young.man grandfather-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about frame with LOC:pt person and sourced minya-ka topic.


jalbu ngamu-ndu kuku-ku babaji-ny | woman mother-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Kuku-ku DAT topic retained; no ERG on asker.


The friend asked father about the mango.

jawun nganjan-anda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | friend father-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Mayngku-ku is grammar-sourced and loan-logged.


karrkay maral-anda minya-ka babaji-ny | child girl-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about frame retained with minya-ka DAT topic.


wulman maral-anda yajarri-ny | old.man girl-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Yajarri-l target keeps DAT:pt suffix; no ERG on laugher.


ngamu babi-nda yajarri-ny | mother grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


nganjan kami-nda yajarri-ny | father grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


maral ngamu-ndu yajarri-ny | girl mother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Uses sourced ngamu-ndu target; no jawun-unji/comitative confusion.


jawun babi-nda yajarri-ny | friend grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


Grandmother went to the shade with the baby.

babi ngawa-nji wabarr-ba dunga-ny | grandmother baby-COMIT:pt shade-LOC go-PAST

Ngawa-nji remains in the closed sourced comitative set.


The young man went to the sea with a friend.

warru jawun-unji jalun-bu dunga-ny | young.man friend-COMIT:pt sea-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji closed comitative plus jalun-bu sea LOC.


jalbu nganjan-anji baral-ba dunga-ny | woman father-COMIT:pt road-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji closed comitative; baral-ba road LOC, no baral-muny.


karrkay juku-ji ngalkal-ba dunga-ny | child stick-COMIT outside-LOC go-PAST


ngamu kambi-ji ngalkal-ba dunga-ny | mother clothes-COMIT outside-LOC go-PAST

Duplicate repair kept kambi-ji closed comitative and changed only the sourced location.


The old man is staying outside with the baby.

wulman ngalkal-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | old.man outside-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Place-before-comitative order retained from the Batch 167 repair principle.


dingkar-angka marrkin wabarr-ba bawa-ny | man-ERG gun shade-LOC leave-PAST

Marrkin loan object in retained leave-location frame.


Wulbuman-angka kunjuri ngalkal-ba bawan.

wulbuman-angka kunjuri ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | old.woman-ERG shield outside-LOC leave-PAST

Kunjuri shield object in retained leave-location frame.


warru-ngku mirru bayan-ka wundi-ny | young.man-ERG club camp-DAT take-PAST

Mirru object plus sourced bayan-ka DAT goal.


ngayu warrbi bayan-muny wundi-ny | I axe house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; warrbi axe object plus bayan-muny source.


baya ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | firewood outside-LOC lie-PAST

Baya fire/firewood checked; used as firewood rest subject, not a new compound.


juku bubu-ngu wuna-ny | stick ground-LOC lie-PAST

Juku covers tree/wood/stick; bubu-ngu retained LOC.


buyku wabarr-ba wuna-ny | paperbark shade-LOC lie-PAST

Buyku paperbark checked in dictionary and grammar.


jikan balji-nga wuna-ny | grass bag-LOC lie-PAST

Jikan grass plus retained balji-nga bag LOC.


jarba ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | snake outside-LOC lie-PAST

Jarba generic snake checked; outside LOC avoids duplicate grass row.


yirku-yirku bana-nga wuna-ny | frog water-LOC lie-PAST

Yirku-yirku frog and bana-nga water LOC are source-backed.


baya bayan-ba wuna-ny | firewood camp-LOC lie-PAST

Baya as firewood with retained camp LOC.


buyku bubu-ngu wuna-ny | paperbark ground-LOC lie-PAST


juku baral-ba wuna-ny | stick road-LOC lie-PAST

Juku stick with retained baral-ba road LOC.


bilngkumu bana-nga wuna-ny | crocodile water-LOC lie-PAST

Bilngkumu salt-water crocodile plus bana-nga water LOC.


The woman put the firewood on the ground.

jalbu-ngku baya bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | woman-ERG firewood ground-LOC put-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; baya object in retained placement frame.


dingkar-angka juku baral-ba yijarri-ny | man-ERG stick road-LOC put-PAST

Juku stick object; no new instrument form.


Grandmother left the paperbark in the shade.

babi-ngka buyku wabarr-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG paperbark shade-LOC leave-PAST

Buyku object in retained leave-location frame.


ngamu-ngku jikan balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG grass bag-LOC put-PAST


warru-ngku bana bayan-ka wundi-ny | young.man-ERG water camp-DAT take-PAST

Bana object in source-backed wundi-l frame; common-noun A ERG.


Grandfather brought firewood from the house.

kami-ngka baya bayan-muny wundi-ny | grandfather-ERG firewood house-ABL bring-PAST

Baya firewood object plus retained bayan-muny source.


The old woman brought paperbark from the house.

wulbuman-angka buyku bayan-muny wundi-ny | old.woman-ERG paperbark house-ABL bring-PAST

Buyku object plus retained house ABL source.


ngayu juku bayan-muny wundi-ny | I stick house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; juku stick object plus ABL source.


ngana bana bayan-ba mani-ny | we water camp-LOC get-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bana object in retained get-at-place frame.


dingkar-angka wurun nyaji-ny | man-ERG humpy see-PAST

Wurun humpy/shelter object with ERG common-noun perceiver.


Karrkay-ngku ngurrban ngalkal-ba nyajin.

karrkay-ngku ngurrban ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG cloud outside-LOC see-PAST

Ngurrban cloud object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu ngurrban nyaji-ny | I cloud see-PAST

Pronoun A contrast for cloud perception.


jalbu-ngku muyar nyaji-ny | woman-ERG wind hear-PAST

Nyaji-l covers see/hear; muyar wind is heard here.


ngana muyar nyaji-ny | we wind hear-PAST


dingkar-angka jiri nyaji-ny | man-ERG sky see-PAST

Jiri sky object with common-noun perceiver ERG.


Wungar sun/day as perceived object; pronoun A bare.


babi-ngka buyi juku-ngu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG bird tree-LOC see-PAST


ngana buyi juku-ngu nyaji-ny | we bird tree-LOC see-PAST


warru-ngku jarba ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG snake outside-LOC see-PAST

Jarba snake object; outside LOC avoids exact duplicate with grass rows.


ngayu bilngkumu bana-nga nyaji-ny | I crocodile water-LOC see-PAST

Bilngkumu crocodile plus sourced bana-nga water LOC.


The old man asked grandmother about water.

wulman babi-nda bana-ka babaji-ny | old.man grandmother-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Bana-ka is source-backed; babaji-y asker remains ABS/S.


warru ngamu-ndu bana-ka babaji-ny | young.man mother-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about frame retained with sourced bana-ka topic.


jalbu nganjan-anda kuku-ku babaji-ny | woman father-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Kuku-ku DAT topic retained for ask-about maintenance.


jawun maral-anda minya-ka babaji-ny | friend girl-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST


The child asked grandfather about the mango.

karrkay kami-nda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | child grandfather-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST


wulman ngamu-ndu yajarri-ny | old.man mother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

DAT:pt target retained; no ERG on laugher.


ngamu nganjan-anda yajarri-ny | mother father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Duplicate repair changed only the sourced target.


nganjan babi-nda yajarri-ny | father grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


maral kami-nda yajarri-ny | girl grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


jawun ngamu-ndu yajarri-ny | friend mother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


Grandmother went into the grass with the baby.

babi ngawa-nji jikan-ba dunga-ny | grandmother baby-COMIT:pt grass-LOC go-PAST

Ngawa-nji closed comitative; jikan-ba grass LOC.


The young man went to the shade with a friend.

warru jawun-unji wabarr-ba dunga-ny | young.man friend-COMIT:pt shade-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji closed comitative plus shade LOC.


jalbu nganjan-anji ngalkal-ba dunga-ny | woman father-COMIT:pt outside-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji closed comitative plus outside LOC.


karrkay juku-ji bayan-ba dunga-ny | child stick-COMIT camp-LOC go-PAST

Juku-ji is in the closed comitative set.


ngamu kambi-ji bayan-ba dunga-ny | mother clothes-COMIT camp-LOC go-PAST

Kambi-ji closed comitative; retained camp LOC.


The old man is staying in the grass with the baby.

wulman jikan-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | old.man grass-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Place-before-comitative order retained; wulman loan/contact form logged.


dingkar-angka jarba ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG snake outside-LOC see-PAST

Jarba snake object with ERG common-noun perceiver.


The old woman saw the frog in the water.

Wulbuman-angka yirku-yirku bana-nga nyajin.

wulbuman-angka yirku-yirku bana-nga nyaji-ny | old.woman-ERG frog water-LOC see-PAST

Yirku-yirku frog plus bana-nga water LOC.


ngayu buyku bayan-ka wundi-ny | I paperbark camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A bare; buyku object plus DAT goal.


ngana baya bayan-muny wundi-ny | we firewood house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; baya firewood object plus ABL source.


bana bayan-ba wuna-ny | water camp-LOC lie-PAST

Bana water with retained bayan-ba camp LOC.


baya bubu-ngu wuna-ny | firewood ground-LOC lie-PAST

Baya fire/firewood; possible English etymology noted but unsubstantiated.


juku wabarr-ba wuna-ny | stick shade-LOC lie-PAST

Juku stick/wood in a rest frame, not a new instrument.


buyku ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | paperbark outside-LOC lie-PAST

Buyku paperbark plus retained outside LOC.


jikan bubu-ngu wuna-ny | grass ground-LOC lie-PAST


wurun bayan-ba jana-y | humpy camp-LOC stand-NONPAST

Wurun humpy/shelter plus retained janay stand/be predicate.


jarba bubu-ngu wuna-ny | snake ground-LOC lie-PAST

Jarba snake as rest subject only, not agent or instrument.


bilngkumu ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | crocodile outside-LOC lie-PAST

Bilngkumu crocodile as rest subject only.


yirku-yirku ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | frog outside-LOC lie-PAST


buyi juku-ngu bunda-n-bunda-y | bird tree-LOC sit-REDUP-NONPAST

Buyi bird plus sourced juku-ngu tree LOC.


