The old woman asked the man: "Why did you shout?"

Mukul-jalbu dingkar-anda babajin: "Wanyurringku yundu yirrkan?"

mukul-jalbu dingkar-anda babaji-ny: "wanyurringku yundu yirrka-ny" | old-woman man-LOC ask-PAST: "why you shout-PAST"

mukul-jalbu dingkar babaji wanyurringku yundu yirrkay

Actor is ABS/S despite common noun; this avoids the old Rule 66 ERG drift.


The boy asked the old man: "What kind of bird called?"

Karrkay mukul-dingkar-anda babajin: "Wanyu-nguy buyi yirrkan?"

karrkay mukul-dingkar-anda babaji-ny: "wanyu-nguy buyi yirrka-ny" | child old-man-LOC ask-PAST: "what-kind bird call-PAST"

karrkay mukul-dingkar babaji wanyu-nguy buyi yirrkay

Question type is inside quote; report construction is the reviewed grammar point.


The child asked mother: "Do you want food?" Mother said: "Yes."

Karrkay ngamu-ndu babajin: "Yundu mayi-ka wawu?" Ngamu-ngku balkan: "Yuwu."

karrkay ngamu-ndu babaji-ny: "yundu mayi-ka wawu" ngamu-ngku balka-ny: "yuwu" | child mother-LOC ask-PAST: "you food-DAT want" mother-ERG say-PAST: "yes"

karrkay ngamu babaji yundu mayi wawu balkal yuwu

Question-response pairing; reply uses balkan, not a separate answer lexeme.


The child asked father: "Did the dog come?" Father said: "No."

Karrkay nganjan-anda babajin: "Kaya kadan?" Nganjan-angka balkan: "Kari."

karrkay nganjan-anda babaji-ny: "kaya kada-ny" nganjan-angka balka-ny: "kari" | child father-LOC ask-PAST: "dog come-PAST" father-ERG say-PAST: "no"

karrkay nganjan babaji kaya kaday balkal kari

Polar question inside quote; no question particle added.


The young woman asked grandmother: "Did the fire go out?" Grandmother said: "Yes."

Warru-jalbu babi-nda babajin: "Baya wulan?" Babi-ngka balkan: "Yuwu."

warru-jalbu babi-nda babaji-ny: "baya wula-ny" babi-ngka balka-ny: "yuwu" | young-woman grandmother-LOC ask-PAST: "fire die/go.out-PAST" grandmother-ERG say-PAST: "yes"

warru-jalbu babi babaji baya wulay balkal yuwu

Uses surface past wulan; reply is direct quoted yuwu.


The man asked the old woman: "Is that fish?" The old woman said: "No."

Dingkar mukul-jalbu-ndu babajin: "Yinya kuyu?" Mukul-jalbu-ngku balkan: "Kari."

dingkar mukul-jalbu-ndu babaji-ny: "yinya kuyu" mukul-jalbu-ngku balka-ny: "kari" | man old-woman-LOC ask-PAST: "that fish" old-woman-ERG say-PAST: "no"

dingkar mukul-jalbu babaji yinya kuyu balkal kari

Short quoted polar question; response uses source-attested Kari.


Mother asked the child: "Are you cold?" The child said: "No."

Ngamu karrkay-anda babajin: "Yundu ngiki?" Karrkay-ngku balkan: "Kari."

ngamu karrkay-anda babaji-ny: "yundu ngiki" karrkay-ngku balka-ny: "kari" | mother child-LOC ask-PAST: "you cold" child-ERG say-PAST: "no"

ngamu karrkay babaji yundu ngiki balkal kari

Babaji actor remains ABS; child is ERG only in the separate balkan reply clause.


Father asked the young man: "Are you hungry?" The young man said: "Yes."

Nganjan warru-nda babajin: "Yundu dakwuy?" Warru-ngku balkan: "Yuwu."

nganjan warru-nda babaji-ny: "yundu dakwuy" warru-ngku balka-ny: "yuwu" | father young.man-LOC ask-PAST: "you hungry" young.man-ERG say-PAST: "yes"

nganjan warru babaji yundu dakwuy balkal yuwu

Separate clauses keep babaji-y ABS actor and balkan ERG actor distinct.


The old man asked the child: "Do you know this story?" The child said: "I know."

Mukul-dingkar karrkay-anda babajin: "Yundu yanyu kuku binal?" Karrkay-ngku balkan: "Ngayu binal."

mukul-dingkar karrkay-anda babaji-ny: "yundu yanyu kuku binal" karrkay-ngku balka-ny: "ngayu binal" | old-man child-LOC ask-PAST: "you this story know" child-ERG say-PAST: "I know"

mukul-dingkar karrkay babaji yundu yanyu kuku binal balkal ngayu

Cognition content stays inside the direct quote; no complementizer.


The old woman asked the child: "Do you see the dog?" The child said: "I see it."

Mukul-jalbu karrkay-anda babajin: "Yundu kaya nyajil?" Karrkay-ngku balkan: "Ngayu nyajil."

mukul-jalbu karrkay-anda babaji-ny: "yundu kaya nyaji-l" karrkay-ngku balka-ny: "ngayu nyaji-l" | old-woman child-LOC ask-PAST: "you dog see-NONPAST" child-ERG say-PAST: "I see-NONPAST"

mukul-jalbu karrkay babaji yundu kaya nyajil balkal ngayu

Short direct Q/A pair; the quoted verb remains inside the quote.


The child cried out to mother: "Mother, come!"

Karrkay ngamu-ndu yirrkan: "Ngamu, kada-y!"

karrkay ngamu-ndu yirrka-ny: "ngamu kada-y" | child mother-LOC cry.out-PAST: "mother come-IMP"

Appendix text controls yirrka-nya with LOC addressees.


The child cried out to father and mother: "Come now!"

Karrkay nganjan-anda ngamu-ndu yirrkan: "Yala kada-y!"

karrkay nganjan-anda ngamu-ndu yirrka-ny: "yala kada-y" | child father-LOC mother-LOC cry.out-PAST: "OK/now come-IMP"

karrkay nganjan ngamu yirrkay yala kaday

Directly modeled on yirrka-nya nganjan-anda ngamu-ndu source shape.


The old woman cried out to the children: "Do not go!"

Mukul-jalbu karrkay-karra-nda yirrkan: "Kari dunga-y!"

mukul-jalbu karrkay-karra-nda yirrka-ny: "kari dunga-y" | old-woman child-PL-LOC cry.out-PAST: "NEG go-IMP"

mukul-jalbu karrkay -karra yirrkay kari dungay

Actor is ABS/S; addressee is LOC plural.


The man cried out to the young man: "The dog came!"

Dingkar warru-nda yirrkan: "Kaya kadan!"

dingkar warru-nda yirrka-ny: "kaya kada-ny" | man young.man-LOC cry.out-PAST: "dog come-PAST"

Direct quoted declarative after cry-out frame.


The woman cried out to the old man: "Fire!"

Jalbu mukul-dingkar-anda yirrkan: "Baya!"

jalbu mukul-dingkar-anda yirrka-ny: "baya" | woman old-man-LOC cry.out-PAST: "fire"

One-word quote tests call-out punctuation without adding new lexicon.


kami yirrka-ny: "yuwu" | grandfather cry.out-PAST: "yes"

Short yuwu quote with yirrkay; no addressee required.


ngamu-ngku karrkay kunja-ny: "kada-y" | mother-ERG child call-PAST: "come-IMP"

Dictionary/living rule controls kunja-l call/summon; quote supplies the call.


nganjan-angka warru kunja-ny: "dunga-y" | father-ERG young.man call-PAST: "go-IMP"

Transitive call frame with A in ERG and called person as object.


The old woman called the children: "Sit down!"

Mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay-karra kunjan: "Bunda-y!"

mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay-karra kunja-ny: "bunda-y" | old-woman-ERG child-PL call-PAST: "sit-IMP"

mukul-jalbu karrkay -karra kunjal bunday

Jana kunja-nya source supports call plus following quote; plural object varied.


dingkar-angka kaya kunja-ny: "kada-y" | man-ERG dog call-PAST: "come-IMP"

Call/summon frame with animal object; no LOC addressee because this is kunja-l, not balka-l.


babi-ngka jalbu-karrkay kunja-ny: "nuka" | grandmother-ERG girl-child call-PAST: "eat.IMP"

Short imperative call; lexical content kept simple and source-controlled.


Jana mukul-dingkar kunjan: "Mukul-dingkar!"

jana mukul-dingkar kunja-ny: "mukul-dingkar" | they old-man call-PAST: "old-man"

Pronoun actor does not take ERG; called person is the object of kunja-l.


"Sit," someone said, "you two sit there!"

"Bunda-y," yalaman, "yubal, yinyay bunda-y!"

"bunda-y" yalama-ny "yubal yinyay bunda-y" | "sit-IMP" say-PAST "you.two there sit-IMP"

Appendix text controls quote, yalama-ny, quote-continuation structure.


"Kari," karrkay-ngku balkan, "ngayu kari binal."

"kari" karrkay-ngku balka-ny "ngayu kari binal" | "no" child-ERG say-PAST "I NEG know"

Medial report with explicit ERG speaker because quote is the object of balka-l.


"Yes," the old man said, "the child came."

"Yuwu," mukul-dingkar-angka balkan, "karrkay kadan."

"yuwu" mukul-dingkar-angka balka-ny "karrkay kada-ny" | "yes" old-man-ERG say-PAST "child come-PAST"

Medial quote continuation; surface past normalized to kadan.


"Yalada," ngamu-ngku balkan, "yundu dunga-y."

"yalada" ngamu-ngku balka-ny "yundu dunga-y" | "alright" mother-ERG say-PAST "you go-IMP"

Yalada short discourse quote plus medial reporting frame.


Dictionary bambay 'sick'; Patz ex.389 uses a sick woman as predicate state.


yilayku warru bambay-ma-ny | yesterday young.man sick-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.113 Yilayku nyulu bambay-ma-ny controls yesterday + inchoative illness.


I became sick from eating unripe mangoes.

ngayu bambay-ma-ny mayngku kayal nuka-nya | I sick-INCHO-PAST mango unripe eat-SUB

Patz ex.167 controls bambay-ma-ny plus causal subordinate nuka-nya.


karrkay bambay-ma-l-baja | child sick-INCHO-NONPAST-DEGREE

Patz ex.216 controls bambay-ma-l-baja 'getting quite sick'.


nyunguny bambay-bunga-ny kubarr-da | him sick-CAUS-PAST eel-ERG

Patz ex.238 Nganya bambay-bunga-ny kubarr-da controls causative sickness frame.


dingkar bambay warngku-wuna-y | man sick sleep-lie-NONPAST

Patz ex.480 controls Dingkar bambay warngku-wuna-y with sick as NP modifier.


karrkay bambay bayan-ba wuna-na-y | child sick house-LOC lie-REDUP-NONPAST

Combines sourced sick modifier with common locative rest/lie frame.


nyulu bambay-mun ngulkurr-da | he sick-ABL well-now

Dictionary ngulkurr example Nyulu bambaymun ngulkurrda controls after-sickness recovery.


karrkay ngulkurr-ma-ny | child good/well-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.410/556 control ngulkurr-ma-l/-ny as get better/be well again.


nyulu ngiki-kari ngulkurr-ma-ny baja | he cold-PRIV well-INCHO-PAST again

Patz ex.556 Ngayu ngiki-kari, ngulkurr-ma-ny controls cold-privative recovery.


Patz conversation note gives Yundu ngikiji? for asking whether someone has a cold.


karrkay ngiki-ji | child cough/cold-COMIT

Dictionary ngiki/ngikiji and Patz ex.545 control cough/cold as comitative bodily state.


If he has a cough, he breaks up green ants and eats them.

Kaki nyulu ngiki-ji, nyulu yangka dumbarril, nukal.

kaki nyulu ngiki-ji nyulu yangka dumbarri-l nuka-l | if he cough-COMIT he green.ant break-NONPAST eat-NONPAST

Patz ex.394 controls conditional cough/cold plus breaking and eating green ants; actor varied to avoid exact duplicate.


Grandmother gave green ants to the child with the cough.

Babi-ngka yangka dajin karrkay-anda ngiki-ji-nda.

babi-ngka yangka daji-ny karrkay-anda ngiki-ji-nda | grandmother-ERG green.ant give-PAST child-LOC cough-COMIT-LOC

Patz ex.545 controls yangka daji-ny karrkay-anda ngiki-ji-nda.


Grandmother takes green ants in order to get better.

babi-ngka yangka nuka-l ngulkurr-ma-nka | grandmother-ERG green.ant eat/take-NONPAST well-INCHO-PURP

Patz ex.410 controls Babi-ngka yangka nuka-l, ngulkurr-ma-nka.


yangka ngiki-ka kalbal | green.ant cold-DAT remedy

Grammar medicine section and dictionary yangka/kalbal identify green ant as a remedy for colds.


The bush medicine is for the sick child.

dukunjaka karrkay bambay-nka | bush-med child sick-DAT

Dictionary dukunjaka 'bush medicine'; dative adjective frame follows Patz sick-DAT examples.


Grandfather takes a remedy for the road in case he gets sick.

Ngaji-ngka kalbal wundil baral-ka, kunka nyulu bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku.

ngaji-ngka kalbal wundi-l baral-ka kunka nyulu bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku | grandfather-ERG remedy take-NONPAST road-DAT in.case he sick-INCHO-SUB-mun-DAT

Patz ex.500 controls medicine/road/in-case sickness frame; kalbal replaces English loan medicine.


bangkan baji-ka kalbal | bangkan.root sore-DAT remedy

Dictionary bangkan: root used as medicine for sores; baji is 'a sore'.


babi-ngka baji julurri-ny bana-bu | grandmother-ERG sore wash-PAST water-INST

Dictionary julurril 'wash something'; bangkan note licenses washing sores with water.