The woman left the firewood in the shade.

jalbu-ngku baya wabarr-ba bawa-ny | woman-ERG firewood shade-LOC leave-PAST

Baya object in retained leave-location frame.


dingkar-angka juku bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG stick ground-LOC put-PAST

Juku object in placement frame, not instrument.


Grandmother put the paperbark in the bag.

babi-ngka buyku balji-nga yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG paperbark bag-LOC put-PAST


ngamu-ngku jikan wabarr-ba bawa-ny | mother-ERG grass shade-LOC leave-PAST

Jikan grass object in leave-location frame.


ngamu-ngku bana bayan-ka wundi-ny | mother-ERG water camp-DAT take-PAST

Bana object plus retained bayan-ka goal; common-noun A ERG.


kami-ngka baya ngalkal-ba mani-ny | grandfather-ERG firewood outside-LOC get-PAST


The old woman left the paperbark on the road.

wulbuman-angka buyku baral-ba bawa-ny | old.woman-ERG paperbark road-LOC leave-PAST

Buyku object plus retained baral-ba, no baral-muny.


ngayu juku bayan-ka wundi-ny | I stick camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A bare; juku stick object plus DAT goal.


ngana bana bayan-muny wundi-ny | we water house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bana object plus ABL source.


dingkar-angka wurun bayan-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG humpy camp-LOC see-PAST

Wurun humpy object with ERG common-noun perceiver.


karrkay-ngku ngurrban nyaji-ny | child-ERG cloud see-PAST

Ngurrban cloud object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu ngurrban ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I cloud outside-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A contrast for cloud perception.


ngamu-ngku muyar nyaji-ny | mother-ERG wind hear-PAST

Muyar wind heard with nyaji-l; common-noun A ERG.


ngana muyar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we wind outside-LOC hear-PAST

Pronoun A bare; ngalkal-ba outside LOC retained.


warru-ngku jiri nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG sky see-PAST

Jiri sky object with common-noun perceiver ERG.


babi-ngka buyi ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG bird outside-LOC see-PAST

Buyi bird object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana buyi ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we bird outside-LOC see-PAST


The young man saw the snake on the ground.

warru-ngku jarba bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG snake ground-LOC see-PAST


ngayu bilngkumu ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I crocodile outside-LOC see-PAST

Bilngkumu crocodile perceived object only.


The old man asked grandfather about water.

wulman kami-nda bana-ka babaji-ny | old.man grandfather-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Bana-ka retained; wulman loan/contact form logged.


The young man asked grandmother about water.

warru babi-nda bana-ka babaji-ny | young.man grandmother-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about frame retained with sourced water DAT topic.


jalbu kami-nda kuku-ku babaji-ny | woman grandfather-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST


jawun nganjan-anda minya-ka babaji-ny | friend father-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Minya-ka retained in ask-about maintenance row.


Karrkay nganjan-anda mayngku-ku babajin.

karrkay nganjan-anda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | child father-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Duplicate repair changed only the person asked; mayngku loan is logged.


wulman nganjan-anda yajarri-ny | old.man father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Duplicate repair changed only the sourced DAT:pt target.


dingkar babi-nda yajarri-ny | man grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

DAT:pt target retained; no ERG on laugher.


nganjan ngamu-ndu yajarri-ny | father mother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


maral babi-nda yajarri-ny | girl grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


jawun maral-anda yajarri-ny | friend girl-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


Grandmother went into the water with the baby.

babi ngawa-nji bana-nga dunga-ny | grandmother baby-COMIT:pt water-LOC go-PAST

Ngawa-nji closed comitative; bana-nga remains LOC.


The young man went into the grass with a friend.

warru jawun-unji jikan-ba dunga-ny | young.man friend-COMIT:pt grass-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji closed comitative; jikan-ba remains LOC.


jalbu nganjan-anji juku-ngu dunga-ny | woman father-COMIT:pt tree-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji closed comitative; juku-ngu remains LOC.


The child went to the shade with a stick.

karrkay juku-ji wabarr-ba dunga-ny | child stick-COMIT shade-LOC go-PAST

Juku-ji allowed only as sourced closed comitative.


Mother went into the water with clothes.

ngamu kambi-ji bana-nga dunga-ny | mother clothes-COMIT water-LOC go-PAST

Kambi-ji closed comitative; bana-nga LOC gloss retained.


The old man is staying in the humpy with the baby.

wulman wurun-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | old.man humpy-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Wurun-ba humpy LOC; place-before-comitative order retained.


dingkar-angka jarba bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | man-ERG snake ground-LOC see-PAST


Wulbuman-angka yirku-yirku ngalkal-ba nyajin.

wulbuman-angka yirku-yirku ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | old.woman-ERG frog outside-LOC see-PAST


ngayu buyku bayan-muny wundi-ny | I paperbark house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; buyku object plus ABL source.


ngana baya bayan-ka wundi-ny | we firewood camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A bare; baya object plus DAT goal.


birra wabarr-ba wuna-ny | leaf shade-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary birra leaf; Patz birra-jirr-ka tree-with-leaves; retained wabarr-ba/wuna-y frame.


dumbul bubu-ngu wuna-ny | bark ground-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary dumbul bark/hard covering; retained bubu-ngu/wuna-y rest frame.


kubu bayan-muny kada-ny | smoke camp-ABL come-PAST

Dictionary kubu smoke; grammar smoke-seeing line; retained bayan-muny/kada-y source frame.


kulji wabarr-ba wuna-ny | stone shade-LOC lie-PAST

Patz kulji stone/rock but not mountain; retained wabarr-ba/wuna-y frame.


jukar balji-nga wuna-ny | sand bag-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary jukar sand; retained balji-nga/wuna-y frame.


diburr bubu-ngu wuna-ny | seed ground-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary diburr seed/egg; seed sense selected; retained bubu-ngu/wuna-y frame.


nganka juku-ngu jana-y | flower tree-LOC stand/be-NONPAST

Dictionary nganka flower; grammar nganka examples; retained juku-ngu/jana-y be frame.


ngurrbal ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | fog outside-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary ngurrbal fog and prior heavy-fog corpus row; retained ngalkal-ba/wuna-y frame.


warru manjal-ba dunga-ny | young.man mountain-LOC go-PAST

Dictionary manjal mountain; grammar manjal-ba; retained dunga-y motion frame.


ngamu madja-nga dunga-ny | mother scrub-LOC go-PAST

Dictionary madja scrub/rainforest; retained madja-nga/dunga-y frame.


jalbu-ngku birra balji-nga yijarri-ny | woman-ERG leaf bag-LOC put-PAST

Birra leaf object in retained placement frame; common-noun A ERG.


dingkar-angka dumbul bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG bark ground-LOC put-PAST

Dumbul bark object in retained placement frame; common-noun A ERG.


babi-ngka kulji baral-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG stone road-LOC leave-PAST

Kulji stone object in retained leave-location frame; baral-ba road LOC.


ngamu-ngku jukar balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG sand bag-LOC put-PAST

Jukar sand object in retained placement frame.


warru-ngku diburr bayan-ka wundi-ny | young.man-ERG seed camp-DAT take-PAST

Diburr seed sense selected; retained bayan-ka transfer goal.


Grandfather brought leaves from the house.

kami-ngka birra bayan-muny wundi-ny | grandfather-ERG leaf house-ABL bring-PAST

Birra leaf object plus retained bayan-muny source.


wulbuman-angka dumbul ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | old.woman-ERG bark outside-LOC leave-PAST

Dumbul bark object plus retained ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


ngayu kulji bayan-muny wundi-ny | I stone house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; kulji stone object plus retained bayan-muny source.


ngana jukar bayan-ka wundi-ny | we sand camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A bare; jukar sand object plus retained bayan-ka goal.


ngamu-ngku nganka balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG flower bag-LOC put-PAST

Nganka flower object in retained placement frame.


dingkar-angka kubu nyaji-ny | man-ERG smoke see-PAST

Kubu smoke perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


karrkay-ngku birra juku-ngu nyaji-ny | child-ERG leaf tree-LOC see-PAST

Birra leaf object plus sourced juku-ngu; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu birra juku-ngu nyaji-ny | I leaf tree-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for leaf perception.


jalbu-ngku dumbul bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG bark ground-LOC see-PAST

Dumbul bark perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana dumbul bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we bark ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for bark perception.


dingkar-angka kubu bayan-muny nyaji-ny | man-ERG smoke camp-ABL see-PAST

Kubu smoke plus retained bayan-muny source; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu kubu ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I smoke outside-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; kubu smoke plus retained ngalkal-ba.


babi-ngka kulji baral-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG stone road-LOC see-PAST

Kulji stone perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana kulji baral-ba nyaji-ny | we stone road-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for stone perception.


warru-ngku manjal nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG mountain see-PAST

Manjal mountain, not kulji; common-noun perceiver ERG.


wulman ngamu-ndu bana-ka babaji-ny | old.man mother-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame: ABS/S asker, person LOC:pt, topic DAT; wulman contact form logged.


warru nganjan-anda bana-ka babaji-ny | young.man father-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame with retained bana-ka DAT topic.


jalbu babi-nda kuku-ku babaji-ny | woman grandmother-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame with retained kuku-ku DAT topic.