Dictionary kaka 'sore, achey'; existing living rules restrict this batch to the bodily pain sense.


nyungu bangkarr bajaybajay | his body painful

Dictionary bajaybajay example uses bangkarr plus painful/sore body.


Dictionary baji 'a sore' and bajaybajay 'painful'.


Dictionary kaka example Ngayu kakajirr controls this exact bodily-pain expression.


karrkay dukul bayka-l | child head ache-NONPAST

Dictionary duplicate baykal entry gives intransitive ache/pain with head as affected part.


ngayu dukul bayka-l | I head ache-NONPAST

Dictionary baykal ache example controls first-person head-ache frame; source typo dukal corrected to dukul.


karrkay-mu baji kari ngulkurr | child-GEN sore NEG good

Uses sourced baji sore and ordinary kari predicate negation to avoid inventing a wound-status verb.


baji ngulkurr-ma-ny baja | sore good-INCHO-PAST again

Patz ngulkurr-ma-ny recovery frame extended to baji as the recovering patient.


babi-ngka karrkay kakawarri-bunga-ny | grandmother-ERG child well/healed-CAUS-PAST

Living cheatsheet Rule 64/101 licenses kakawarri-bunga-l 'heal'; dictionary has kakawarri 'well'.


karrkay kakawarri-ma-ny | child well/healed-INCHO-PAST

Living cheatsheet licenses kakawarri-ma-l 'get well' as the preferred heal lexeme.


kaya-ngka karrkay bayka-ny | dog-ERG child bite-PAST

Dictionary baykal transitive bite; Patz ex.237 controls animal ERG biting patient.


jarba-bu nyunguny bayka-ny | snake-ERG/INST him bite-PAST

Patz ex.252 controls Jarba-bu nyunguny bayka-ny 'A snake bit him'.


The snake did not bite the child; the child is well.

Jarba-bu karrkay kari baykan, karrkay ngulkurr.

jarba-bu karrkay kari bayka-ny karrkay ngulkurr | snake-ERG/INST child NEG bite-PAST child well

Contrasts bite event with ngulkurr well state; keeps baykal bite distinct from ache.


If the child hits the dog with a stick, it will bite him.

Kaki karrkay-ngka kaya juku-bu kunil, nyunguny baykal.

kaki karrkay-ngka kaya juku-bu kuni-l nyunguny bayka-l | if child-ERG dog stick-INST hit-NONPAST him bite-NONPAST

Patz ex.393 controls conditional hit-with-stick leading to bite.


karrkay mili-bu waju-ny | child stinging.tree-ERG/INST burn-PAST

Patz ex.230/241 and dictionary mili support stinging tree/jellyfish burn frame.


nyulu mili-bu waju-ji-ny | he stinging.tree-INST burn-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.249 controls Nyulu mili-bu waju-ji-ny 'He was burnt by a stinging tree'.


karrkay mili-bu waju-ji-ny | child jellyfish-INST burn-ITR-PAST

Dictionary mili also means jellyfish; Patz ex.251 permits mili-bu/nga with waju-ji-ny.


dingkar naybu-bu yaka-ji-ny | man knife-INST cut-REF-PAST

Patz ex.247 controls yaka-ji-ny with naybu-bu instrument.


babi-ngka kuyu naybu-bu yaka-ny | grandmother-ERG fish knife-INST cut-PAST

Patz ex.247 controls yaka-l transitive with naybu-bu instrument.


mula mara-muny kada-ny | blood hand-ABL come-PAST

Dictionary mula 'blood'; ablative body-part source follows ordinary -muny from-frame.


jalbu-ngku mula julurri-ny bana-bu | woman-ERG blood wash-PAST water-INST

Dictionary julurril transitive wash plus mula blood; bana-bu instrument is sourced pattern.


dingkar-angka karrkay mula-kanga-ny | man-ERG child blood-CAUS-PAST

Patz causative table explicitly licenses mula-kanga-l 'induce bleeding' and forbids mula-bunga-l.


nyulu karrkay kalji-l | he child vomit-NONPAST

Patz ex.230 controls Nyulu karrkay kalji-l 'The child is vomiting'.


Dictionary/Patz kalji-l vomit; surface past follows corpus -ny to -n convention.


mukul-dingkar wawu-wula-y | old-man breath-die-NONPAST

Patz ex.232 controls wawula-y from wawu-wula-y 'exhausted'.


Dictionary/living rules: dakwuy is hungry; keep distinct from old dakuy typo.


The old woman gave soft food to the sick child.

Mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi kima dajin karrkay-anda bambay-nda.

mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi kima daji-ny karrkay-anda bambay-nda | old-woman-ERG food soft give-PAST child-LOC sick-LOC

mukul-jalbu mayi kima dajil karrkay bambay

Modeled on Patz ex.545 give-to child-with-cough; adjective LOC agrees with locative child.


Ngamu-ngku bana dajin karrkay-anda bambay-nda.

ngamu-ngku bana daji-ny karrkay-anda bambay-nda | mother-ERG water give-PAST child-LOC sick-LOC

Same controlled dative/locative recipient pattern as Patz ex.545.


The old woman asked the sick child: "What are you ill with?"

Mukul-jalbu karrkay-anda babajin: "Yundu wanyurrinji bambay?"

mukul-jalbu karrkay-anda babaji-ny: "yundu wanyurri-nji bambay" | old-woman child-LOC ask-PAST: "you what-COMIT sick"

mukul-jalbu karrkay babaji yundu wanyurrinji bambay

Patz ex.128 Yundu wanyurrinji bambay? plus Rule 100 babaji-y quoted-question frame.


Karrkay-ngku balkan: "Ngayu dukul baykal."

karrkay-ngku balka-ny: "ngayu dukul bayka-l" | child-ERG say-PAST: "I head ache-NONPAST"

Rule 100 direct speech frame plus dictionary baykal ache example.


Patz 4.5.2: whole + body part apposition without possessive suffix; Batch 134 controls mara ngulkurr.


Patz ex.519 Nyungu mungka duna; Rule 102 varies possessor as appositional whole.


Dictionary miyil eye plus kaka sore/achey; Patz 4.5.2 permits body-part apposition.


mukul-dingkar muku kaka | old-man back sore

Patz causal examples use muku kaka 'back sore'; whole-part possessor varied.


ngayu bangkarr bajaybajay | I body painful

Dictionary bangkarr body/flesh and bajaybajay painful; Batch 143 confirmed solid headword.


Dictionary walu face and duna wet; Patz 4.5.2 body-part apposition.


karrkay ngandal marral | child mouth dry

Dictionary ngandal mouth and marral dry; appositional body-part predicate.


warru wakuy junkurr | young.man arm strong

Dictionary wakuy arm; existing corpus and dictionary use junkurr/junkurrji for strength.


Dictionary dukul head and yalbay big; no dukal typo.


karrkay dirra jinbal | child tooth sharp

Dictionary dirra tooth and jinbal sharp; Patz 4.5.2 body-part apposition.


Ngamu-ngku bana yijarrin karrkay-anda mara-nga.

ngamu-ngku bana yijarri-ny karrkay-anda mara-nga | mother-ERG water put-PAST child-LOC hand-LOC

Patz 4.5.2 ex.521 controls whole+part same-case locative; yijarril 'put'.


He dropped the stone on the child's foot.

Nyulu kulji daray-manin karrkay-anda jina-nga.

nyulu kulji dara-y-mani-ny karrkay-anda jina-nga | he stone fall-y-CAUS-PAST child-LOC foot-LOC

Patz ex.521 controls dropped stone on girl's foot; possessor varied to child.


Grandmother dropped the stick on the old woman's back.

Babi-ngka juku daray-manin mukul-jalbu-ndu muku-ngu.

babi-ngka juku dara-y-mani-ny mukul-jalbu-ndu muku-ngu | grandmother-ERG stick fall-y-CAUS-PAST old-woman-LOC back-LOC

Same Patz 4.5.2 locative whole+part construction; muku back is dictionary headword.


The young man happened to step on my foot.

warru-nda ngayu jina narri-ji-ny | young.man-LOC I foot step.on-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.349 Dingkar-anda ngayu jina narri-ji-ny; chance-passive agent in locative.


karrkay-anda ngayu mara narri-ji-ny | child-LOC I hand step.on-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.349 chance-passive frame; body part varied from foot to hand.


kaya-ngka karrkay mara bayka-ny | dog-ERG child hand bite-PAST

Patz 4.5.2 whole+part apposition for affected object; dictionary baykal transitive bite.


yangka-ngka karrkay durru bayka-ny | green.ant-ERG child toe bite-PAST

Dictionary yangka green ant, durru toe, baykal bite; whole+part affected object.


The child put the stone in grandmother's hand.

Karrkay-ngku kulji yijarrin babi-nda mara-nga.

karrkay-ngku kulji yijarri-ny babi-nda mara-nga | child-ERG stone put-PAST grandmother-LOC hand-LOC

Patz 4.5.2 same-case locative body-part NP; babi-nda follows grammar locative pattern.


ngamu-ngku karrkay walu julurri-ny | mother-ERG child face wash-PAST

Dictionary julurril transitive wash; body part as affected object in whole+part apposition.


Grandmother washed the baby's mouth with water.

Babi-ngka ngawa ngandal julurrin bana-bu.

babi-ngka ngawa ngandal julurri-ny bana-bu | grandmother-ERG baby mouth wash-PAST water-INST

Transitive julurril plus affected body-part object and bana-bu instrument.


ngayu mayi yala-ku dingka-l mara-bu | I fruit this-ADV squeeze-NONPAST hand-INST

Patz ex.243 controls dingka-l with mara-bu body-part instrument.


jana jalbu jina-bu dunga-y | they woman foot-INST go-NONPAST

Patz ex.245 controls jina-bu dunga-y 'walking on foot'.


maral bungku-bu janjana-y | girl knee-INST stand.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.246 controls bungku-bu janjana-y 'kneeling'.


ngayu milka-bu kuku nyaji-ny | I ear-INST word hear-PAST

Living Rule 67: hear = nyaji-l or milka-bu nyaji-l; no ngara-l hearing.


karrkay-ngku miyil-bu buyi nyaji-ny | child-ERG eye-INST bird see-PAST

Dictionary miyil eye and nyajil see; instrumental body-part pattern from Patz 4.1.4.4.


kaya-ngka bajibay dirra-bu karrba-ny | dog-ERG bone tooth-INST hold-PAST

Dictionary dirra tooth and karrbal hold; instrumental body-part pattern.


Grandmother washed the child's face with her hand.

Babi-ngka karrkay walu julurrin mara-bu.

babi-ngka karrkay walu julurri-ny mara-bu | grandmother-ERG child face wash-PAST hand-INST

Affected body-part object plus mara-bu instrument; both constructions are source-backed.


karrkay ngandal-bu yirrka-ny | child mouth-INST shout-PAST

Dictionary ngandal mouth and yirrka-l shout; instrumental body-part pattern.


The old man watched the track with his eyes.

Mukul-dingkar-angka jina nyajin miyil-bu.

mukul-dingkar-angka jina nyaji-ny miyil-bu | old-man-ERG track see-PAST eye-INST

Miyil-bu as eye instrument; jina track is dictionary/common corpus target.


ngamu-ngku mayi daji-ny mara-bu | mother-ERG food give-PAST hand-INST

Mara-bu hand instrument; daji-l give is common source-backed transitive verb.


The woman cut herself with a knife while cutting meat.

Nyulu jalbu naybu-bu yakajin, minya yaka-l-yaka-nya.

nyulu jalbu naybu-bu yaka-ji-ny minya yaka-l-yaka-nya | she woman knife-INST cut-REF-PAST meat cut-REDUP-SUB

Patz ex.344 controls yaka-ji-ny with naybu-bu while cutting meat.


The old woman poked her foot while digging food.

Mukul-jalbu jina baka-jin mayi baka-l-baka-nya.

mukul-jalbu jina baka-ji-ny mayi baka-l-baka-nya | old-woman foot poke-REF-PAST food dig-REDUP-SUB

Patz ex.341 controls affected body part jina with baka-ji-ny while digging food.


karrkay mara yirrba-n-yirrba-ji-y | child hand scratch-REDUP-REF-NONPAST

Patz ex.338 controls yirrba-n-yirrba-ji-y; body-part object modeled on ex.341/342.


ngayu yimbi junka-ji-y | I lips paint-REF-NONPAST

Patz ex.342 controls Ngayu yimbi junka-ji-y 'I paint my lips'.


The young man hit himself on the arm by mistake.

warru kanban wakuy-mbu kuni-ji-ny | young.man by.mistake arm-LOC hit-REF-PAST

Patz ex.339 controls kanban kuni-ji-ny; wakuy-mbu marks affected y-final body part location.


ngayu juku-bu kuni-ji-ny | I stick-INST hit-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.248b controls juku-bu remaining instrumental in passive/middle.


ngayu murraja-nga baka-ji-ny | I stonefish-LOC poke-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.250 allows murraja-nga or murraja-mun-du with baka-ji-ny.


warru yaburr-undu bayka-ji-ny | young.man shark-LOC bite-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.345b controls Warru yaburr-undu bayka-ji-ny.


karrkay jarba-nga bayka-ji-ny | child snake-LOC bite-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.252b allows jarba-nga or jarba-bu bayka-ji-ny.


karrkay mili-nga waju-ji-ny | child jellyfish-LOC burn-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.251 allows mili-nga or mili-bu waju-ji-ny for jellyfish burn.


yinya jarba kuli-ji | that snake rage-COMIT

Patz ex.542 controls jarba kuli-ji 'vicious snake'; avoids duplicate dog-state row.


nyulu karrkay kumbu-ji | he child urine-COMIT

Patz ex.532 controls kumbu-ji corporeal state; dictionary kumbu urine.