The friend asked grandfather about meat.

jawun kami-nda minya-ka babaji-ny | friend grandfather-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame with retained minya-ka DAT topic.


karrkay ngamu-ndu mayngku-ku babaji-ny | child mother-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame; mayngku loan/contact form logged.


dingkar maral-anda yajarri-ny | man girl-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Retained yajarri-l laugh-target frame with sourced DAT:pt target.


jalbu kami-nda yajarri-ny | woman grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


warru babi-nda yajarri-ny | young.man grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


babi ngamu-ndu yajarri-ny | grandmother mother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


karrkay nganjan-anda yajarri-ny | child father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


Grandmother went to the scrub with the baby.

babi ngawa-nji madja-nga dunga-ny | grandmother baby-COMIT:pt scrub-LOC go-PAST

Ngawa-nji closed comitative; madja-nga retained LOC.


The young man went to the mountain with a friend.

warru jawun-unji manjal-ba dunga-ny | young.man friend-COMIT:pt mountain-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji closed comitative; manjal-ba retained LOC.


The woman went into the water with father.

jalbu nganjan-anji bana-nga dunga-ny | woman father-COMIT:pt water-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji closed comitative; bana-nga retained LOC.


The child went to the scrub with a stick.

karrkay juku-ji madja-nga dunga-ny | child stick-COMIT scrub-LOC go-PAST

Juku-ji allowed only as a closed sourced comitative; madja-nga retained LOC.


ngamu kambi-ji juku-ngu dunga-ny | mother clothes-COMIT tree-LOC go-PAST

Kambi-ji closed comitative; juku-ngu retained LOC.


The old man stayed in the scrub with the baby.

wulman madja-nga bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | old.man scrub-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Madja-nga retained LOC; ngawa-nji closed comitative; wulman contact form logged.


dingkar-angka dumbul ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG bark outside-LOC see-PAST

Dumbul bark perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


wulbuman-angka diburr balji-nga nyaji-ny | old.woman-ERG seed bag-LOC see-PAST

Diburr seed sense selected; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu nganka juku-ngu nyaji-ny | I flower tree-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; nganka flower plus sourced juku-ngu.


ngana ngurrbal ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we fog outside-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; ngurrbal fog plus retained ngalkal-ba.


birra bubu-ngu wuna-ny | leaf ground-LOC lie-PAST

Rule 129 birra leaf sense in retained bubu-ngu/wuna-y frame.


dumbul wabarr-ba wuna-ny | bark shade-LOC lie-PAST

Rule 129 dumbul bark sense in retained wabarr-ba/wuna-y frame.


kubu madja-muny kada-ny | smoke scrub-ABL come-PAST

Kubu smoke in retained source-motion frame; madja-muny is source.


kulji balji-nga wuna-ny | stone bag-LOC lie-PAST

Kulji stone/rock, not mountain, in retained balji-nga rest frame.


jukar bubu-ngu wuna-ny | sand ground-LOC lie-PAST

Jukar sand in retained ground rest frame.


diburr balji-nga wuna-ny | seed bag-LOC lie-PAST

Diburr seed sense selected; retained bag rest frame.


nganka ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | flower outside-LOC lie-PAST

Nganka flower in retained outside rest frame.


ngurrbal bayan-ba wuna-ny | fog camp-LOC lie-PAST

Ngurrbal fog in retained camp LOC rest frame.


bayan manjal-ba jana-y | camp mountain-LOC stand/be-NONPAST

Manjal-ba mountain LOC with retained jana-y stand/be frame.


juku madja-nga jana-y | tree scrub-LOC stand/be-NONPAST

Madja-nga scrub LOC with retained jana-y stand/be frame.


dingkar-angka birra bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG leaf ground-LOC put-PAST

Birra leaf object in retained placement frame; common-noun A ERG.


jalbu-ngku dumbul wabarr-ba bawa-ny | woman-ERG bark shade-LOC leave-PAST

Dumbul bark object in retained leave-location frame.


karrkay-ngku kulji balji-nga yijarri-ny | child-ERG stone bag-LOC put-PAST

Kulji stone object in retained placement frame; no instrument analogy.


babi-ngka jukar bubu-ngu bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG sand ground-LOC leave-PAST

Jukar sand object in retained leave-location frame.


ngamu-ngku diburr balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG seed bag-LOC put-PAST

Diburr seed sense in retained placement frame.


kami-ngka nganka ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | grandfather-ERG flower outside-LOC leave-PAST

Nganka flower object plus retained ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


The old woman brought the stone from the house.

wulbuman-angka kulji bayan-muny wundi-ny | old.woman-ERG stone house-ABL bring-PAST

Kulji stone object plus retained bayan-muny source.


warru-ngku jukar bayan-muny wundi-ny | young.man-ERG sand camp-ABL bring-PAST

Jukar sand object plus retained bayan-muny source.


ngayu dumbul madja-muny wundi-ny | I bark scrub-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A bare; dumbul bark object plus madja-muny source.


ngana diburr bayan-ka wundi-ny | we seed camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A bare; diburr seed object plus bayan-ka goal.


babi-ngka birra bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG leaf ground-LOC see-PAST

Birra leaf perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu birra bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | I leaf ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for leaf perception.


dingkar-angka dumbul wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG bark shade-LOC see-PAST

Dumbul bark perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana dumbul wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | we bark shade-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for bark perception.


karrkay-ngku kubu madja-muny nyaji-ny | child-ERG smoke scrub-ABL see-PAST

Kubu smoke perceived object plus madja-muny source; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu kubu madja-muny nyaji-ny | I smoke scrub-ABL see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for smoke-source perception.


jalbu-ngku jukar bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG sand ground-LOC see-PAST

Jukar sand perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana jukar bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we sand ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for sand perception.


warru-ngku ngurrbal bayan-ba nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG fog camp-LOC see-PAST

Ngurrbal fog perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu ngurrbal bayan-ba nyaji-ny | I fog camp-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for fog perception.


dingkar-angka manjal nyaji-ny | man-ERG mountain see-PAST

Manjal mountain, not kulji; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana manjal nyaji-ny | we mountain see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for mountain perception.


jalbu-ngku madja nyaji-ny | woman-ERG scrub see-PAST

Madja scrub perceived object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


Pronoun A bare contrast for scrub perception.


karrkay-ngku nganka juku-ngu nyaji-ny | child-ERG flower tree-LOC see-PAST

Nganka flower plus sourced juku-ngu; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana nganka juku-ngu nyaji-ny | we flower tree-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for flower perception.


dingkar-angka diburr balji-nga nyaji-ny | man-ERG seed bag-LOC see-PAST

Diburr seed sense selected; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu diburr balji-nga nyaji-ny | I seed bag-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare contrast for seed perception.


dingkar ngamu-ndu bana-ka babaji-ny | man mother-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame: ABS/S asker, person LOC:pt, topic DAT.


Grandmother asked grandfather about news.

babi kami-nda kuku-ku babaji-ny | grandmother grandfather-LOC:pt news-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame with retained kuku-ku DAT topic.


ngamu babi-nda minya-ka babaji-ny | mother grandmother-LOC:pt meat-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame with retained minya-ka DAT topic.


nganjan maral-anda mayngku-ku babaji-ny | father girl-LOC:pt mango-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame; mayngku loan/contact topic logged.


maral kami-nda bana-ka babaji-ny | girl grandfather-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Sourced ask-about frame with retained bana-ka DAT topic.


dingkar ngamu-ndu yajarri-ny | man mother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Retained yajarri-l laugh-target frame with sourced DAT:pt target.


jalbu maral-anda yajarri-ny | woman girl-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


warru kami-nda yajarri-ny | young.man grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


karrkay babi-nda yajarri-ny | child grandmother-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


babi nganjan-anda yajarri-ny | grandmother father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST


Mother went to the mountain with the baby.

ngamu ngawa-nji manjal-ba dunga-ny | mother baby-COMIT:pt mountain-LOC go-PAST

Ngawa-nji closed comitative; manjal-ba retained LOC.


The old man went to the mountain with a stick.

wulman juku-ji manjal-ba dunga-ny | old.man stick-COMIT mountain-LOC go-PAST

Juku-ji closed sourced comitative; wulman contact form logged.


babi mara ngulkurr | grandmother hand good

mara hand dictionary; Patz §3.2.2.3 notes mara is the free noun root for hand; inalienable body-part apposition after Rule 129/130 controls.


jina foot dictionary; Patz nickname/source and foot examples; kaka pain/sore is sourced as bodily state, not a new body-part head.


walu face dictionary; Patz appearance/body-part examples; retained plain body-part predicate frame.


mukul-jalbu milka kaka | old-woman ear sore

milka ear dictionary and Patz body-part compounds; kaka sore restricted to pain sense.


miyil eye dictionary; Patz eye compounds; tree sense excluded by gloss and English.


mukul-dingkar ngandal marral | old-man mouth dry

ngandal mouth dictionary and Patz phonetic table; retained dry predicate frame.


kami dukul yalbay | grandfather head big

dukul head dictionary; Patz gives nyulu dukul yalbay 'his big head'.


muku back dictionary; Patz examples Ngayu muku kaka; owner changed, frame retained.


bibar shin/ankle dictionary; Patz case table gives bibar-a 'shin'; shin sense selected.


milka ear dictionary; plain inalienable body-part state with retained ngulkurr.


babi-ngka karrkay mara nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG child hand see-PAST

Whole-part O apposition modelled on Patz affected-body examples; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu karrkay jina nyaji-ny | I child foot see-PAST

jina foot, not track/path; pronoun A remains bare in nyaji-l frame.


ngamu-ngku ngawa walu nyaji-ny | mother-ERG baby face see-PAST

walu face in whole-part O; common-noun perceiver ERG.


nganjan-angka mukul-jalbu milka nyaji-ny | father-ERG old-woman ear see-PAST

milka ear in whole-part O; common-noun perceiver ERG.


kami-ngka maral miyil nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG girl eye see-PAST

miyil eye sense selected; common-noun perceiver ERG.


Mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay ngandal nyajin.

mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay ngandal nyaji-ny | old-woman-ERG child mouth see-PAST

ngandal mouth dictionary and Patz table; common-noun perceiver ERG.


dingkar-angka kaya dukul nyaji-ny | man-ERG dog head see-PAST

dukul head core sense; whole-part O apposition.


jalbu-ngku mukul-dingkar muku nyaji-ny | woman-ERG old-man back see-PAST

muku back core sense; common-noun perceiver ERG.


karrkay-ngku nganjan bibar nyaji-ny | child-ERG father shin see-PAST

bibar shin selected over ankle; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu kami mara nyaji-ny | I grandfather hand see-PAST


ngamu-ngku babi mara julurri-ny | mother-ERG grandmother hand wash-PAST

Transitive wash of whole-part O extends Batch 144 face/mouth wash frame to sourced mara hand.


kami-ngka karrkay jina julurri-ny | grandfather-ERG child foot wash-PAST

jina foot in whole-part O; common-noun A ERG.


jalbu-ngku ngawa walu julurri-ny | woman-ERG baby face wash-PAST

walu face in retained transitive wash frame.


Mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay ngandal julurrin.

mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay ngandal julurri-ny | old-woman-ERG child mouth wash-PAST

ngandal mouth in retained transitive wash frame; no instrument imported.


nganjan-angka karrkay bibar julurri-ny | father-ERG child shin wash-PAST

bibar shin in whole-part O; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu mara julurri-ji-ny | I hand wash-REF-PAST

Patz successive example has woman hand wash-REF; pronoun S bare, no possessive suffix.


ngamu walu julurri-ji-ny | mother face wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash frame with sourced walu face; no transitive ERG because reflexive/S frame.


maral mara julurri-ji-ny | girl hand wash-REF-PAST

Patz hand-wash reflexive frame; maral S bare.


Ngamu-ngku bana yijarrin babi-nda mara-nga.

ngamu-ngku bana yijarri-ny babi-nda mara-nga | mother-ERG water put-PAST grandmother-LOC:pt hand-LOC

Retained placement frame; mara-nga follows prior sourced body-part LOC pattern; person LOC:pt marked.


Nganjan-angka bana yijarrin karrkay-anda jina-nga.

nganjan-angka bana yijarri-ny karrkay-anda jina-nga | father-ERG water put-PAST child-LOC:pt foot-LOC

jina-nga foot-LOC is directly modelled on Patz example 521.


Grandmother put water on the baby's back.

Babi-ngka bana yijarrin ngawa-nda muku-ngu.

babi-ngka bana yijarri-ny ngawa-nda muku-ngu | grandmother-ERG water put-PAST baby-LOC:pt back-LOC

muku back dictionary; body-part LOC retained from prior source-backed batch pattern.


The child put the stone in father's hand.

Karrkay-ngku kulji yijarrin nganjan-anda mara-nga.

karrkay-ngku kulji yijarri-ny nganjan-anda mara-nga | child-ERG stone put-PAST father-LOC:pt hand-LOC

Retained placement frame; kulji stone, not mountain; mara-nga body-part location.


The man put the stone on the woman's foot.

Dingkar-angka kulji yijarrin jalbu-ndu jina-nga.

dingkar-angka kulji yijarri-ny jalbu-ndu jina-nga | man-ERG stone put-PAST woman-LOC:pt foot-LOC

jina-nga foot-LOC; common-noun A ERG; no track/path sense.


Grandmother put water on the old man's shin.

Babi-ngka bana yijarrin mukul-dingkar-anda bibar-a.

babi-ngka bana yijarri-ny mukul-dingkar-anda bibar-a | grandmother-ERG water put-PAST old-man-LOC:pt shin-LOC

bibar-a shin-LOC is directly attested in Patz case table; shin sense selected.


ngayu bana yijarri-ny ngandal-ba | I water put-PAST mouth-LOC

ngandal mouth dictionary; body-part LOC follows existing mouth-location pattern; pronoun A bare.


The woman put a flower in the child's hand.

Jalbu-ngku nganka yijarrin karrkay-anda mara-nga.

jalbu-ngku nganka yijarri-ny karrkay-anda mara-nga | woman-ERG flower put-PAST child-LOC:pt hand-LOC

nganka flower from Rule 129; placement into sourced mara hand location; common-noun A ERG.


kaya-ngka kami mara bayka-ny | dog-ERG grandfather hand bite-PAST

Whole-part O body affected frame modelled on Patz stepping/biting examples and prior dog bite hand row.


kaya-ngka mukul-jalbu jina bayka-ny | dog-ERG old-woman foot bite-PAST

jina foot affected object; no track/path sense.


ngalngal-angka karrkay bibar bayka-ny | crab-ERG child shin bite-PAST

bayka-ny biting frame; bibar shin selected; common-noun A ERG.


kaya-ngka babi walu bija-ny | dog-ERG grandmother face lick-PAST

bija-ny lick frame from prior face rows; walu face core sense.


kaya-ngka nganjan ngandal bija-ny | dog-ERG father mouth lick-PAST

ngandal mouth core sense; whole-part O affected by lick.


mukul-jalbu jina baka-ji-ny | old-woman foot poke-REF-PAST

Directly modelled on Patz/B144 foot poke-reflexive frame; S bare.


jalbu-ndu ngayu jina narri-ji-ny | woman-LOC:pt I foot step.on-ITR-PAST

Patz example has person-LOC:pt plus ngayu jina; jina foot sense selected.


Grandmother dropped the stone on the child's foot.

Babi-ngka kulji daray-manin karrkay-anda jina-nga.

babi-ngka kulji dara-y-mani-ny karrkay-anda jina-nga | grandmother-ERG stone fall-y-CAUS-PAST child-LOC:pt foot-LOC

Patz example 521 has stone dropped on girl's foot; new possessor/agent, same sourced frame.


The woman dropped the stick on father's shin.

Jalbu-ngku juku daray-manin nganjan-anda bibar-a.

jalbu-ngku juku dara-y-mani-ny nganjan-anda bibar-a | woman-ERG stick fall-y-CAUS-PAST father-LOC:pt shin-LOC

bibar-a shin-LOC directly sourced; drop frame retained from Patz 521.


The man dropped the stone on the old woman's back.

Dingkar-angka kulji daray-manin mukul-jalbu-ndu muku-ngu.

dingkar-angka kulji dara-y-mani-ny mukul-jalbu-ndu muku-ngu | man-ERG stone fall-y-CAUS-PAST old-woman-LOC:pt back-LOC

dingkar kulji daraymanil mukul jalbu muku

muku back core sense in retained body-location drop frame; kulji stone not mountain.


mukul-dingkar milka-kari | old-man ear-PRIV

Patz example has milka-kari 'deaf/no ears'; owner changed, privative retained.


mukul-jalbu miyil-dandi | old-woman eye-hard

Patz table gives miyil-dandi 'sleepless'; miyil eye sense selected.


warru walu-wukurri-ny | young.man face-follow-PAST

Patz narrative gives walu-wukurri-ny 'turned around'; walu face compound retained.


maral milka-jana-ny | girl ear-stand-PAST

Patz describes milka-jana-y 'listen'; singular girl row is exact-duplicate free.


Rule 131 body-head consolidation: mara hand in inalienable state frame; kaka sore/pain only.


mukul-dingkar jina ngulkurr | old-man foot good

Jina foot sense selected; inalienable body-part apposition.


Milka ear in body-part state frame; no compound extension.


Miyil eye sense selected; tree homonym excluded.


nganjan ngandal kaka | father mouth sore

Ngandal mouth plus sourced kaka sore/pain predicate.


Dukul head core sense; extensions excluded.