Patz ex.545 and Rule 101 control ngiki-ji cough/cold comitative.


The child has no cold; the child got well.

karrkay ngiki-kari ngulkurr-ma-ny | child cold-PRIV well-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.556 controls ngiki-kari, ngulkurr-ma-ny.


mukul-dingkar dirra-kari | old-man tooth-PRIV

Patz ex.557 controls dirra-kari toothless; possessor varied to old man.


Living Rule 67: milka-kari is the body-part privative for deaf/cannot hear.


Mother gave water to the young man with a cough.

Ngamu-ngku bana dajin warru-nda ngiki-ji-nda.

ngamu-ngku bana daji-ny warru-nda ngiki-ji-nda | mother-ERG water give-PAST young.man-LOC cough-COMIT-LOC

Patz ex.545 controls ngiki-ji-nda agreeing with locative human recipient.


Your back is sore from gathering firewood yesterday.

yundu muku kaka baya muja-nya yilayku | you back sore firewood gather-SUB yesterday

Patz causal body-state example: muku kaka from gathering firewood yesterday.


The woman's back is sore from carrying the baby.

jalbu muku kaka ngawa jarra-kulba-nya | woman back sore baby carry-SUB

Muku kaka causal subordinate frame modeled on Patz sore-back examples.


Nyulu warngku-wunay, kaki nyulu bangkarr bajaburray.

nyulu warngku-wuna-y kaki nyulu bangkarr bajaburray | he sleep-lie-NONPAST if he body tired

nyulu warngku-wunay kaki bangkarr bajaburray

Patz example controls kaki nyulu bangkarr bajaburray 'if his body is tired'.


Dictionary yalbay = big; Patz has repeated kulji yalbay rock-big examples.


ngayu mayi buban wuna-y | I food little lie-NONPAST

Dictionary buban = small amount/short time; modeled on ngayu money buban wunay.


Dictionary kalbay = long; row avoids exact duplicate Kalka kalbay.


Dictionary yalmbar = wide; jukar is sand/beach/shore in living lexicon.


Dictionary darra = narrow/too small; source example has baral darra bajaku.


Dictionary dubar = level/flat place, specifically of ground/place.


mayi kambal | food/fruit low.within.reach

Dictionary kambal = low level/within reach; source example Mayi kambalmun mana.


Dictionary dajali = deep water; Patz appendix controls yinya dajali.


Dictionary yalkan = shallow water; Patz appendix controls yalkan-ba.


Dictionary duku = bent; evidence example contains muku-duku hunchback/bent-back.


Dictionary dandi = hard/tough; dumbul is bark/crust/shell hard covering.


Dictionary kima = soft/weak/sick; Patz comparison uses jarra-kima for soft meat.


Dictionary kulngkul = heavy/pregnant; errata blocks niji as heavy.


Dictionary duna = wet; Patz body-part example also uses duna as wet predicate.


Dictionary marral = dry; Patz appendix controls bubu marral-da.


Dictionary julbarr = slippery; Patz has wet roads/ground slippery.


Dictionary dirka-dirka = smooth, especially rock/surface contexts.


Patz NP-modifier example gives dubal murru-murru 'rough bark'.


Patz ex.169 has kambi mumbu-bunga-ny; dictionary adds mumbu from grammar source.


Dictionary dayirr = clean/clear/bright; water-clear use keeps the sense bounded.


Dictionary wumbul = hot; Patz has wumbul-bunga-l and wumbul-ma-l rows.


wunkuwingku kiway-kiway | morning cold-REDUP

Dictionary kiway = cold and kiway-kiway = cold adjective; living docs block kija as cold.


Dictionary jirra = burnt as food/crust; Patz ex.170 controls food overcooked/burnt.


Dictionary kulbul = ripe; Patz comparison has jarra-kulbul-bu 'rather ripe'.


Dictionary wandul = fat; kuyu fish is a stable corpus noun.


Grammar colour inventory and dictionary: ngumbu = dark/black/charcoal.


Grammar colour inventory and dictionary: ngala-ngala = red/reddish in Yalanji.


Grammar colour inventory and dictionary: bingaji = light/white coloured; homonymous with white-haired person.


kambi dayirr bajaku | clothes clean very

Dictionary dayirr usage: julurrinyamun kambi dayirr bajaku after washing clothes are very clean.


Patz ex.295 controls mayi ngulkurr as good food/food is good.


Dictionary nganjay = no good/wilted/bad smell; usage Mayi nganjay kari nuka.


yinya mayi nganja-burra | that food bad.taste

Dictionary nganja-burra = bad taste/distasteful; demonstrative avoids duplicate Batch 139 surface.


Dictionary ngulkurrijin = pretty/beautiful; usage Yinya nganka ngulkurrijin.


Dictionary bala adjective = skinny/weak from sickness or not enough food; homonymous sugar glider fenced by context.


Dictionary yaykarr = strong/hard/swift; errata prefers yaykarr over noun junkurr for strong adjective.


Dictionary jalngkun = sharp; dudu entry contrasts Yinya naybu dudu, yundu jalngkun-bunga.


Patz ex.300 controls Nyungu kalka dudu; dictionary dudu = blunt edge/point.


Dictionary jirakal = new; Patz NP example has kalka jirakal.


kambi darra bajaku | clothes too.small very

Dictionary darra usage Kambi ngaykunka darra bajaku 'the dress is too small for me'.


Dictionary dudu = blunt; warrbi is the established axe/tool noun in the corpus.


Patz productive -ma-l inchoative from adjectives; dictionary marral = dry.


bana wumbul-ma-ny | water hot-INCHO-PAST

Patz wumbul-ma-l warm/become hot pattern; dictionary wumbul = hot.


bana kiway-ma-ny | water cold-INCHO-PAST

Living docs license kiway-ma-l become cold; kija is blocked for cold.


kulji dandi-ma-ny | stone hard-INCHO-PAST

Patz inchoative table controls dandi-ma-l become hard.


dumbul kima-ma-ny | bark soft-INCHO-PAST

Patz inchoative section cites kima-ma-l-kima-ma-l; dictionary kima = soft.


ngamu-ngku kambi mumbu-bunga-ny | mother-ERG clothes dirty-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.169a controls kambi mumbu-bunga-ny for making clothes dirty.


karrkay-ngka bana mumbu-kanga-ny | child-ERG water dirty-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.169b controls bana mumbu-kanga-ny for making water dirty by disturbance.


babi-ngka mayi kima-bunga-ny | grandmother-ERG food soft-CAUS-PAST

Patz state-causative section licenses kima-bunga-l make soft.


mukul-dingkar-angka juku dandi-bunga-ny | old-man-ERG stick hard-CAUS-PAST

Patz state-causative table controls dandi-bunga-l make hard.


maral-angka mayi jirra-bunga-ny | girl-ERG food burnt/overdone-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.170a controls Maral-angka mayi jirra-bunga-ny.


Patz NP section has ngayku bayan (yalbay), with adjective following the possessed head.


yinya kalka jirakal dingkar-amu | that spear new man-POSS

Patz NP section gives kalka (jirakal) dingkar-amu with the adjective after the head and possessor after the NP.


ngayu bayan yalbay nyaji-ny | I house big see-PAST

Adjective modifier follows the noun inside the object NP; verb surface follows established nyaji-ny pattern.


dingkar-angka kalka jirakal mani-ny | man-ERG spear new get-PAST

Tests adjective-after-head order inside a simple transitive A O V clause.


jambul kaya kuli-ji yinyay | two dog rage-COMIT there

Patz NP examples include jambul kaya kuli-ji 'two vicious dogs'.


jambul nganka ngala-ngala yinyay | two flower red there

Extends the source quantifier-plus-head-plus-adjective pattern using the grammar's red colour term.


wubul juku yalbay yinyay janjana-y | many tree big there stand-NONPAST

Patz says quantifier tends to precede the head when an adjective is also present.


karrkay dukul yalbay kaka | child head big sore

Patz inalienable possession places whole and part in apposition; optional modifier refers to the part.


kambi dayirr yinyay | clothes clean there

Short NP-plus-adjective row for adjective-after-head order; dayirr bounded to clean/clear.


Patz ex.295 controls mayi ngulkurr as good food/food is good.


dumbul marra-nga dandi | shell zamia.nut-LOC hard

Patz ex.526: Dumbul marra-nga dandi; locative accepted, ablative rejected for shell on/of zamia nut.


Mayi yinya-muny juku-muny ngulkurr nuka-ji.

mayi yinya-muny juku-muny ngulkurr nuka-ji-y | fruit that-ABL tree-ABL good eat-ITR-NONPAST

Patz ex.525 licenses yinya-muny juku-muny and ngulkurr nuka-ji-y 'good to eat'.


yinya kulji jarra-yalbay | that stone rather-big

Patz degree section: jarra- precedes adjectives for rather/fairly.


mayngku jarra-kulbul | mango rather-ripe

Patz ex.79 has mayngku-ngu jarra-kulbul-bu 'on a rather ripe mango'.


Patz comparison section uses jarra-kima for softer/more soft; this row uses the degree sense.


karrkay jarra-bambay | child rather-sick

Patz degree examples list jarra-bambay 'rather sick'.


Patz degree examples list jarra-minday 'rather tame'.


kaya jarra-kuli-ji | dog rather-rage-COMIT

Patz ex.80 has kaya-ngka jarra-kuli-ji-ngka for a rather wild dog.


Jarra- is productive with adjectives; dandi is a verified property adjective.


Jarra- is productive with adjectives; darra is source-backed narrow/too-small.


Patz ex.300 has kalka dudu as blunt spear; jarra- tests degree on the same adjectival predicate.


nganka jarra-ngulkurrijin | flower rather-beautiful

Jarra- is restricted to adjectives/quantifiers; ngulkurrijin is the verified beautiful adjective.


Minya ngawiya jarra-kima minya-ka bulki-ka.

minya ngawiya jarra-kima minya-ka bulki-ka | meat sea.turtle more-soft meat-DAT cattle-DAT

Patz ex.81: sea-turtle meat is softer than beef; corpus spelling normalizes ngawuya to ngawiya.


A sea turtle is much bigger than a freshwater turtle.

ngawiya ngujay-ngka yalbay-baja-ku | sea.turtle freshwater.turtle-DAT big-DEG-EMPH

Patz ex.265 has ngawuya/ngujay-ngka yalbay-bajaku for sea turtle bigger than freshwater turtle.


dingkar jarra-yalbay karrkay-anka | man more-big child-DAT

Patz comparison rule: jarra-ADJ plus dative standard; karrkay-anka is source-shaped potent dative.


juku jarra-kalbay kalka-ka | stick more-long spear-DAT

Jarra-ADJ comparison with neutral dative standard.


dumbul jarra-dandi kambi-ka | bark more-hard clothes-DAT


jukar jarra-kima kulji-ka | sand more-soft stone-DAT

Jarra-ADJ comparison; kulji-ka follows neutral dative allomorphy.


baya jarra-wumbul bana-ka | fire more-hot water-DAT

Jarra-ADJ comparison with a concrete property adjective and dative standard.


bana jarra-dayirr jikan-ka | water more-clean grass-DAT

Dayirr is clean/clear/bright; English is narrowed to clean for the grass comparison.


mayi jarra-ngulkurr minya-ka | food more-good meat-DAT

Jarra-ADJ comparison with ngulkurr good and dative standard.


The road is narrower than the open ground.

baral jarra-darra bubu-ku | road more-narrow ground-DAT

Jarra-ADJ comparison; bubu-ku follows source-backed neutral dative for place/ground.


ngayu dakwuy-baja-ku | I hungry-DEG-EMPH

Patz ex.82 has hungry-baja-ku; dictionary/corpus spelling is dakwuy.


ngawa kingkin-baja-ku | baby cute-DEG-EMPH

Patz ex.83 has Ngawa kingkin-baja-ku 'The baby is very cute'.


mayi ngulkurr-baja-ku | food good-DEG-EMPH

Patz degree rule: adjective plus -baja followed by emphatic -ku.


dumbul dandi-baja-ku | bark hard-DEG-EMPH

Patz degree rule applied to verified dandi adjective.


Patz degree rule applied to verified kima adjective.


bana kiway-kiway-baja-ku | water cold-REDUP-DEG-EMPH

Kiway-kiway is the verified cold adjective; -baja-ku supplies high degree.


Patz degree rule applied to verified wumbul adjective.


kambi mumbu-baja-ku | clothes dirty-DEG-EMPH

Patz degree rule applied to verified mumbu adjective.


nganka ngala-ngala-baja-ku | flower red-DEG-EMPH

The grammar permits -baja-ku with adjectives; ngala-ngala is one of the three grammar colour terms.


kalka dudu-baja-ku | spear blunt-DEG-EMPH

Patz ex.300 controls dudu as blunt predicate; -baja-ku supplies high degree.


Dingkar-angka junkurr-ji-baja-ngka-ku bikibiki kulban.

dingkar-angka junkurr-ji-baja-ngka-ku bikibiki kulba-ny | man-ERG strength-COMIT-DEG-ERG-EMPH pig lift-PAST

dingkar junkurr-ji -baja-ku bikibiki kulbal

Patz ex.84: case suffix goes between -baja and -ku when the adjectival stem is case-marked.


Ngayu jiba-badi karrkay-anka bambay-baja-nka-ku.

ngayu jiba-badi-y karrkay-anka bambay-baja-nka-ku | I liver-cry-NONPAST child-DAT sick-DEG-DAT-EMPH

ngayu jiba-badi-y karrkay bambay -baja-ku

Patz ex.85: bambay-baja-nka-ku with dative case between -baja and -ku; surface jiba-badi drops final -iy.


yinya mayi ngulkurr-ma-ny | that food good-INCHO-PAST


nyungu kalka dudu-ma-ny | his spear blunt-INCHO-PAST


dingkar-angka nyungu kalka dudu-bunga-ny | man-ERG his spear blunt-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.322: Dingar-angka nyungu kalka dudu-bunga-ny.


juma juku ngakun nganka-ji-maniji-y | soon tree flame.tree flower-COMIT-INCHO-NONPAST

juma juku ngakun nganka nganka-ji-maniji-y

Patz ex.319: Juma juku ngakun nganka-ji-maniji-y 'Soon the flame tree will get flowers'.


Bilngkumu-ngku yinya jalbu manyarr-bungan.

bilngkumu-ngku yinya jalbu manyarr-bunga-ny | crocodile-ERG that woman wife-CAUS-PAST

bilngkumu yinya jalbu manyarr manyarr-bungal

Patz ex.323: Bilngkumu-ngku yinya jalbu manyarr-bunga-ny.


ngamu-ngku kambi dayirr-bunga-ny | mother-ERG clothes clean-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.499 lists dayirr-bunga-l 'make clean' in the house-cleaning frame.


ngali binal dama-nka | we.two know spear-PURP

Patz ex.161 has binal + purposive 'know how to spear'; participant varied to avoid duplicate.


The child knows how to weave a dillybag.

karrkay binal balji wukurri-nka | child know dillybag weave-PURP

Patz ex.585 has Jalbu binal balji wukurri-nka; participant varied after duplicate preflight.


nyulu dingkar juburr bulki-ka | he man good.at cattle-DAT

Patz ex.586: juburr plus dative noun complement for being good at/with cattle.


bama binal-baja-ku | person know-DEG-EMPH

Patz §3.9.1 lists binal-bajaku 'know very much, know exactly'.


The child does not know the language nowadays.

karrkay nyiku binal-kari kuku-ku | child today know-PRIV language-DAT

Patz ex.584 has Jana nyiku binal-kari kuku-ku; singular child variant avoids exact duplicate.


ngayu binal-ma-l kuku-ku | I know-INCHO-NONPAST language-DAT

Patz ex.591: binal-ma-l with dative topic 'learn language'.


Grandmother taught the child to cook food.

Babi-ngka karrkay binal-bungan mayi waju-nku.

babi-ngka karrkay binal-bunga-ny mayi waju-nku | grandmother-ERG child know-CAUS-PAST food cook-PURP

Patz ex.592 and Rule 98 support binal-bunga-l with object and purposive complement.


Dictionary mala-nganyi = competent, clever; compound on mala 'good/skilled at'.


nyulu yinya mala-minya | he that expert-meat

Patz ex.509: Nyulu yinya mala-minya 'That one is a good hunter'.


mala-minya-ngku ngawiya dama-ny | expert-meat-ERG sea.turtle spear-PAST

Combines Patz mala-minya with the sourced turtle-spear frame; ERG marks the expert-compound transitive A.


mala-kuyu-ngku kuyu mani-ny | expert-fish-ERG fish get-PAST

Dictionary mala-kuyu = good fisherman; manil fish-get frame is stable; ERG marks transitive A.


mala-burri-ngku wulngku badi-ny | expert-song-ERG song sing/cry-PAST

Grammar and errata support mala-burri 'song expert/good singer' and wulngku badi 'sing'; ERG marks transitive song frame.


nyulu mala-mayi-ngka kuyu yaka-ny | he expert-food-ERG fish cut-PAST

Patz ex.76: Nyulu mala-mayi-ngka kuyu yaka-ny.


The child asked the dillybag expert about dillybags.

Karrkay mala-balji-nda babajin balji-ka.

karrkay mala-balji-nda babaji-ny balji-ka | child expert-dillybag-LOC ask.about-PAST dillybag-DAT

Patz ex.77 has mala-balji-nda babaji-ka balji-ka; converted to a past ask-about row without duplicate.


Patz ex.75 has Charlie mala-bulki; common noun subject avoids proper-name dependency.


Patz ex.305: Nyulu kiru-kari 'He is stupid'.


karrkay kiru-kari | child brain-PRIV/stupid

Dictionary kiru-kari = dull/stupid/silly; participant variant.


nyulu kiru-kari-ma-ny | he brain-PRIV-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.320 gives kiru-kari-ma-l 'getting stupid'; past surface follows -ma-ny.


yundu daki-daki, dunga-y-da | you lazy go-IMP-TEMP1

Dictionary daki-daki usage: Yundu daki-daki, dungayda.


The dog is lazy and no good for hunting.

kaya majarr | dog lazy/no.good.for.hunting

Dictionary majarr = lazy, no good for hunting/working, used of dogs and people.


The young man is lazy and no good for work.

warru majarr | young.man lazy/no.good.for.working

Dictionary majarr applies to people as well as dogs; spelling majarr, not stale manjarr.


nyulu majamal-majamal bajaku | he bossy very/too

Dictionary majamal-majamal usage: Nyulu majamal-majamal bajaku.


karrkay nguju-wuri-y | child fool.around-NONPAST

Grammar-sourced nguju-wuri-y; surface drops final -iy as in Batch 126.


He does not do bad things; he does good things.

nyulu kari buyun-dama-l; nyulu ngulkurr-ku bunda-y | he NEG bad-do-NONPAST; he good-ADV sit/do-NONPAST

Dictionary ngulkurr example for moral good: Nyulu kari buyun-damal; nyulu ngulkurrku bunday.


yinya bama nganjay | that person no.good

Nganyay/nganjay is no-good/wilted/bad-smell; English is narrowed to no-good person.


kuli-baka bama yinyay | always.angry person there

Dictionary kuli-baka = person always fighting/always angry.


warru kuli-baka | young.man always.angry

Dictionary kuli-baka property applied to a human subject.


babi-ngka manubaja balka-ny | grandmother-ERG truth speak-PAST

Batch 141 controls manubaja with balka-l; participant varied after duplicate preflight.


warru-ngku jurril balka-ny | young.man-ERG lie speak-PAST

Dictionary jurril = lie/untruth; balka-l speech frame from Rule 99.


warru warmbiji-ny | young.man lie/prevaricate-PAST

Dictionary warmbiji-y = lie/prevaricate; participant varied after duplicate preflight.


warmbiji-bama jurril balka-ny | liar-person lie speak-PAST

Errata records warmbiji-bama as liar; source-shaped with jurril balkan.


jalbu-ngku dingkar manubaja-bunga-ny | woman-ERG man truth-CAUS/believe-PAST

Dictionary manubaja-bungal = believe; participant varied after duplicate preflight.


nyulu jiba-badi-ny, mala-yirrka-ny | he liver-cry-PAST confess/tell.truth-PAST

Dictionary mala-yirrkay usage: Nyuly jiba-badin, mala-yirrkan.


warru milka-murruji | young.man ear-ashamed/guilty

Dictionary milka-murruji = ashamed/guilty; participant varied after duplicate preflight.


warru murru-kaday-ny | young.man become.ashamed-PAST

Dictionary murru-kaday = become ashamed/shy/bashful; follows Batch 141 analysis convention.


mukul-dingkar-angka karrkay murru-kaday-mani-ny | old-man-ERG child ashamed-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary murru-kaday-manil = shame someone; transitive A O V frame.


nyulu mala bajaku | he guilty very/indeed

Dictionary mala bajaku usage for guilty/the one responsible; kept as source phrase, not Rule 104 suffixal degree.


ngayu milka-marri yinya-nka | I ear-content that-DAT

Dictionary milka-marri = content/peaceful with dative complement; subject varied from Batch 129.


Dictionary wawumal = agree; usage Yundu wawumal, ngali dungay.


Dictionary wawurr-wawurr = willing/glad.


ngamu-ngku karrkay wawurr-wawurr-bunga-ny | mother-ERG child happy-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary wawurr-wawurr-bungal = make happy/glad.


That pig is not afraid any more; it is tame now.

nyulu bikibiki yinyilji kari-da, minday-da | that pig frightened NEG-TEMP1 tame-TEMP1

Dictionary minday usage: Nyulu bikibiki yinyilji karida, mindayda.


Controlled short variant of the dictionary minday tame usage.


banabila-warra-mu kaya kuli-ji | Banabila-INHAB-POSS dog rage-COMIT

Patz ex.89: Banabila-warra-mu kaya kuli-ji.


kaya jarra-kuli-ji ngayku kaya bayka-ny | dog rather-rage-COMIT my dog bite-PAST

Patz ex.80 has a rather wild dog biting my dog; case marking simplified to ABS subject variant.


warru-warru bikibiki-nga dunga-ny | young.man-REDUP pig-LOC go-PAST

Patz ex.269: Warru-warru bikibiki-nga dunga-ny.


Uses mukul old in a stable age/status compound.


mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi waju-ny | old-woman-ERG food cook-PAST

Uses mukul old-woman compound with ERG transitive A; cook/burn past is wajun, not wajan.


yarraman mukul waymbul-ku dunga-y | horse old slow-ADV go-NONPAST

Patz ex.198: Yarraman mukul waymbul-ku dunga-y.


ngayu baja-burray jilba-muny | I tired walk-ABL

Dictionary baja-burray usage has ngayu baja-burray jilbamun; corpus uses regular ablative spelling jilba-muny.


nyulu kadar kuni-ny nguymal-ku | he wallaby hit/kill-PAST thoroughly-ADV

Patz ex.192 has nguymal(-ku) after a kill verb; this row uses the explicit -ku variant.


dingkar kada-ny nganjarr-nganjarr | man come-PAST discreetly

Patz ex.193 has nganjarrnganjarr with kada-ny; subject varied from police to common noun.


yundu ngambuy bundanda-y bayan-ba | you fittingly stay.REDUP-NONPAST house-LOC

Patz ex.196: ngambuy with bundanda-y bayan-ba; grammar sense is fittingly/appropriately.


I did not quite hit the tree with the stone.

ngayu juku kulji-bu nguyarr kuni-ny | I tree stone-INST not.quite hit-PAST

Patz ex.195: nguyarr marks not-quite action; source-shaped with juku kulji-bu.


It will tip over with you without quite falling.

yunu-nji nguyarr dara-y | you-COMIT not.quite fall-NONPAST

Patz ex.194: yunu-nji nguyarr dara-y in the unsafe-bench warning.


ngayu kanban jina-nga kuni-ji-ny | I by.mistake foot-LOC hit-REFL-PAST

Grammar §4.2.4.3 treats kanban as the accidental-action adverb; reflexive body-hit frame is already controlled.


nyulu kanban diburr dara-y-mani-ny | he by.mistake egg fall-CAUS-PAST

Combines kanban with Patz-listed dara-y-mani-l 'drop' and the diburr egg row.


The children went one after another to the creek.

Karrkay-karrkay jururr dungan wawubaja-nga.

karrkay-karrkay jururr dunga-ny wawubaja-nga | child-REDUP one.after.another go-PAST creek-LOC

Patz lists jururr(jururr) as repeated/one-after-another with motion verbs.


ngayu nganga bunda-ny baya-nga | I briefly sit-PAST fire-LOC

Patz lists nganga as briefly/for just a little bit; dictionary also has just/only.


The woman wove the dillybag absorbed in the work.

jalbu-ngku wudu balji wukurri-ny | woman-ERG absorbed dillybag weave-PAST

Grammar lists wudu as absorbed in some activity; wukurril covers weave/follow.


Patz §4.1.2 gives walku dunga-y 'walk past' as a verb-complex modifier.


kaya maku kada-ny | dog straight.towards come-PAST

Patz lists maku as straight towards; dictionary has towards.


bama wadu-wadu dunga-ny | people astray-REDUP go-PAST

Patz lists wadu(wadu) as astray/off course; dictionary wadu is wrong/incorrect.


karrkay mingki bunda-ny | child crouching sit-PAST

Patz posture particle list: mingki crouching/squatting.


kaya jarrbarr wuna-ny | dog prone lie-PAST

Patz posture particle list: jarrbarr prone/on stomach.


dingkar jangka jana-ny | man upright stand-PAST

Patz posture particle list: jangka upright/straight; dictionary has a homographic noun, so grammar sense controls.


karrkay ngura dunga-ny | child too.soon go-PAST

Patz lists ngura as too fast; dictionary gloss narrows to too soon for others/impatient.


warru yarngkay dunga-ny | young.man secretly go-PAST

Patz lists yarngkay as secretly; dictionary marks it as grammar-sourced manner particle.


babi murruji dunga-y | grandmother cannot go-NONPAST

Patz lists murruji as cannot among adverbial particles; dictionary agrees.


karrkay-karrkay nganga yajarri-l | child-REDUP briefly laugh-NONPAST

Second nganga row keeps it near the verb and away from English-only 'briefly' vocabulary.


ngayku kaya jinbal-ku wanarri-y | my dog fast-ADV run.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.512 has possessive dog + jinbal-ku wanarri-y; possessor varied.


kaya jinbal-jinbal wanarri-y | dog quick-REDUP run.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz table licenses jinbal-jinbal as quick reduplicated adverb form.


karrkay-karrkay jinbal-jinbal-ku dunga-ny | child-REDUP quick-REDUP-ADV go-PAST

Patz says reduplicated form plus -ku is possible but rare; one controlled row only.


yarraman buban waymbul-ku dunga-y | horse small slow-ADV go-NONPAST

Patz ex.198 has old horse waymbul-ku; adjective varied from mukul to buban.


babi waymbul-ku dunga-ny | grandmother slow-ADV go-PAST

Productive adjective + -ku manner from waymbul slow/gently.


karra yindu mumbar-ku wunana-y | rope other neat-ADV lie.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.197 has karra mumbar-ku wunana-y; yindu avoids exact source duplicate.


kaya kuli-ji-ku wanarri-y | dog rage-COMIT-ADV run.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz table gives kuli-ji-ku 'angrily'; dog/wild sense is also source-backed in Rule 105.


dingkar kiru-kari-ku dunga-ny | man brain-PRIV-ADV go-PAST

Patz table gives kiru-kari-ku 'stupidly'; privative stems do not favor reduplication.


nyulu buyun-ku yalama-ny | he bad-ADV do/say-PAST

Patz table gives buyun-ku 'badly'; yalama-l do/say is grammar-sourced.


bama ngulkurr-ku bunda-y | person good-ADV sit/do-NONPAST

Dictionary source has ngulkurrku bunday for doing good; included as a bounded good-ADV row.


dingkar dandi-ku jana-y | man firm/hard-ADV stand-NONPAST

Careful productive use of adjective + -ku from Patz process (a); dandi also means strong/healthy.


karrkay ngulkurr-ku yajarri-l | child good-ADV laugh-NONPAST

Controlled productive good-ADV row; avoids broad English 'happily' not licensed by source.


nyulu minday-ku bunda-y | he quiet/tame-ADV sit-NONPAST

Controlled productive row from minday quiet/tame/confident; marked lower confidence.


nyulu ngarrbal jinbal-da-ku wukurri-ny | he stranger quick-ERG/INST-ADV follow-PAST

Patz ex.199: transitive clauses use adjective + neutral ERG/INST + -ku.