Muku back in Patz sore-back frame with new owner.


mukul-jalbu bibar marral | old-woman shin dry


Walu face in state frame; no new lexical head.


ngamu-ngku kami mara nyaji-ny | mother-ERG grandfather hand see-PAST

Whole-part O apposition; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu nganjan jina nyaji-ny | I father foot see-PAST


babi-ngka ngamu walu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG mother face see-PAST

Walu face in perceived whole-part O; common-noun A ERG.


dingkar-angka karrkay milka nyaji-ny | man-ERG child ear see-PAST


jalbu-ngku warru miyil nyaji-ny | woman-ERG young.man eye see-PAST


nganjan-angka babi ngandal nyaji-ny | father-ERG grandmother mouth see-PAST

Ngandal mouth in perceived whole-part object.


Karrkay-ngku mukul-dingkar dukul nyajin.

karrkay-ngku mukul-dingkar dukul nyaji-ny | child-ERG old-man head see-PAST

Dukul head core sense; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu mukul-jalbu muku nyaji-ny | I old-woman back see-PAST


kami-ngka ngawa bibar nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG baby shin see-PAST

Bibar shin selected; common-noun perceiver ERG.


mukul-jalbu-ngku maral walu nyaji-ny | old-woman-ERG girl face see-PAST


nganjan-angka ngamu mara julurri-ny | father-ERG mother hand wash-PAST

Mara hand in whole-part O; transitive common-noun A ERG.


babi-ngka maral jina julurri-ny | grandmother-ERG girl foot wash-PAST


ngamu-ngku nganjan walu julurri-ny | mother-ERG father face wash-PAST


Mukul-dingkar-angka ngawa ngandal julurrin.

mukul-dingkar-angka ngawa ngandal julurri-ny | old-man-ERG baby mouth wash-PAST

Ngandal mouth in wash frame; no instrument imported.


jalbu-ngku babi bibar julurri-ny | woman-ERG grandmother shin wash-PAST


kami mara julurri-ji-ny | grandfather hand wash-REF-PAST


warru walu julurri-ji-ny | young.man face wash-REF-PAST


mukul-jalbu jina julurri-ji-ny | old-woman foot wash-REF-PAST


maral bibar julurri-ji-ny | girl shin wash-REF-PAST

Bibar shin in reflexive wash; shin sense selected.


Ngamu-ngku bana yijarrin nganjan-anda mara-nga.

ngamu-ngku bana yijarri-ny nganjan-anda mara-nga | mother-ERG water put-PAST father-LOC:pt hand-LOC

Mara-nga body-location; person LOC:pt; common-noun A ERG.


Grandmother put water on the girl's foot.

Babi-ngka bana yijarrin maral-anda jina-nga.

babi-ngka bana yijarri-ny maral-anda jina-nga | grandmother-ERG water put-PAST girl-LOC:pt foot-LOC

Jina-nga foot-LOC directly backed by Patz foot-location model.


Nganjan-angka bana yijarrin ngamu-ndu muku-ngu.

nganjan-angka bana yijarri-ny ngamu-ndu muku-ngu | father-ERG water put-PAST mother-LOC:pt back-LOC

Muku-ngu body-location in retained placement frame.


The woman put water in the baby's mouth.

Jalbu-ngku bana yijarrin ngawa-nda ngandal-ba.

jalbu-ngku bana yijarri-ny ngawa-nda ngandal-ba | woman-ERG water put-PAST baby-LOC:pt mouth-LOC

Ngandal-ba mouth-LOC; no instrument or possessive import.


The old man put water on the child's shin.

Mukul-dingkar-angka bana yijarrin karrkay-anda bibar-a.

mukul-dingkar-angka bana yijarri-ny karrkay-anda bibar-a | old-man-ERG water put-PAST child-LOC:pt shin-LOC

mukul dingkar bana yijarril karrkay bibar

Bibar-a shin-LOC is directly grammar-backed.


The child put a flower in mother's hand.

Karrkay-ngku nganka yijarrin ngamu-ndu mara-nga.

karrkay-ngku nganka yijarri-ny ngamu-ndu mara-nga | child-ERG flower put-PAST mother-LOC:pt hand-LOC

Nganka is already verified; mara-nga body-location; common-noun A ERG.


Grandfather put the stone on the old woman's foot.

Kami-ngka kulji yijarrin mukul-jalbu-ndu jina-nga.

kami-ngka kulji yijarri-ny mukul-jalbu-ndu jina-nga | grandfather-ERG stone put-PAST old-woman-LOC:pt foot-LOC

Kulji stone only; jina-nga foot-location.


The man put the stick on grandfather's back.

Dingkar-angka juku yijarrin kami-nda muku-ngu.

dingkar-angka juku yijarri-ny kami-nda muku-ngu | man-ERG stick put-PAST grandfather-LOC:pt back-LOC

Juku stick object; muku-ngu back-location; no instrument use.


ngayu bana yijarri-ny jina-nga | I water put-PAST foot-LOC

Pronoun A bare; inalienable foot location without possessive suffix.


ngana bana yijarri-ny mara-nga | we water put-PAST hand-LOC


kaya-ngka ngamu mara bayka-ny | dog-ERG mother hand bite-PAST

Whole-part affected O; common-noun A ERG.


ngalngal-angka nganjan jina bayka-ny | crab-ERG father foot bite-PAST

Jina foot affected object; no track/path sense.


kaya-ngka karrkay dukul bija-ny | dog-ERG child head lick-PAST

Dukul head core sense in affected-object frame.


Grandmother happened to step on my hand.

babi-nda ngayu mara narri-ji-ny | grandmother-LOC:pt I hand step.on-ITR-PAST

Chance-passive stepping frame; person LOC:pt trigger, pronoun possessor, body-part O/S.


karrkay-anda ngayu bibar narri-ji-ny | child-LOC:pt I shin step.on-ITR-PAST

Chance-passive stepping frame; bibar shin selected.


Father dropped the stone on mother's foot.

Nganjan-angka kulji daray-manin ngamu-ndu jina-nga.

nganjan-angka kulji dara-y-mani-ny ngamu-ndu jina-nga | father-ERG stone fall-y-CAUS-PAST mother-LOC:pt foot-LOC

Drop frame modelled on Patz stone-on-foot example; kulji stone, jina foot.


Grandmother dropped the stick on the child's back.

Babi-ngka juku daray-manin karrkay-anda muku-ngu.

babi-ngka juku dara-y-mani-ny karrkay-anda muku-ngu | grandmother-ERG stick fall-y-CAUS-PAST child-LOC:pt back-LOC

Muku-ngu back-location in retained drop frame.


The child dropped the stone on grandmother's hand.

Karrkay-ngku kulji daray-manin babi-nda mara-nga.

karrkay-ngku kulji dara-y-mani-ny babi-nda mara-nga | child-ERG stone fall-y-CAUS-PAST grandmother-LOC:pt hand-LOC

Mara-nga body-location in retained drop frame; common-noun A ERG.


Milka-kari sourced privative compound; owner changed only.


Miyil-dandi sourced eye-hard compound; miyil eye sense.


kaya walu-wukurri-ny | dog face-follow-PAST

Walu-wukurri-ny sourced face-follow compound; new subject only.


mukul-jalbu malbin kaka | old-woman upper.leg sore

malbin dictionary line 17557: upper leg, leg between knee and thigh; Patz Text 76 line 95 lists malbin in the body-part inventory. Kaka retained as sore/pain only.


warru malbin marral | young.man upper.leg dry

malbin upper-leg sense selected; state-predicate frame retained from Rule 131/132 body-part rows.


karrkay bangkarr ngulkurr | child body good

bangkarr dictionary line 1533: person's body/flesh; prior corpus body-state rows support bare body apposition.


kami bangkarr bajaburray | grandfather body tired

bangkarr body plus sourced tired predicate from previous body-state rows; no possessive suffix.


biji dictionary line 2313: tail; Patz ex.520 has kuyu biji as whole-part NP.


biji tail is an animal body part; dog whole-part apposition follows the sourced fish-tail model without possessive suffix.


bajibay dictionary line 512: bone; simple adjective predicate keeps the selected noun sense.


bajibay bone plus retained dry predicate; no metaphorical story-bone use.


jiba minya ngulkurr bajaku | liver meat good very

jiba dictionary line 8611: liver/insides; Patz Text 76 line 81 asks about liver as food, and batch-009 has jiba minya ngulkurr.


minya meat and bajibay bone; Patz line 1946 and prior rows support bajibay-kari 'without bones'.


ngamu-ngku malbin nyaji-ny | mother-ERG upper.leg see-PAST

Common-noun perceiver ERG; malbin retained as upper leg only.


ngayu mukul-dingkar malbin nyaji-ny | I old-man upper.leg see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; whole-part O apposition mirrors Rule 131/132 body perception rows.


nganjan-angka kuyu biji nyaji-ny | father-ERG fish tail see-PAST

Patz ex.520 supports kuyu biji; common-noun perceiver ERG.


jalbu-ngku kaya biji nyaji-ny | woman-ERG dog tail see-PAST

Animal tail whole-part apposition; common-noun perceiver ERG.


karrkay-ngku bajibay nyaji-ny | child-ERG bone see-PAST

bajibay bone as ordinary perceived object; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu bajibay bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | I bone ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bubu-ngu retained as ground LOC; bajibay literal bone only.


babi-ngka jiba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG liver see-PAST

jiba liver as perceived object; emotional compound senses excluded.


ngana jiba balji-nga nyaji-ny | we liver bag-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; jiba literal liver; balji-nga retained bag LOC.


dingkar-angka bangkarr nyaji-ny | man-ERG body see-PAST

bangkarr body/flesh literal; common-noun perceiver ERG.


jana minya wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | they meat shade-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; minya meat/flesh-food support noun and retained wabarr-ba location.


kaya-ngka bajibay nuka-ny | dog-ERG bone eat-PAST

Directly modelled on Patz line 1319 Kayangka bajibay nukany; modern surface past kept as nukan.


karrkay-ngku jiba nuka-ny | child-ERG liver eat-PAST

jiba treated as literal liver food, supported by Patz line 6942 liver-want question.


kami-ngka minya nuka-ny | grandfather-ERG meat eat-PAST

minya meat support noun; common-noun eater ERG.


mukul-jalbu-ngku jiba waju-ny | old-woman-ERG liver cook-PAST

jiba literal liver object in old waju-l cooking frame; common-noun A ERG.


ngamu-ngku jiba waju-ny | mother-ERG liver cook-PAST

Second liver-cooking row changes actor only; keeps literal liver and old transitive cooking frame.