I quickly killed the snake before it might bite me.

Ngayu jarba jinbal-da-ku kunin, nganya bayka-nyjiku.

ngayu jarba jinbal-da-ku kuni-ny, nganya bayka-nyjiku | I snake quick-ERG/INST-ADV hit/kill-PAST, me bite-SUCC

Patz ex.445 preserves jinbal-da-ku in a transitive clause with successive -nyjiku.


nyulu mayarriji jinbal-da-ku wukurri-ny | he kangaroo quick-ERG/INST-ADV follow-PAST

Participant/object variant of Patz ex.199 retaining the transitive inflected adverb.


ngayu kuyu mumbar-abu-ku yaka-ny | I fish careful-ERG/INST-ADV cut-PAST

Patz ex.200 licenses mumbar-abu-ku in transitive clauses; object varied.


mayi mumbar-abu-ku bulin-ba yijarri-ka | food careful-ERG/INST-ADV plate-LOC put-IMP

Patz ex.200 has eggs on plate; object varied to mayi after duplicate preflight.


nyulu kalka mumbar-abu-ku bunga-ny | he spear careful-ERG/INST-ADV make-PAST

Keeps mumbar-abu-ku in transitive A/O/V frame with a common make verb.


nyulu kaya kuli-ji-ku kuni-ny | he dog rage-COMIT-ADV hit-PAST

Patz §4.1.2 gives kuli-ji-ku kuni-l 'hit viciously'.


ngayu kuku kiru-kari-ku balka-ny | I word/language brain-PRIV-ADV speak-PAST

Uses the Patz kiru-kari-ku adverb with the stable kuku balka-l speech frame.


ngayu ngawiya jinbal-da-ku dama-ny | I sea.turtle quick-ERG/INST-ADV spear-PAST

Transitive jinbal-da-ku with an already controlled turtle-spear frame; corpus spelling ngawiya.


babi-ngka mayi mumbar-abu-ku waju-ny | grandmother-ERG food careful-ERG/INST-ADV cook-PAST

Transitive mumbar-abu-ku with cook/burn past wajun, not wajan.


Patz ex.201 and narrative lines license yala-ku 'like this'; not the already accepted Yala-ku balka.


yala-ku yundu bunda-y | this-ADV you sit-IMP

Patz text line 105 has yala-ku yundu bunda-y.


nyulu kaya, yala-ku nyulu bunda-ny | he dog this-ADV he sit-PAST

Patz text line 106: yala-ku with a dog/staying predicate.


baral yala-ku junkay-ku wangkar | road this-ADV straight-ADV up

Patz text line 34: Baral yala-ku junkay-ku wangkar.


ngayu warru-ku jalun-bu bundanda-ny | I young.man-ADV sea-LOC stay.REDUP-PAST

Patz ex.202 licenses warru-ku 'as a young man'; location changed from Palm Island to jalun-bu.


Ngayu karrkay-nyja-ku minya kadar nuka-l-nuka-n.

ngayu karrkay-nyja-ku minya kadar nuka-l-nuka-ny | I child-ERG-ADV meat wallaby eat-l-REDUP-PAST

Patz ex.203 licenses karrkay-nyja-ku in a transitive habitual eating row.


wanjarr-ku yundu kalka bunga-l | how-ADV you spear make-NONPAST

Patz notes wanjarr 'how' usually takes adverbial -ku; ordinary spear-making frame.


bula jalbu-bulal-angka bayan ngara-ny | they.two woman-pair-ERG camp set.up-PAST

Patz ex.234 gives bula jalbu-bulal-angka bayan ngara-ny for setting up camp.


Grandmother sweeps the ground for the camp.

babi-ngka bubu kida-l bayan-ka | grandmother-ERG ground sweep-NONPAST camp-DAT

Patz camp-preparation examples use bubu kida-l before or for bayan ngara-ny.


ngayu bayan kida-l | I camp sweep-NONPAST

Controlled lexical row: bayan camp/house/shelter plus kida-l sweep/clean.


warru-warru bayan-ba bundanda-ny | young.man-REDUP camp-LOC stay.REDUP-PAST

Bayan-ba is the regular camp/house locative frame; bundanda-ny is a stable stay/sit predicate.


baya bayan-ba yinyay | fire camp-LOC there

Concrete location row: baya means fire/flame/firewood; yinyay is the attested there demonstrative.


nyulu baya muja-ny | he firewood collect-PAST

Dictionary entry for baya includes example nyulu baya mujan 'he collected firewood'.


ngayu baya waju-l, yundu wumbul-ma-nka | I fire light/cook-NONPAST, you warm-INCH-PURP

Patz purposive fire example has baya waju-l so the hearer gets warm.


babi-ngka baya waju-ny bayan-ba | grandmother-ERG fire light/cook-PAST camp-LOC

Replacement after duplicate preflight: keeps waju-ny past 'wajun' and concrete bayan-ba location.


ngunjil baya-nga yinyay | charcoal/hot.coals fire-LOC there

Dictionary gives ngunjil as charcoal, hot coals, or hot ashes; not a substitute for baya itself.


Grandmother washed the billycan at the creek.

Babi-ngka jungkalu julurrin wawubaja-nga.

babi-ngka jungkalu julurri-ny wawubaja-nga | grandmother-ERG billycan wash-PAST creek-LOC

Jungkalu is the dictionary billycan entry; julurril wash and wawubaja creek are stable.


ngayu kari jungkalu dumbarri-ny | I NEG billycan break-PAST

Patz negation examples use jungkalu plus dumbarri-ny; word order varied to avoid exact duplicate.


kuyu bulin-ba yijarri-ka | fish plate-LOC put-IMP

Patz ex.200 has bulin-ba yijarri-ka with an object on a plate; object varied to kuyu.


The child washed the plate in the water.

karrkay-ngku bulin julurri-ny bana-nga | child-ERG plate wash-PAST water-LOC

Concrete container/utensil row using source-backed bulin plate and julurril wash.


bana jungkalu-ngu yinyay | water billycan-LOC there

Uses correct u-final locative -ngu on jungkalu and keeps the proposition concrete.


bana nyangarri-ka jungkalu-ngu | water pour-IMP billycan-LOC

Nyangarril pour/spill plus jungkalu-ngu follows attested pour-into-container pattern.


yundu wanyu mumba-ny balji-nga | you what put.inside-PAST bag-LOC

Patz ex.579 gives the wanyu mumba-ny balji-nga question frame.


ngayu mayi mumba-ny balji-nga | I food put.inside-PAST bag-LOC

Direct declarative variant of the Patz bag-location mumbal frame.


Ngayku balji kadaban. Ngayu balji jirakal balka-nka.

ngayku balji kadaba-ny. ngayu balji jirakal balka-nka | my bag break-PAST. I bag new make-PURP

ngayku balji kadabal ngayu jirakal balkal

Patz ex.402 has the broken-bag plus new-bag-making frame.


jalbu-ngku balji wukurri-ny yibuy-muny | woman-ERG bag weave-PAST loya.cane-ABL

Patz ex.283 licenses balji wukurri-ny from plant material; yibuy is a sourced loya-cane material.


The woman wove the dillybag from loya cane.

jalbu-ngku ngunyin wukurri-ny yibuy-muny | woman-ERG dillybag weave-PAST loya.cane-ABL

Ngunyin is a dillybag/bark-strip entry; wukurril weave remains source-backed.


babi-ngka ngunyin jirakal bunga-ny | grandmother-ERG dillybag new make-PAST

Concrete make row; jirakal new is attested and ngunyin is kept as ordinary dillybag, not placenta/web sense.


The older sister made a sack for mother to carry.

Babarr-angka kurmun balkan, ngamu-ngku jarrakulba-nka.

babarr-angka kurmun balka-ny, ngamu-ngku jarrakulba-nka | older.sister-ERG sack make-PAST, mother-ERG carry-PURP

Patz ex.413 gives babarr-angka kurmun balka-l/balka-ny with ngamu-ngku jarrakulba-nka.


ngayu mayi mumba-ny kurmun-ba | I food put.inside-PAST sack-LOC

Container locative extension from the balji mumbal frame to sourced kurmun sack/bag.


jalbu-ngku kurmun karra-bu kaja-ny | woman-ERG sack rope-INST tie-PAST

Instrumental implement frame: karra-bu marks rope as tool, not agent.


Dingkar-angka karra balji-nga kuna-bungan.

dingkar-angka karra balji-nga kuna-bunga-ny | man-ERG rope bag-LOC join/tie-PAST

Kuna-bungal is the sourced join/tie-to verb; balji-nga is the target location.


karra balji-nga wuna-ny | rope bag-LOC lie-PAST

Concrete locative row linking karra rope/cord to balji-nga container location.


babi-ngka balji yibuy-muny bunga-ny | grandmother-ERG bag loya.cane-ABL make-PAST

Keeps material-source morphology explicit with yibuy-muny and a simple make verb.


ngayu birra mumba-ny kurmun-ba | I leaves put.inside-PAST sack-LOC

Birra leaf plus kurmun-ba keeps the container vocabulary concrete and source-bounded.


ngayu bana nyangarri-ny dubal-ba | I water pour-PAST bark.container-LOC

Patz text lines use bana nyangarri-ny dubal-ba, with dubal as bark/coolamon container.


Grandmother chopped bark for the coolamon.

babi-ngka dubal nyanda-ny | grandmother-ERG bark/coolamon chop-PAST

Patz text line 61 has dubal nyanda-nya; this keeps dubal as bark/coolamon material.


The bark container is there in the camp.

dubal bayan-ba yinyay | bark.container camp-LOC there

Risk-controlled dubal row: a concrete bark/coolamon container, not a generic bowl or funerary object.


Patz noun-phrase section gives kalka (jirakal) as a new spear example.


Patz ex.300 has nyungu kalka dudu as the blunt-spear frame.


ngayu kalka balka-nka | I spear make-PURP

Replacement after duplicate preflight; keeps Patz wawu/balka-nka spear-making source frame simple.


warru-ngku balur mani-ny | young.man-ERG spear.thrower get-PAST

Balur is the ordinary dictionary spear thrower/woomera entry; Milbayarr was deliberately avoided.


The young man speared the turtle with the spear thrower.

warru-ngku ngawiya balur-bu dama-ny | young.man-ERG sea.turtle spear.thrower-INST spear-PAST

Instrumental implement frame from Patz spear-with-implement examples; spelling guard uses ngawiya, not ngawuya.


The young man made a spear from hard wood.

Warru-ngku kalka bungan juku junkurr-muny.

warru-ngku kalka bunga-ny juku junkurr-muny | young.man-ERG spear make-PAST wood hard-ABL

Material-source row using juku wood/tree plus junkurr strong/hard; no invented timber term.


babi-ngka minya naybu-bu yaka-ny | grandmother-ERG meat knife-INST cut-PAST

Patz ex.247 has minya yaka-l naybu-bu; naybu is an attested English loan and kept sparse.


Concrete property row for the attested knife loan; avoids adding modern household vocabulary.


dingkar-angka jimal-bu baya waju-ny | man-ERG firestick-INST fire light/cook-PAST

Jimal is fire stick; -bu marks the implement as instrumental.


jimal baya-nga yinyay | firestick fire-LOC there

Concrete location row tying jimal to baya-nga without treating it as agentive.


jaba bubu-ngu wuna-ny | stick ground-LOC lie-PAST

Jaba covers stick/sapling/post/walking stick; bubu-ngu is the correct u-final ground locative.


Very low-risk jaba object row after avoiding unsupported digging-stick elaboration.


Grandmother grabbed the food with tongs.

babi-ngka bangkal-bu mayi karrba-ny | grandmother-ERG tongs-INST food grab-PAST

Bangkal is used in the noun sense 'tongs', not the homophonous gather verb.


bangkal kurrma-nga yinyay | tongs earth.oven-LOC there

Dictionary defines bangkal as tongs made from voya vine used in a kurrma earth oven.


marrakan jalun-bu dunga-ny | dugout.canoe sea-LOC go-PAST

Marrakan is the dugout canoe made from red cedar; jalun-bu sea location is source-backed.


warru-warru marrakan-ba bundanda-ny | young.man-REDUP dugout.canoe-LOC sit.REDUP-PAST

Marrakan-ba uses consonant-final locative -ba; bundandan is stable sit/stay past.


The men pulled the dugout canoe on the sand.

Dingkar-dingkar-angka marrakan jukar-a kulban.

dingkar-dingkar-angka marrakan jukar-a kulba-ny | man-REDUP-ERG dugout.canoe sand-LOC pull-PAST

Jukar-a follows the single-r locative pattern; kulbal covers pull/lift.


Mother washed the clothing at the creek.

ngamu-ngku kambi julurri-ny wawubaja-nga | mother-ERG clothing wash-PAST creek-LOC

Kambi is dictionary clothing/flying-fox polysemy; here the clothing sense is selected by wash.


kambi bayan-ba wuna-ny | clothing camp-LOC lie-PAST

Concrete final row: kambi clothing in bayan-ba camp, with ordinary rest predicate.


ngayu nyunguny nyaji-ny, yinya jalbu | I her see-PAST, that woman

Patz ex.29 has yinya jalbu in apposition after an object pronoun.


yinya karrkay nyulu bijarri-ny | that child he dream-PAST

Patz §5.2.1.2 uses yinya karrkay to re-focus a known child in narrative.


yinya karrkay bada. yinya janji-ny | that child down. that.one dive/swim-PAST

Patz ex.627 has yinya karrkay bada. Yinya janjiny for narrative refocus.


This bird, the kookaburra, is standing there.

yanyu dikal wakuka yinyay jana-y | this bird kookaburra there stand-NONPAST

Patz §4.1.1(d) gives yanyu dikal (wakuka) as this bird/kookaburra.


yinya karrkay yinyay bundanda-y | that child there sit.REDUP-NONPAST

Demonstrative pronoun yinya with local demonstrative yinyay in a simple rest predicate.


karrkay yinya yinyay bundanda-y | child that there sit.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz §4.1.1(d) allows yinya karrkay or karrkay yinya with one noun.


yanyu kalka yinyay wuna-ny | this spear there lie-PAST

Initial yanyu plus noun, with separate local demonstrative yinyay.


kalka yanyu yinyay wuna-ny | spear this there lie-PAST

Postnominal yanyu variant, preserving Patz's one-noun order flexibility.


Patz ex.295 gives yinya mayi ngulkurr as a nominal sentence.


Postnominal demonstrative variant of the ex.295 nominal-sentence shape.


Yalu-ngku jalbu-ngku nganya binal-bungan marra-ka.

yalu-ngku jalbu-ngku nganya binal-bunga-ny marra-ka | this-ERG:pt woman-ERG:pt me know-CAUS-PAST zamia.nut-DAT

yalungku jalbu nganya binal-bungal marra

Patz ex.138: yalu-ngku agrees with jalbu-ngku in ERG:pt.


yinya-ngka jalbu-ngku mayi waju-ny | that-ERG:pt woman-ERG:pt food cook-PAST

Table 3.13 yinyangka plus a transitive A noun in ERG:pt; waju-ny surfaces wajun.


yinya-ngka kaya-ngka karrkay bayka-ny | that-ERG:pt dog-ERG:pt child bite-PAST

Same-case demonstrative-plus-noun A frame; adapted from the already controlled dog-bite pattern.


Yalu-ngku dingkar-angka mayi dajin karrkay-anka.

yalu-ngku dingkar-angka mayi daji-ny karrkay-anka | this-ERG:pt man-ERG:pt food give-PAST child-DAT:pt

Demonstrative ERG:pt agreement with a human A noun; recipient is dative potent.


Jana nubi-l-nubin yinyay-anka karrkay-anka.

jana nubi-l-nubi-ny yinyay-anka karrkay-anka | they search-l-REDUP-PAST that-DAT:pt child-DAT:pt

Patz ex.139 has yinyay-anka karrkay-anka.


Jana nubi-l-nubin yaluy-unku karrkay-anka.

jana nubi-l-nubi-ny yaluy-unku karrkay-anka | they search-l-REDUP-PAST this-DAT:pt child-DAT:pt

Table 3.13 gives Yalanji DAT:pt this as yaluyunku; noun remains karrkay-anka.


kaban yinyay-anda daya | paper that-LOC:pt give.IMP

Patz ex.140 has yinyay-anda kaban daya; dictionary glosses kaban as paper/book.


kaban yaluy-undu daya | paper this-LOC:pt give.IMP

Table 3.13 gives Yalanji LOC:pt this as yaluyundu; source ex.140 motivates the frame.


ngayu babaji-ny yaluy-ngku kalka-ka | I ask-PAST this-DAT spear-DAT

Patz question frames allow DAT topic; Table 3.13 gives DAT this as yaluyngku.


ngayu babaji-ny yinyay-ngka kalka-ka | I ask-PAST that-DAT spear-DAT

Parallel DAT topic row using Table 3.13 yinyayngka for that-DAT.


kalka yalu-mbu jirakal | spear this-POSS new

Table 3.13 gives POSS zero-inflection this as yalumbu.


balji yinya-mba kadaba-ny | bag that-POSS break-PAST

Table 3.13 gives POSS/LOC that as yinyamba; here possessive sense is selected.


Nyulu kadan bayan-muny yinya-muny juku-jirr-muny.

nyulu kada-ny bayan-muny yinya-muny juku-jirr-muny | he come-PAST house-ABL that-ABL tree-COMIT-ABL

Patz ex.546 has bayan-muny yinya-muny juku-jirr-muny.


Nyulu kadan bayan-muny yala-muny juku-jirr-muny.

nyulu kada-ny bayan-muny yala-muny juku-jirr-muny | he come-PAST house-ABL this-ABL tree-COMIT-ABL

Table 3.13 gives yalamuny as this-ABL; frame follows Patz ex.546.


nyulu yaluy-muny wanarri-y | he here-ABL run.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.141 gives nyulu yaluy-muny wanarri-y.


karrkay yinyay-muny wanarri-y | child there-ABL run.REDUP-NONPAST

Table 3.14 gives ABL there as yinyamuny/yinyay-muny in corpus spelling; motion frame follows ex.141.


Ngayu jarruka wubul warrmba-bungan yinyay-mba.

ngayu jarruka wubul warrmba-bunga-ny yinyay-mba | I scrubhen many uncover/find-PAST there-LOC

ngayu jarruka wubul warrmba-bungal yinyaymba

Patz ex.142 gives jarruka wubul warrmba-bunga-ny yinyay-mba.


nyulu yinyay-mba bundanda-ny, kulji-nga | he there-LOC sit.REDUP-PAST, rock-LOC

Patz ex.143 prefers local demonstrative plus offset rock location.


ngayu yinyay-mba-bi kada-ny bubu-ngu | I there-LOC-EMPH3 come-PAST place-LOC

Text line 30 has yinyay-mba-bi kada-ny bubu-ngu for that very place.


yinyay-muny ngayu kada-ny, nyunba-ny | there-ABL I come-PAST, return-PAST

Ablative local demonstrative with the source-backed return verb nyunbay.


kari dunga-y yinya-nji kamu-baka-nji | NEG go-IMP that-COMIT:pt alcohol-excess-COMIT:pt

Patz ex.90 gives kari dunga-y yinya-nji kamu-baka-nji.


ngayu yala-nji kaya-nji kada-ny | I this-COMIT dog-COMIT come-PAST

Table 3.13 gives yalanji as this-COMIT; kaya-nji selects companion sense.


Ngayu yinya-nji dingkar-nji balbi-ka dungan.

ngayu yinya-nji dingkar-nji balbi-ka dunga-ny | I that-COMIT man-COMIT hunt-DAT go-PAST

Table 3.13 yinyanji plus comitative noun, with an already controlled hunting-motion frame.


ngayu kari dunga-y yala-mundu | I NEG go-NONPAST this-ABESS

Table 3.13 gives yalamundu as this-ABESS; kept simple and low-confidence.


The young man will not go without that one.

warru kari dunga-y yinya-mundu | young.man NEG go-NONPAST that-ABESS

Table 3.13 gives yinyamundu as that-ABESS; used sparingly.


yalu-rriny ngayku jawun-karra | these.people my kin-KPL

Table 3.13 notes -rriny plural demonstratives are human-reference ABS only.


yinya-rriny jalun-ji-warra | those.people sea-COMIT-inhabitant

Human plural demonstrative yinya-rriny with a source-backed inhabitant compound.


yalu-rriny mayi nuka-ny | these.people food eat-PAST

Keeps -rriny in absolutive S/O position, as Patz requires.


yinya-rriny yinyay bundanda-y | those.people there sit.REDUP-NONPAST

Human plural demonstrative plus separate local yinyay.


yaluy-arra mayi daji-ny | here-inhabitant food give-PAST

Patz §3.7 says here/there combine with -arra inhabitants.


The people of that place speared fish at the sea.

yinyay-arra jalun-ba kuyu dama-ny | there-inhabitant sea-LOC fish spear-PAST

Yinyay-arra is the people of that place; sea/fish/spear frame is source-backed.


The people of this place gave food to the people of that place.

Yaluy-arra-ngka yinyay-arra-nda mayi dajin.

yaluy-arra-ngka yinyay-arra-nda mayi daji-ny | here-inhabitant-ERG:pt there-inhabitant-LOC:pt food give-PAST

Follows Batch 80's accepted -arra case pattern, with demonstrative inhabitant forms inflecting.


The people of that place are coming here.

yinyay-arra kada-y yaluy | there-inhabitant come-NONPAST here

Demonstrates yinyay-arra as a subject and yaluy as the local demonstrative goal.


Wanjarrinya karrkay-karrkay yinyay bundanday?

wanjarrinya karrkay-karrkay yinyay bundanda-y | how.many child-REDUP there sit.REDUP-NONPAST

Variant of Patz ex.583; duplicate preflight rejected the exact bama source row.


Many trees are standing there beside the camp.

Juku wubul yinyay janjanay bayan karangkal.

juku wubul yinyay janjana-y bayan karangkal | tree many there stand.REDUP-NONPAST camp alongside

Variant of Patz ex.229 with added source-backed spatial noun; exact source row was already accepted.


juku wubul yaluy janjana-y | tree many here stand.REDUP-NONPAST

Here-counterpart to the Patz yinyay janjana-y tree row.


wawu-yinya-muny ngayu yalbay-ma-ny | TEMP4-that-ABL I big-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.636 gives wawu-yinya-muny ngayu yalbay-ma-ny.


wawu-yala-muny ngayu binal-ma-ny | TEMP4-this-ABL I know-INCHO-PAST

Patz says wawu- occurs only with ablative forms; yala-muny is Table 3.13 this-ABL.


nyulu yinya mala-kuyu | he that expert-fish

Variant of Patz ex.509 yinya mala-minya; duplicate preflight rejected the exact hunter row.


jungkalu yinya kami-nga | billycan that grandmother-POSS

Patz ex.294 gives Jungkalu yinya -- kami-nga.


birra wubul juku-ngu yinyay | leaves many tree-LOC there

Patz ex.524 licenses birra with juku-ngu for leaves on a tree; birra kept in leaf, not lung, sense.


birra yinyay juku-muny yalbay | leaves there tree-ABL big

Patz ex.524 contrasts juku-ngu leaves on a tree with juku-muny leaves from a tree.


yanyu mayi juku-ngu ngulkurr | this fruit tree-LOC good

Variant of Patz ex.525 fruit-on/from-tree frame; exact batch-133 surfaces were avoided.


The shell on the zamia nut is very hard.

dumbul marra-nga dandi-bajaku | shell/hard.covering zamia.nut-LOC hard-very

Patz ex.526 has dumbul marra-nga dandi; batch varies only the degree particle.


ngayu juku birra-jirr nyaji-ny | I tree leaf-COMIT see-PAST

Patz ex.544 uses juku-ku birra-jirr-ka; row keeps the ABS comitative attribute simple.


ngayu dakil-dakil juku-ngu nyaji-ny | I branches tree-LOC see-PAST

Dictionary gives dakil-dakil as branches of a tree; juku-ngu follows the plant-part locative frame.


wakumba juku-ngu yalbay | canopy tree-LOC big

Wakumba is the spreading branches/canopy of a tree; juku-ngu marks the host tree.


dingal juku-ngu dandi | base tree-LOC hard

Dingal is base/end, including base of a tree; dandi is hard/tough.


jakalkulu bubu-ngu yinyay | tree.stump ground-LOC there

Jakalkulu is tree stump; bubu-ngu is the controlled ground locative.


walmba bubu-ngu wuna-ny | log ground-LOC lie-PAST

Walmba is log; wuna-ny locative rest frame is already controlled.


Dimbirr is a hollow trunk of a tree; kept as a nominal quality row.


bindi balji-nga wuna-ny | broad.leaf bag-LOC lie-PAST

Bindi is any broad leaf; balji-nga is the previously controlled bag locative.


bula mayi kabal yinyay warrmba-bunga-ny | they.two fruit Leichhardt.tree there find-CAUS-PAST

Text 51 lines 6-7 have mayi kabal warrmba-bunga-ny; yinyay avoids the accepted exact source surface.


ngayu kabal mayi nyaji-ny | I Leichhardt.tree fruit see-PAST

Kabal entry covers Leichhardt tree and fruit; mayi selects fruit/vegetable food.


ngali yinyay juku-ngu daka-l | we.two.INC there tree-LOC climb-NONPAST

Text 51 line 11 gives ngali juku-ngu daka-l; yinyay avoids the prior exact accepted row.


bula juku-muny mayi mani-ny | they.two tree-ABL fruit get-PAST

Text 51 line 13 has juku-muny mani-l-mani-ny mayi nuka-l-nuka-ny.


bula kabal mayi nuka-ny | they.two Leichhardt.tree fruit eat-PAST

Kabal fruit is source-attested as eaten in Text 51; nuka-ny is the stable eat past.


babi-ngka bilar dinda-ny | grandmother-ERG candlenut roast-PAST

Bilar entry says candlenuts are edible after roasting; dinda-l is roast on coals.


ngayu binainyji nyaji-ny | I fig.like.fruit see-PAST

Binainyji is grammar-attested as fig-like fruit; no processing claim is added.


banday mayi yinyay wuna-ny | Banday.tree fruit there lie-PAST

Banday entry covers a tree and cherry-like fruit; mayi selects the fruit sense.


junjun mayi wubul yinyay | junjun.wild.fruit fruit many there

Junjun is a lexicalized solid reduplicated wild-fruit headword; mayi keeps the fruit sense explicit.