Dingkar-angka bajibay balji-nga yijarrin.

dingkar-angka bajibay balji-nga yijarri-ny | man-ERG bone bag-LOC put-PAST

bajibay ordinary object; balji-nga/yijarri-l frame retained from Rule 125-128 placement rows.


jalbu-ngku jiba bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | woman-ERG liver ground-LOC put-PAST

jiba literal liver; bubu-ngu ground LOC; common-noun A ERG.


ngana kuyu biji balji-nga yijarri-ny | we fish tail bag-LOC put-PAST

Pronoun A bare; kuyu biji whole-part object; no possessive suffix.


nganjan-angka minya wabarr-ba bawa-ny | father-ERG meat shade-LOC leave-PAST

minya meat support noun in retained leave-location frame; common-noun A ERG.


Grandmother took the bone from the ground.

babi-ngka bajibay bubu-muny mani-ny | grandmother-ERG bone ground-ABL get-PAST

bajibay bone object; bubu-muny source; common-noun A ERG.


karrkay jiba-ka wawu | child liver-DAT want

Directly modelled on Patz Text 76 line 81 Yundu jiba-ka wawu?


mukul-dingkar jiba-ka wawu | old-man liver-DAT want

jiba-ka dative retained from source liver-want question; subject changed only.


karrkay bajibay-ngka wawu | child bone-DAT want

bajibay-ngka dative supported by Patz bone examples and previous dog-wants-bone rows; order follows Patz jiba-ka wawu question.


ngana wawu minya-ka bajibay-kari-ka | we want meat-DAT bone-PRIV-DAT

minya-ka and bajibay-kari-ka directly parallel prior boneless-meat rows; pronoun subject changed to avoid exact duplicate.


nganjan kuyu-ku wawu | father fish-DAT want

kuyu-ku dative topic in retained wawu frame; kuyu dictionary line 16908 fish.


ngamu babi-nda jiba-ka babaji-ny | mother grandmother-LOC:pt liver-DAT ask.about-PAST

babaji-y ask-about frame: S asker unmarked, person LOC:pt, topic DAT; jiba-ka topic sourced.


Karrkay nganjan-anda bajibay-ngka babajin.

karrkay nganjan-anda bajibay-ngka babaji-ny | child father-LOC:pt bone-DAT ask.about-PAST

ask-about frame retained; bajibay-ngka dative topic; no ERG on asker.


warru ngamu-ndu kuyu-ku babaji-ny | young.man mother-LOC:pt fish-DAT ask.about-PAST

Support kuyu-ku topic in established ask-about frame; no tail-dative extrapolation.


babi-ngka jiba daji-ny karrkay-anda | grandmother-ERG liver give-PAST child-LOC:pt

daji-ny transfer frame with human recipient LOC:pt; jiba literal liver object.


nganjan-angka bajibay daji-ny babi-nda | father-ERG bone give-PAST grandmother-LOC:pt

bajibay bone object in old transfer frame; human recipient LOC:pt.


mukul-dingkar malbin julurri-ji-ny | old-man upper.leg wash-REF-PAST

malbin upper leg in reflexive wash frame; S unmarked, no possessive suffix.


maral malbin julurri-ji-ny | girl upper.leg wash-REF-PAST

Second malbin reflexive row changes possessor only; no new case form.


kaya-ngka kuyu biji bayka-ny | dog-ERG fish tail bite-PAST

Whole-part affected O parallels Patz ex.520 kuyu biji and Rule 132 affected-body rows.


ngalngal-angka kaya biji bayka-ny | crab-ERG dog tail bite-PAST

Animal tail whole-part O; crab bite frame retained from Rule 132.


ngamu-ngku karrkay bangkarr julurri-ny | mother-ERG child body wash-PAST

bangkarr body in whole-part O; transitive wash frame retained.


ngana bangkarr julurri-ny | we body wash-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bangkarr body literal; no instrument imported.


bajibay balji-nga wuna-ny | bone bag-LOC lie-PAST

bajibay bone in retained rest-location frame; no metaphorical use.


jiba bubu-ngu wuna-ny | liver ground-LOC lie-PAST

jiba literal liver in retained rest-location frame.


kuyu biji wabarr-ba wuna-ny | fish tail shade-LOC lie-PAST

kuyu biji whole-part subject; rest-location frame retained.


jalbu-ngku babi malbin nyaji-ny | woman-ERG grandmother upper.leg see-PAST

Final malbin row keeps upper-leg sense and whole-part perception frame; common-noun A ERG.


kami malbin kaka | grandfather upper.leg sore

Rule 134 construction consolidation: malbin remains dictionary upper leg; old body-part state frame, no case form.


ngamu malbin ngulkurr | mother upper.leg good

Malbin upper-leg sense only; old state predicate frame.


mukul-dingkar bangkarr kaka | old-man body sore

Bangkarr body/flesh only, not steak; kaka sore/pain predicate.


Bangkarr body/flesh in old adjective state frame.


Biji animal tail; whole-part apposition follows Rule 133 source controls.


Kuyu biji whole-part NP from Patz ex.520; state predicate varied from Rule 133.


Bajibay literal bone only; simple size predicate.


bajibay ngulkurr bajaku | bone good very

Bajibay literal bone; no metaphorical story-bone extension.


Jiba literal liver only; emotional compounds excluded.


minya bajibay-kari ngulkurr | meat bone-PRIV good

Minya meat/flesh-food support sense; bajibay-kari privative retained.


nganjan-angka ngamu malbin nyaji-ny | father-ERG mother upper.leg see-PAST

Whole-part O with malbin upper leg; common-noun perceiver ERG.


karrkay-ngku babi malbin nyaji-ny | child-ERG grandmother upper.leg see-PAST

Malbin upper leg, no front/hind-leg contrast; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu kaya biji nyaji-ny | I dog tail see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; biji tail in whole-part O.


kami-ngka kuyu biji nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG fish tail see-PAST

Kuyu biji whole-part object; common-noun perceiver ERG.


Mukul-jalbu-ngku bajibay balji-nga nyajin.

mukul-jalbu-ngku bajibay balji-nga nyaji-ny | old-woman-ERG bone bag-LOC see-PAST

Bajibay literal bone in retained bag-location perception frame.


ngana bajibay bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we bone ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bubu-ngu ground LOC retained.


dingkar-angka jiba wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG liver shade-LOC see-PAST

Jiba literal liver; common-noun A ERG; old shade LOC.


ngamu-ngku karrkay bangkarr nyaji-ny | mother-ERG child body see-PAST

Bangkarr body/flesh only in whole-part O; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngayu minya balji-nga nyaji-ny | I meat bag-LOC see-PAST

Minya meat/flesh-food support row; pronoun A bare.


jana kuyu bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | they fish ground-LOC see-PAST


kaya-ngka bajibay wabarr-ba nuka-ny | dog-ERG bone shade-LOC eat-PAST

Patz dog-eats-bone model with old shade LOC; common-noun A ERG.


nganjan-angka jiba nuka-ny | father-ERG liver eat-PAST

Jiba literal liver as food object; common-noun A ERG.


ngamu-ngku minya bajibay-kari waju-ny | mother-ERG meat bone-PRIV cook-PAST

Minya meat plus bajibay-kari privative in old cooking frame.


kami-ngka kuyu waju-ny | grandfather-ERG fish cook-PAST

Kuyu fish support row in old waju-l cooking frame.


karrkay-ngku jiba balji-nga yijarri-ny | child-ERG liver bag-LOC put-PAST

Jiba literal liver; bag-location placement frame retained.


babi-ngka bajibay bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG bone ground-LOC put-PAST

Bajibay bone object in old ground-location placement frame.


nganjan-angka jiba wabarr-ba bawa-ny | father-ERG liver shade-LOC leave-PAST

Jiba literal liver in retained leave-location frame.


ngayu bajibay balji-nga bawa-ny | I bone bag-LOC leave-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bajibay literal bone; bag LOC retained.


ngamu-ngku jiba bubu-muny mani-ny | mother-ERG liver ground-ABL get-PAST

Jiba literal liver; bubu-muny source retained from Rule 133.