Bambayal is a long thin yam; no preparation claim is added.


babi-ngka banjay dinda-ny | grandmother-ERG wild.yam roast-PAST

Banjay entry says the small round wild yams are roasted in the fire.


Grandmother boiled the hairy yam in water.

babi-ngka wukay bana-nga waju-ny | grandmother-ERG hairy.yam water-LOC cook/boil-PAST

Wukay requires preparation before eating; Patz ex.658 licenses bana-nga waju-l for boiling in water.


Grandmother boiled the medicinal root in water.

babi-ngka bangkan bana-nga waju-ny | grandmother-ERG medicinal.root water-LOC cook/boil-PAST

Bangkan entry says the roots are boiled and the water used to wash sores; row states only the boiling.


ngayu diburr nanda-ny bubu-ngu | I seed bury/plant-PAST ground-LOC

Diburr usage gives Ngayu diburr nandan gardenba for planted seeds; bubu-ngu replaces the loan garden.


Diburr is seed/egg/bullet/tablet; English and plant batch context select the seed sense.


kubirr-kubirr diburr wubul yinyay | black.red.seeds seed many there

Kubirr-kubirr entry names black and red seeds; wankarr was not used because it is not a clean headword.


The woman wove the bag from dillybag grass.

jalbu-ngku balji wukurri-ny bilanji-muny | woman-ERG bag weave-PAST dillybag.grass-ABL

Bilanji is grass used to make dilly bags; Patz ex.283 licenses material-source weaving rows.


The woman wove the bag from coarse grass.

jalbu-ngku balji wukurri-ny mawu-muny | woman-ERG bag weave-PAST coarse.grass-ABL

Mawu is coarse grass used in making dilly bags; -muny marks material source.


The woman wove the bag from the black-palm upper fibre.

jalbu-ngku balji wukurri-ny kakan-muny | woman-ERG bag weave-PAST black.palm.upper.part-ABL

Kakan prose says the green upper black-palm part is used to make dilly bags; gloss 'mangrove' is avoided.


Grandmother got loya vine leaves for the shelter.

babi-ngka bajarr mani-ny bayan-ka | grandmother-ERG loya.vine.leaves get-PAST shelter-DAT

Bajarr is loya vine fern leaves used in making mia-mia; bayan-ka keeps the shelter purpose broad.


The paperbark lay there in the earth oven.

buyku kurrma-nga yinyay bundanda-ny | paperbark earth.oven-LOC there sit.REDUP-PAST

Text 51 line 66 has buyku bundanda-nya covering the meat in the ground oven.


jalbu-ngku dubal nyanda-ny | woman-ERG bark/coolamon chop-PAST

Text 51 line 61 has dubal nyanda-nya; A noun varied to avoid earlier exact surfaces.


Grandmother poured water into the bark container.

babi-ngka bana nyangarri-ny dubal-ba | grandmother-ERG water pour-PAST bark.container-LOC

Text 51 line 63 and Batch 149 control bana nyangarri-ny dubal-ba; A noun varied.


bana dubal-ba yinyay | water bark.container-LOC there

Dubal is bark/coolamon/bark container; this row keeps it container-locative, not a generic bowl.


Dingkar-angka karra balkan kuralbi-muny.

dingkar-angka karra balka-ny kuralbi-muny | man-ERG rope make-PAST kuralbi-ABL

Kuralbi prose says bark from the tree was twisted into strong rope; row avoids adding turtle-rope detail.


The young man got tree bark used as vine.

warru-ngku warrur mani-ny | young.man-ERG tree.bark/vine get-PAST

Warrur is tree bark usable as vine for fishnets; row states only getting the material.


jalbu-ngku ngunyin wukurri-ny | woman-ERG bark.strips/dillybag weave-PAST

Ngunyin can mean dillybag and bark used as strips for nets/bags; wukurril selects the craft sense.


The grass-tree resin is there on the spear.

kanunjul kalka-nga yinyay | grass.tree.resin spear-LOC there

Kanunjul is resin/pitch used to seal spear bindings; row states only location on a spear.


wanjakan dubal bayan-ba wuna-ny | ti.tree bark shelter-LOC lie-PAST

Wanjakan entry notes ti-tree bark used for roof/bark painting; row states only ti-tree bark at shelter.


ngayu kanunjul nyaji-ny | I grass.tree.resin see-PAST

Second kanunjul row is an unelaborated recognition row because the entry has culturally loaded ritual prose.


ngayu babajaka nyaji-ny | I bloodwood.tree see-PAST

Babajaka is a bloodwood tree; no property beyond identification is asserted.


bajar yinyay jana-y | Moreton.Bay.ash there stand-NONPAST

Bajar is Moreton Bay ash/white gum; janay frames it as a standing tree, not residue ash.


baril-baril yinyay jana-y | Moreton.Bay.fig there stand-NONPAST

Baril-baril is a reduplicated Moreton Bay fig tree headword.


duwar yinyay jana-y | black.palm there stand-NONPAST

Duwar is black palm; tree/palm sense selected by janay.


jina-jina yinyay jana-y | water.gum there stand-NONPAST

Jina-jina is the hyphenated Yalanji water-gum form; unhyphenated jinajina was deliberately blocked.


yumu yinyay jana-y | bottlebrush.tree there stand-NONPAST

Yumu is bottlebrush tree; a simple stand row adds lexeme coverage.


Dictionary nganjay explicitly gives nganka nganjay as wilted flowers.


jurrbu wubul yinyay | plant.shoots many there

Jurrbu means shoots of plants; no species identification is invented.


birra yinya-nga juku-ngu yalbay | leaves that-LOC tree-LOC big

Patz ex.524-525 license plant parts/fruit with demonstrative-plus-tree locative.


birra yinya-muny juku-muny marral | leaves that-ABL tree-ABL dry

Patz ex.524 contrasts locative leaves on a tree with ablative leaves from a tree.


nganka juku-ngu nganjay | flowers tree-LOC wilted/no.good

Dictionary gives nganka nganjay 'wilted flowers'; juku-ngu supplies the plant host.


There are many plant shoots on the tree.

jurrbu juku-ngu wubul | plant.shoots tree-LOC many

Jurrbu means plant shoots; locative host follows the Rule 110 pattern.


The broad leaf from the tree lay in the bag.

bindi juku-muny balji-nga wuna-ny | broad.leaf tree-ABL bag-LOC lie-PAST

Shows plant origin in ABL and current container in LOC.


dakil-dakil juku-ngu dandi | branches tree-LOC hard

Dakil-dakil is branches of a tree; juku-ngu keeps the host locative.


dingal yinya-nga juku-ngu dandi | base that-LOC tree-LOC hard

Dingal is base/end; source pattern follows yinya-nga juku-ngu.


wakumba yinya-nga juku-ngu yalbay | canopy that-LOC tree-LOC big

Wakumba is canopy/spreading branches; locative marks the host tree.


The log from the tree lay on the ground.

walmba juku-muny bubu-ngu wuna-ny | log tree-ABL ground-LOC lie-PAST

Ablative marks source tree; locative marks current ground location.


dimbirr juku-ngu yinyay | hollow.trunk tree-LOC there

Dimbirr is hollow trunk of a tree; locative is retained in the analysis.


jakalkulu bubu-ngu wuna-ny | tree.stump ground-LOC lie-PAST

Replacement for the earlier yinyay row; trains same locative with a posture predicate.


bindi yinya balji-nga wuna-ny | broad.leaf that bag-LOC lie-PAST

Replacement after duplicate preflight; yinya selects the leaf without changing the balji-nga frame.


Leichhardt fruit on that tree is good to eat.

Mayi kabal yinya-nga juku-ngu ngulkurr nukaji.

mayi kabal yinya-nga juku-ngu ngulkurr nuka-ji-y | fruit Leichhardt.tree that-LOC tree-LOC good eat-ITR-NONPAST

Patz ex.525 good-to-eat frame; kabal mayi selects Leichhardt fruit.


Leichhardt fruit from that tree is good to eat.

Mayi kabal yinya-muny juku-muny ngulkurr nukaji.

mayi kabal yinya-muny juku-muny ngulkurr nuka-ji-y | fruit Leichhardt.tree that-ABL tree-ABL good eat-ITR-NONPAST

mayi kabal yinyamuny juku ngulkurr nukal

Ablative counterpart to row 13; source ex.525 allows on/from distinction.


dumbul marra-mu dandi | shell/hard.covering zamia.nut-POSS hard

Patz ex.526 allows possessive marra-mu for the zamia shell frame.


yinya dumbul marra-nga dandi | that shell/hard.covering zamia.nut-LOC hard

Patz ex.526 accepts marra-nga but rejects marra-muny for this shell frame.


That water is there in the bark container.

bana yinya dubal-ba yinyay | water that bark.container-LOC there

Variation on the Text 51 dubal-ba water frame, with demonstrative added to avoid duplicate surface.


ngayu bana dubal-muny mani-ny | I water bark.container-ABL get-PAST

Ablative marks source container, contrasting with row 17 locative.


diburr balji-nga wubul | seeds bag-LOC many

Diburr seed sense selected by plant/material context; balji-nga is container location.


ngayu diburr balji-muny mani-ny | I seeds bag-ABL get-PAST

Contrasts current containment in row 19 with source-from-bag ABL.


karra kurmun-ba yinyay wuna-ny | rope sack-LOC there lie-PAST

Kurmun-ba uses the consonant-stem locative container allomorph.


ngayu karra kurmun-muny mani-ny | I rope sack-ABL get-PAST

ABL marks the sack as source, not current location.


bulin bayan-ba yinyay | plate house-LOC there

Bulin is a post-contact plate term; row trains object location only.


ngayu bulin bayan-muny mani-ny | I plate house-ABL get-PAST

ABL source pair for the row 23 locative.


naybu balji-nga yinyay | knife bag-LOC there

Naybu is an attested loan; kept to an object-location case contrast.


ngayu naybu balji-muny mani-ny | I knife bag-ABL get-PAST


dingkar-angka kalka balka-ny duwar-muny | man-ERG:pt spear make-PAST black.palm-ABL

Duwar entry includes black palm and black-palm spear; -muny marks material source.


The young man made a spear from strong wood.

Warru-ngku kalka balkan juku junkurr-muny.

warru-ngku kalka balka-ny juku junkurr-muny | young.man-ERG spear make-PAST wood strong-ABL

Pairs juku wood with junkurr strength as the ablative material source.


jalbu-ngku karra balka-ny kuralbi-muny | woman-ERG rope make-PAST kuralbi-ABL

Kuralbi prose says bark from the tree was twisted into strong rope.


Grandmother wove the bag from dillybag grass.

babi-ngka balji wukurri-ny bilanji-muny | grandmother-ERG bag weave-PAST dillybag.grass-ABL

A-subject varied after Batch 151; -muny remains material source.


Grandmother wove the bag from coarse grass.

babi-ngka balji wukurri-ny mawu-muny | grandmother-ERG bag weave-PAST coarse.grass-ABL

Mawu is coarse grass used in bag making; row trains material-source ABL.


Grandmother wove the bag from black-palm upper fibre.

babi-ngka balji wukurri-ny kakan-muny | grandmother-ERG bag weave-PAST black.palm.upper.part-ABL

Kakan prose sense, not misleading mangrove gloss, supplies the material.


ngayu dubal juku-muny mani-ny | I bark tree-ABL get-PAST

Dubal bark sense plus juku-muny source; not a generic bowl row.


Kanunjul nganjirr-muny kalka-nga yinyay.

kanunjul nganjirr-muny kalka-nga yinyay | grass.tree.resin grass.tree-ABL spear-LOC there

Kanunjul is resin of grass tree; kalka-nga is current location on spear.


yinya juku birra-ji | that tree leaf-COMIT

Comitative as characteristic, parallel to Patz §4.6.1 attributive comitative.


yinya juku nganka-ji | that tree flower-COMIT

Grammar has flower-COMIT tree examples; row uses zero-inflection attributive comitative.


yinya dingkar walarr-iji | that man beard-COMIT

Patz ex.535 gives yinya dingkar walarr-iji.


yinya kaya kuli-ji-bajaku | that dog rage-COMIT-very

Replacement after duplicate preflight; degree suffixes can attach to comitative adjective stems.


yinya dingkar kalka-ji wubul-ji | that man spear-COMIT many-COMIT

Replacement after duplicate preflight; follows Patz ex.537-538 alienable possession as characteristic.


Ngayu wawu jirray juku-ku birra-jirr-ka.

ngayu wawu jirray juku-ku birra-jirr-ka | I like much tree-DAT leaf-COMIT-DAT

Patz ex.544 licenses juku-ku birra-jirr-ka; exact source row with jabajaba was avoided.