The young man took meat from the ground.

warru-ngku minya bubu-muny mani-ny | young.man-ERG meat ground-ABL get-PAST

Minya meat/flesh-food support row; source ABL already controlled.


babi jiba-ka wawu | grandmother liver-DAT want

Jiba-ka dative retained from Patz Text 76 line 81.


ngayu bajibay-ngka wawu | I bone-DAT want

Bajibay-ngka retained y-final dative topic; pronoun subject bare.


warru kuyu-ku wawu | young.man fish-DAT want

Kuyu-ku support dative in old want frame.


ngamu wawu minya-ka bajibay-kari-ka | mother want meat-DAT bone-PRIV-DAT

Boneless meat dative phrase retained; subject changed for construction consolidation.


nganjan ngamu-ndu jiba-ka babaji-ny | father mother-LOC:pt liver-DAT ask.about-PAST

Babaji-y asker unmarked; person LOC:pt, topic DAT.


Grandmother asked the child about a bone.

babi karrkay-anda bajibay-ngka babaji-ny | grandmother child-LOC:pt bone-DAT ask.about-PAST

Ask-about frame retained; no ERG on asker.


jalbu kami-nda kuyu-ku babaji-ny | woman grandfather-LOC:pt fish-DAT ask.about-PAST

Kuyu-ku support topic in old ask-about frame.


The old man asked mother about meat without bones.

Mukul-dingkar ngamu-ndu minya-ka bajibay-kari-ka babajin.

mukul-dingkar ngamu-ndu minya-ka bajibay-kari-ka babaji-ny | old-man mother-LOC:pt meat-DAT bone-PRIV-DAT ask.about-PAST

mukul dingkar ngamu minya bajibay kari babajiy

Ask-about frame with retained boneless-meat dative phrase; asker unmarked.


ngamu-ngku bajibay daji-ny karrkay-anda | mother-ERG bone give-PAST child-LOC:pt

Bajibay literal bone in retained transfer frame; recipient LOC:pt.


karrkay-ngku jiba daji-ny nganjan-anda | child-ERG liver give-PAST father-LOC:pt

Jiba literal liver object; recipient LOC:pt; common-noun A ERG.


Grandmother washed the child's upper leg.

babi-ngka karrkay malbin julurri-ny | grandmother-ERG child upper.leg wash-PAST

Malbin upper leg in old transitive wash frame; no case form.


nganjan-angka ngamu malbin julurri-ny | father-ERG mother upper.leg wash-PAST

Whole-part O with malbin; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu malbin julurri-ji-ny | I upper.leg wash-REF-PAST

Pronoun S bare; malbin upper leg; no possessive suffix.


kaya-ngka kami malbin bayka-ny | dog-ERG grandfather upper.leg bite-PAST

Malbin in affected whole-part O; no front/hind-leg wording.


ngalngal-angka kuyu biji bayka-ny | crab-ERG fish tail bite-PAST

Kuyu biji affected whole-part O; common-noun A ERG.


karrkay-ngku kami bangkarr julurri-ny | child-ERG grandfather body wash-PAST

Bangkarr body/flesh only in transitive wash frame.


bajibay bubu-ngu wuna-ny | bone ground-LOC lie-PAST

Bajibay literal bone in retained rest-location frame.


jiba wabarr-ba wuna-ny | liver shade-LOC lie-PAST

Jiba literal liver in retained rest-location frame.


kuyu biji bubu-ngu wuna-ny | fish tail ground-LOC lie-PAST

Kuyu biji whole-part subject in rest-location frame.


minya bajibay-kari balji-nga wuna-ny | meat bone-PRIV bag-LOC lie-PAST

Minya meat/flesh-food plus bajibay-kari in retained rest-location frame.


Dictionary damu chest; Patz 4.5.2 inalienable apposition; kaka sore predicate.


Dictionary damu chest; ngulkurr good; no possessive suffix.


babi jibar kaka | grandmother stomach sore

Dictionary jibar stomach; kaka bodily soreness only.


karrkay jibar marral | child stomach dry

Dictionary jibar stomach; marral dry state predicate.


Dictionary jakay back of neck/neck; appositional baby plus body part.


warru jakay ngulkurr | young.man neck good


Dictionary binda shoulder sense selected, not tree/river fork.


kami binda marral | grandfather shoulder dry

Binda is shoulder in this row; marral dry.


Dictionary wakuy arm; no wakuy-mbu locative created in this lexical pass.


mukul-dingkar wakuy ngulkurr | old-man arm good

Wakuy arm in apposition with old man; ngulkurr good.


Dictionary wulu ankle/shin; row selects ankle sense.


Wulu ankle selected; no new locative/dative form.


Dictionary wurra navel/umbilical cord; row selects navel.


Wurra navel selected; appositional body-part state.


ngamu-ngku karrkay damu nyaji-ny | mother-ERG child chest see-PAST

Nyaji-l perception frame; common-noun A ERG; damu chest.


ngayu nganjan damu nyaji-ny | I father chest see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; whole-part object with damu chest.


nganjan-angka karrkay jibar nyaji-ny | father-ERG child stomach see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jibar stomach, not locational jibarr.


jana babi jibar nyaji-ny | they grandmother stomach see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; jibar stomach in appositional object.


babi-ngka ngawa jakay nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG baby neck see-PAST


dingkar-angka jalbu jakay nyaji-ny | man-ERG woman neck see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; whole-part O with jakay neck.


jalbu-ngku dingkar binda nyaji-ny | woman-ERG man shoulder see-PAST

Binda shoulder selected; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu kami binda nyaji-ny | I grandfather shoulder see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; binda shoulder sense forced in analysis.


nganjan-angka warru wakuy nyaji-ny | father-ERG young.man arm see-PAST

Wakuy arm in whole-part object; common-noun A ERG.


ngana ngamu wakuy nyaji-ny | we mother arm see-PAST


ngamu-ngku karrkay wulu nyaji-ny | mother-ERG child ankle see-PAST

Wulu ankle selected; no target case morphology.


karrkay-ngku babi wulu nyaji-ny | child-ERG grandmother ankle see-PAST

Common-noun child A ERG; wulu ankle object.


ngayu ngawa wurra nyaji-ny | I baby navel see-PAST


kami-ngka karrkay wurra nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG child navel see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; wurra navel selected.


ngamu-ngku karrkay damu julurri-ny | mother-ERG child chest wash-PAST

Transitive julurril with whole-part affected object; damu chest.


nganjan-angka ngawa jibar julurri-ny | father-ERG baby stomach wash-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jibar stomach affected object.


babi-ngka karrkay jakay julurri-ny | grandmother-ERG child neck wash-PAST

Transitive wash of affected body part; jakay neck.


jalbu-ngku ngamu binda julurri-ny | woman-ERG mother shoulder wash-PAST


Mukul-dingkar-angka warru wakuy julurrin.

mukul-dingkar-angka warru wakuy julurri-ny | old-man-ERG young.man arm wash-PAST

Wakuy arm in transitive wash frame; no instrument or comitative.


ngamu-ngku karrkay wulu julurri-ny | mother-ERG child ankle wash-PAST

Wulu ankle selected; affected object stays bare.


babi-ngka ngawa wurra julurri-ny | grandmother-ERG baby navel wash-PAST

Wurra navel selected; ordinary transitive wash.


ngayu damu julurri-ji-ny | I chest wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive julurriji; pronoun S bare; no possessive suffix.


karrkay jibar julurri-ji-ny | child stomach wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash with specified affected body part; jibar stomach.


warru jakay julurri-ji-ny | young.man neck wash-REF-PAST


jalbu binda julurri-ji-ny | woman shoulder wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash; binda shoulder; no ERG on S.


ngayu wulu julurri-ji-ny | I ankle wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash; wulu ankle; no possessive suffix.


kaya-ngka nganjan damu bayka-ny | dog-ERG father chest bite-PAST

Bayka-l bite with common-noun A ERG; affected whole-part object.


ngalngal-angka karrkay jibar bayka-ny | crab-ERG child stomach bite-PAST

Ngalngal crab as ERG A; jibar stomach affected object.


kaya-ngka warru wakuy bayka-ny | dog-ERG young.man arm bite-PAST

Wakuy arm in affected object; common-noun A ERG.


ngalngal-angka jalbu wulu bayka-ny | crab-ERG woman ankle bite-PAST


kaya-ngka kami binda bayka-ny | dog-ERG grandfather shoulder bite-PAST


ngalngal-angka karrkay jakay bayka-ny | crab-ERG child neck bite-PAST

Jakay neck in affected whole-part object; common-noun A ERG.


babi-ngka ngawa wurra nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG baby navel see-PAST

Second navel perception row with common-noun A ERG; wurra navel.


ngamu-ngku warru wakuy julurri-ny | mother-ERG young.man arm wash-PAST

Wakuy arm in affected wash object; common-noun A ERG.


Damu chest with marral dry; appositional body-part state.


Wulu ankle; ngulkurr good; no new case morphology.


kami damu bajaybajay | grandfather chest painful

Rule 136 consolidation: dictionary damu chest and bajaybajay painful in old appositional body-state frame.


ngamu jibar ngulkurr | mother stomach good

Jibar stomach only, not locational jibarr; ngulkurr good.


babi binda ngulkurr | grandmother shoulder good

Binda shoulder only; fork senses excluded.


Wulu ankle wording; kaka bodily soreness.


Wurra navel wording; no umbilical-cord scene.


karrkay damu kaka bajaku | child chest sore very

Damu chest; bajaku retained as very/degree particle after predicate.


warru jibar bajaybajay | young.man stomach painful


dingkar binda junkurr | man shoulder strength

Binda shoulder; junkurr strength/strong follows accepted body-state precedent.


jalbu wakuy junkurr | woman arm strength

Wakuy arm; junkurr strength/strong in body-state frame.


babi wulu marral | grandmother ankle dry


karrkay wurra ngulkurr | child navel good


Patz apposition permits modifier after body part; damu chest, yalbay big.


mukul-dingkar binda kaka | old-man shoulder sore


ngawa jibar ngulkurr | baby stomach good

Jibar stomach only; no locational jibarr.


Wurra navel; marral dry; no umbilical-cord expansion.


babi-ngka nganjan damu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG father chest see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; whole-part object with damu chest.


ngamu-ngku babi jibar nyaji-ny | mother-ERG grandmother stomach see-PAST


ngayu warru jakay nyaji-ny | I young.man neck see-PAST


nganjan-angka jalbu binda nyaji-ny | father-ERG woman shoulder see-PAST


jana kami wakuy nyaji-ny | they grandfather arm see-PAST


jalbu-ngku ngawa wulu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG baby ankle see-PAST


karrkay-ngku ngamu wurra nyaji-ny | child-ERG mother navel see-PAST


ngana dingkar damu nyaji-ny | we man chest see-PAST


dingkar-angka babi binda nyaji-ny | man-ERG grandmother shoulder see-PAST

Binda shoulder selected; common-noun A ERG.


kami-ngka ngamu wulu nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG mother ankle see-PAST


kami-ngka nganjan damu julurri-ny | grandfather-ERG father chest wash-PAST

Transitive julurril; affected whole-part object with damu.


ngamu-ngku babi jibar julurri-ny | mother-ERG grandmother stomach wash-PAST


nganjan-angka warru jakay julurri-ny | father-ERG young.man neck wash-PAST

Jakay neck in affected wash object; common-noun A ERG.


jalbu-ngku karrkay binda julurri-ny | woman-ERG child shoulder wash-PAST


babi-ngka ngamu wakuy julurri-ny | grandmother-ERG mother arm wash-PAST


nganjan-angka jalbu wulu julurri-ny | father-ERG woman ankle wash-PAST


ngamu-ngku karrkay wurra julurri-ny | mother-ERG child navel wash-PAST


karrkay-ngku ngawa wakuy julurri-ny | child-ERG baby arm wash-PAST

Wakuy arm in affected object; child A ERG.


nganjan damu julurri-ji-ny | father chest wash-REF-PAST


babi jibar julurri-ji-ny | grandmother stomach wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash; jibar stomach; no possessive suffix.


ngayu jakay julurri-ji-ny | I neck wash-REF-PAST


ngamu binda julurri-ji-ny | mother shoulder wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash S unmarked; binda shoulder.


warru wakuy julurri-ji-ny | young.man arm wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash; wakuy arm; no target case form.


karrkay wurra julurri-ji-ny | child navel wash-REF-PAST

Reflexive wash; wurra navel; no possessive suffix.


kaya-ngka ngamu jibar bayka-ny | dog-ERG mother stomach bite-PAST

Bayka-l bite; jibar stomach; common-noun A ERG.


ngalngal-angka kami wulu bayka-ny | crab-ERG grandfather ankle bite-PAST

Ngalngal crab A; wulu ankle affected object.


kaya-ngka karrkay binda bayka-ny | dog-ERG child shoulder bite-PAST

Binda shoulder affected object; common-noun A ERG.


ngalngal-angka warru wakuy bayka-ny | crab-ERG young.man arm bite-PAST


kaya-ngka jalbu jakay bayka-ny | dog-ERG woman neck bite-PAST

Jakay neck affected object; common-noun A ERG.


ngalngal-angka nganjan damu bayka-ny | crab-ERG father chest bite-PAST

Damu chest affected object; common-noun A ERG.


Dictionary badur line 256 gives hook and line/fishing line; ngulkurr is an already verified good predicate.


Dictionary karra line 13534 gives rope/cord/string; marral dry is already verified.


Dictionary makarr line 17173 gives fish net; ngulkurr good is already verified.


Dictionary ngunyin line 23741 includes dilly bag; this row selects the dilly-bag sense only.


Dictionary wangal line 25943 gives boomerang; yalbay big is already verified.


Dictionary warrbi line 26610 gives axe; this row selects axe only.


Dictionary kunjuri line 15915 gives shield; marral dry is already verified.


Dictionary kalka line 12579 gives fishing spear and generic spear; yalbay big is already verified.


badur wabarr-ba wuna-ny | hook.line shade-LOC lie-PAST

Patz optional locative NP rule plus wuna-y lie; wabarr-ba shade LOC is already source-checked.


karra bayan-ba wuna-ny | rope camp-LOC lie-PAST

Patz wuna-y lie and optional locative NP rule; bayan-ba camp/house LOC is already source-checked.


makarr bubu-ngu wuna-ny | fish.net ground-LOC lie-PAST

Patz optional locative NP rule supports bubu-ngu ground LOC in rest clauses.


ngunyin bubu-ngu wuna-ny | dilly.bag ground-LOC lie-PAST

Ngunyin selected as dilly bag only; wuna-y and bubu-ngu are controlled support.


wangal balji-nga wuna-ny | boomerang bag-LOC lie-PAST

Patz ex.579 sources balji-nga bag LOC; wangal is boomerang noun only.


warrbi wabarr-ba wuna-ny | axe shade-LOC lie-PAST

Warrbi selected as axe only; wabarr-ba shade LOC and wuna-y are controlled support.


kunjuri balji-nga wuna-ny | shield bag-LOC lie-PAST

Patz ex.579 sources balji-nga bag LOC; kunjuri shield remains bare.


kalka wabarr-ba wuna-ny | spear shade-LOC lie-PAST

Kalka spear in a rest-location frame; no comitative or instrument morphology.


Mother saw the hook and line in the bag.

ngamu-ngku badur balji-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG hook.line bag-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; Patz nyaji-ny see/hear plus balji-nga bag LOC.


nganjan-angka karra bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | father-ERG rope ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; karra rope object plus bubu-ngu ground LOC.


Grandmother saw the fish net in the shade.

babi-ngka makarr wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG fish.net shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; makarr fish net and wabarr-ba shade LOC.


The child saw the dilly bag on the ground.

karrkay-ngku ngunyin bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | child-ERG dilly.bag ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngunyin selected as dilly bag only.


ngayu wangal wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | I boomerang shade-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; wangal boomerang noun only.


kami-ngka warrbi bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG axe ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; warrbi selected as axe only.


jalbu-ngku kunjuri wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG shield shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kunjuri shield object remains bare.


dingkar-angka kalka bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | man-ERG spear ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kalka spear object plus bubu-ngu ground LOC.


They saw the hook and line in the shade.

jana badur wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | they hook.line shade-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; badur hook-and-line sense selected.


ngana makarr bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we fish.net ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; makarr fish net plus bubu-ngu ground LOC.


Mother put the hook and line in the bag.

ngamu-ngku badur balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG hook.line bag-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place plus Patz ex.579 balji-nga bag LOC; common-noun A ERG.


nganjan-angka karra bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | father-ERG rope ground-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with karra rope object and bubu-ngu ground LOC.


Grandmother put the fish net in the shade.

babi-ngka makarr wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG fish.net shade-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with makarr fish net object and shade LOC.


The child put the dilly bag on the ground.

karrkay-ngku ngunyin bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | child-ERG dilly.bag ground-LOC put-PAST

Ngunyin selected as dilly bag only; yijarri-l and bubu-ngu are controlled support.


ngayu wangal wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | I boomerang shade-LOC put-PAST


kami-ngka warrbi bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | grandfather-ERG axe ground-LOC put-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; warrbi axe object with no instrument morphology.


jalbu-ngku kunjuri wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | woman-ERG shield shade-LOC put-PAST


dingkar-angka kalka bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG spear ground-LOC put-PAST


They put the hook and line in the shade.

jana badur wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | they hook.line shade-LOC put-PAST


ngana makarr bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | we fish.net ground-LOC put-PAST


Mother left the hook and line in the shade.

ngamu-ngku badur wabarr-ba bawa-ny | mother-ERG hook.line shade-LOC leave-PAST

Bawa-l leave with object plus location; common-noun A ERG.


nganjan-angka karra bubu-ngu bawa-ny | father-ERG rope ground-LOC leave-PAST

Bawa-l leave with karra rope and bubu-ngu ground LOC.


Grandmother left the fish net in the bag.

babi-ngka makarr balji-nga bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG fish.net bag-LOC leave-PAST

Bawa-l leave with makarr fish net and Patz-sourced balji-nga bag LOC.


The child left the dilly bag in the shade.

karrkay-ngku ngunyin wabarr-ba bawa-ny | child-ERG dilly.bag shade-LOC leave-PAST

Ngunyin selected as dilly bag only; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu wangal bubu-ngu bawa-ny | I boomerang ground-LOC leave-PAST


kami-ngka warrbi wabarr-ba bawa-ny | grandfather-ERG axe shade-LOC leave-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; warrbi axe object with no tool-as-instrument reading.


The woman left the shield on the ground.

jalbu-ngku kunjuri bubu-ngu bawa-ny | woman-ERG shield ground-LOC leave-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kunjuri shield remains a bare object.