Ngayu wawu jirray juku-ku nganka-jirr-ka.

ngayu wawu jirray juku-ku nganka-jirr-ka | I like much tree-DAT flower-COMIT-DAT

Extends the Patz dative comitative attribute pattern from leaves to flowers.


ngayu binal juku-ku mayi-jirr-ka | I know tree-DAT fruit-COMIT-DAT

Patz ex.52 gives binal + DAT head plus COMIT-DAT attribute.


ngayu binal kalka-ka kanunjul-jirr-ka | I know spear-DAT resin-COMIT-DAT

Dative head plus comitative-dative attribute, with culturally restrained kanunjul.


nyulu kada-ny bayan-muny juku-jirr-muny | he come-PAST house-ABL tree-COMIT-ABL

Variant of Patz ex.546 without repeating the exact demonstrative source row.


ngayu kada-ny bayan-muny buyku-jirr-muny | I come-PAST camp-ABL paperbark-COMIT-ABL

ABL head plus COMIT-ABL attribute; buyku paperbark is source-checked.


kaya-ngka kuli-ji-ngka karrkay bayka-ny | dog-ERG:pt rage-COMIT-ERG:pt child bite-PAST

Patz ex.542 licenses O comitative; row trains ERG head plus COMIT-ERG attribute.


Dingkar-angka walarr-iji-ngka kuyu daman.

dingkar-angka walarr-iji-ngka kuyu dama-ny | man-ERG:pt beard-COMIT-ERG:pt fish spear-PAST

Patz ex.543 gives walarr-iji-ngka with an ERG man head.


ngayu babaji-ny juku-ku nganka-jirr-ka | I ask-PAST tree-DAT flower-COMIT-DAT

Question/about frame uses DAT head; COMIT-DAT attribute follows Patz ex.52/544.


jalbu balji-ji bayan-ba bundanda-ny | woman bag-COMIT camp-LOC sit.REDUP-PAST

Zero-inflection attributive comitative with an S noun; camp location remains LOC.


karrkay diburr-iji yinyay bundanda-ny | child seed-COMIT there sit.REDUP-PAST

Rhotic-final diburr takes the -iji comitative allomorph in an attributive S row.


nyulu nguba dunga-y, nguba kari | he maybe go-NONPAST maybe NEG

Dictionary nguba example: Nyulu nguba dungay, nguba kari.


Maybe I will come back today, maybe tomorrow.

Nguba ngayu nyiku kaday-baja, nguba wunkuny.

nguba ngayu nyiku kada-y-baja, nguba wunkuny | maybe I today come-NONPAST-again maybe tomorrow

Patz 4.9.3 ex.609 gives this nguba temporal-alternative frame.


Maybe I will stew the fish, maybe roast it.

nguba ngayu kuyu nyama-l, nguba dinda-l | maybe I fish stew-NONPAST maybe roast-NONPAST

Patz 4.9.3 ex.610 gives the fish stew/roast alternative frame.


jana wanjabu, nguba jana ngaki-ji-y | they where maybe they hide-REF-NONPAST

Patz 4.9.3 ex.608 gives the where question plus nguba hiding answer.


nguba karrkay madja-nga ngaki-ji-y | maybe child scrub-LOC hide-REF-NONPAST

Extends ex.608 with a source-checked locative place noun.


nguba kaba wunkuny kada-y | maybe rain tomorrow come-NONPAST

Nguba must precede the assumption; kaba and wunkuny are established weather/time nouns.


Maybe grandmother knows where the water is.

nguba babi binal wanja bana yinyay | maybe grandmother know where water there

Uses binal with a locational complement under the nguba assumption pattern.


nguba kaya-ngka minya nuka-ny | maybe dog-ERG meat eat-PAST

Tests nguba before a past-tense assumption, not only non-past alternatives.


nguba kuyu bana bada-nga jana-y | maybe fish water deep-LOC stand/be-NONPAST

Bada-nga is a checked vowel-final locative; nguba scopes over the full locative statement.


nguba ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y | maybe we.INC camp-LOC sit/stay-NONPAST

Keeps nguba clause-initial, matching Patz's statement that it precedes the assumption.


warru yala nyungu nganjan | young.man COMP his father

Patz 4.9.3 ex.604 licenses yala followed by an absolutive NP.


karrkay yala nyungu ngamu | child COMP her mother

Parallel to ex.604 with a different kin term; nyungu is gender-neutral possessor in context.


Yala takes an absolutive comparison NP; kaya and bikibiki are source-checked animal nouns.


nyulu yala walu yala bikibiki | he COMP face COMP pig

Patz 3.9.2 ex.205 gives the yala walu yala bikibiki appearance frame.


ngayu wawu jirray mayi-ka yala mayngku | I like much fruit-DAT COMP mango

Patz 4.9.3 ex.606 gives this fruit-like-mango frame.


kanbal bayan yala-rrku | some camp COMP-EMPH4

Varies Patz 3.9.2 ex.206 Kanbal bubu yala-rrku after exact-duplicate preflight.


bubu yanya yala-rrku | place this COMP-EMPH4

Uses yala-rrku only in the attested 'just the same' comparison sense.


yala, ngana bana-ka dunga-y | OK/let.us we.INC water-DAT go-NONPAST

Patz 4.10: yala as interjection means OK/let's and precedes a suggestion.


Patz 4.9.2 ex.598a gives the kari-before-adjective negation frame.


Patz 4.9.2 ex.598b contrasts adjective plus -kari privative with pre-adjectival kari.


dubu kari kankada-y, dingkar kankada-y | ghost NEG come.REDUP-NONPAST man come.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz 4.9.2 ex.596 licenses dubu kari kankaday, dingkar.


dubu kari kankada-y, dunga-y | ghost NEG come.REDUP-NONPAST go-NONPAST

Patz 4.9.2 ex.597 contrasts ghost not coming but going.


ngayu kari kalka dumbarri-ny | I NEG spear break-PAST

Varies Patz ex.593 billycan negation after exact-duplicate preflight.


Jungkalu kari dumbarrin, kalka dumbarrin.

jungkalu kari dumbarri-ny, kalka dumbarri-ny | billycan NEG break-PAST spear break-PAST

Patz 4.9.2 ex.594 licenses noun-following kari for object contrast.


karrkay binal-kari kuku-ku | child know-PRIV language-DAT

Patz 4.9.1 ex.584 has binal-kari with kuku-ku.


mukul-dingkar kari-rrku warngku-wuna-ny | old-man NEG-EMPH4 sleep-lie-PAST

Patz 3.9.2 ex.208 gives kari-rrku 'not really' before warngku-wuna-ny.


kaba kari-ku kada-y | rain NEG-EMPH1/not.yet come-NONPAST

Patz 3.9.2 says kari-ku can carry temporal 'not yet' force; dictionary has kariku 'not yet'.


warru balu kuni-wa-nka | young.man NEG2 hit-RECIP-PURP

Patz 4.9.2 ex.600 gives balu with fight-PURP as principled disapproval.


jalbu-jalbu balu buymbi-nka | women NEG2 smoke-PURP

Patz 4.9.2 ex.601 gives balu with buymbi-nka.


Grandmother dislikes half-ripe mangoes on principle.

babi balu mayngku-ku wawumu-ku | grandmother NEG2 mango-DAT half.ripe-DAT

Patz 4.9.2 ex.602 gives balu with a dative NP for principled avoidance.


The man could not spear the fish; he gave up.

dingkar balu dama-nka kuyu | man NEG2 spear-PURP fish

Modeled on Patz 4.9.2 ex.599, replacing the turtle token with kuyu to avoid the ngawuya spelling trap.


balu karrkay wuna | let/desist child sleep.IMP

Patz 3.9.2 and 4.9.2 note balu/baluda as 'let it be, desist'.


balu minya bawa | let/desist meat leave.IMP

Uses balu as a desist particle with a simple imperative verb.


I thought you meant to roast the meat, but you are boiling it in water.

Balu yundu minya dinda-nka, kari yundu bana-nga wajul.

balu yundu minya dinda-nka, kari yundu bana-nga waju-l | wrong you meat roast-PURP but you water-LOC cook-NONPAST

Patz 5.5.3 ex.658 gives balu for speaker's wrong assumption.


balu nyulu kada-ny-baja | wrong he come-PAST-again

Patz 5.5.3 ex.659 gives Balu nyulu kada-ny-baja.


Extends the wrong-assumption particle to a source-checked simple past clause.


If the rain comes tomorrow, we will stay at the camp.

Kaki kaba kaday wunkuny, ngana bayan-ba bundanday.

kaki kaba kada-y wunkuny, ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y | if rain come-NONPAST tomorrow we.INC camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

kaki kaba kaday wunkuny ngana bayan bunday

Dictionary and Patz 3.9.2 list kaki as if/when; row keeps it clause-initial.


kaki yundu dunga-y, bayan nanda | if you go-NONPAST house close.IMP

Varries the dictionary kaki example while avoiding the English loan 'gate'.


bama kunka balka-wa-nyji yununku | people in.case/might talk-RECIP-PRECAUT you.DAT

Dictionary kunka example: Bama kunka balkawanji yununku.


Kalka wundi, nganganjirrka bikibiki kada-nyamunku.

kalka wundi, nganganjirrka bikibiki kada-nyamunku | spear bring.IMP just.in.case pig come-precautionary/dependent

kalka wundil nganganjirrka bikibiki kaday

Modeled on dictionary nganganjirrka example 'Bring gun, in case a pig comes', with kalka replacing gun.


I speared a pig, but it did not fall down.

Ngayu bikibiki kunin, yamba nyulu kari daran.

ngayu bikibiki kuni-ny, yamba nyulu kari dara-ny | I pig hit/spear-PAST but it NEG fall-PAST

ngayu bikibiki kunil yamba nyulu kari daral

Dictionary yamba example gives this pig-spearing contrast frame.


The dog is not vicious, but its teeth are bad.

kaya kuli-ji kari, yamba dirra buyun | dog rage-COMIT NEG but teeth bad

Modeled on Patz 5.5.3 ex.656 yamba contrast after a negative state.


yuwu, ngayu binal wanja bana yinyay | yes I know where water there

Patz 4.10 lists yuwu 'yes' as an answer interjection.


kari, karrkay kari dunga-ny | no child NEG go-PAST

Patz 4.10 lists kari as a 'no' answer; second kari is ordinary clause negation.


kaku, ngayu kada-y | wait.for.me I come-NONPAST

Patz 4.10 lists kaku as 'just a minute, wait for me'.


Patz 4.10 lists ngay as 'oh yes, I see' conversational acknowledgement.


yalada, ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y | settled.then we.INC camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

Patz 4.10 lists yalada as 'that's all right, that's settled then'.


yala, ngana dunga-y | OK/let.us we.INC go-NONPAST

Patz 4.10 lists interjectional yala as OK/let's before a suggestion.


juyuy, yinya kari ngulkurr | nonsense that NEG good

Patz 4.10 and dictionary juyuy: 'that's nonsense, take no notice'.


wumba, ngana baja dunga-y | never.mind we.INC again go-NONPAST

Patz 4.10 lists wumba as 'never mind'; dictionary has the related no-reason sense.


I went with a fishing line, but there was a strong wind.

Ngayu badur-iji dungan, kari muyar junkuji.

ngayu badur-iji dunga-ny, kari muyar junkuji | I fishing.line-COMIT go-PAST but wind strong

Patz 4.3.2 ex.388 event-hindrance frame; badur-iji is source-checked in Patz ex.158.


That woman wants to go with a fishing line, but she is sick.

Jalbu yinya wawu badur-iji dunga-nka, kari nyulu bambay.

jalbu yinya wawu badur-iji dunga-nka, kari nyulu bambay | woman that want fishing.line-COMIT go-PURP but she sick

jalbu yinya wawu badur dungay kari nyulu bambay

Patz 4.3.2 ex.389 gives this desire-plus-hindrance pattern.


The child wants to hide, but mother saw him.

Karrkay wawu ngaki-ji-nka, kari ngamu-ngku nyunguny nyajin.

karrkay wawu ngaki-ji-nka, kari ngamu-ngku nyunguny nyaji-ny | child want hide-REF-PURP but mother-ERG him see-PAST

karrkay wawu ngakiji kari ngamu nyunguny nyajil

Extends the Patz 4.3.2 kari hindrance frame with source-checked wawu plus purposive from Patz ex.590.


The man wants to make a spear, but the wood broke.

Dingkar wawu kalka balka-nka, kari juku dumbarrin.

dingkar wawu kalka balka-nka, kari juku dumbarri-ny | man want spear make-PURP but wood break-PAST

dingkar wawu kalka balkal kari juku dumbarri

Patz 4.9.1 ex.589 licenses wawu kalka balka-nka; second clause follows kari event-hindrance semantics.


The children love to play, but the rain comes.

Karrkay-karrkay wawu jirray kinka-n-kinka-nka, kari kaba kaday.

karrkay-karrkay wawu jirray kinka-n-kinka-nka, kari kaba kada-y | children like much play-n-REDUP-PURP but rain come-NONPAST

karrkay wawu jirray kinkay kari kaba kaday

Patz 4.9.1 ex.588 licenses the wawu jirray play purposive; kari introduces the hindering event.


I am trying to see that person, but he is too far away.

Ngayu nyaji-nka yinya bama, kari kalakalbay-bajaku.

ngayu nyaji-nka yinya bama, kari kalakalbay-bajaku | I see-PURP that person but far.away-very

ngayu nyajil yinya bama kari kalakalbay bajaku

Patz 4.3.2 ex.390 gives this trying-to-see but too-far-away frame.


The young man got a fish, but it kept struggling.

Warru-ngku kuyu manin, kari burrki-n-burrki-n.

warru-ngku kuyu mani-ny, kari burrki-n-burrki-ny | young.man-ERG fish get-PAST but fidget-n-REDUP-PAST

Patz 4.3.2 ex.391 gives this fish-on-line but struggling frame.


Ngayu bana wundil, kari jungkalu dumbarrin.

ngayu bana wundi-l, kari jungkalu dumbarri-ny | I water take-NONPAST but billycan break-PAST

ngayu bana wundil kari jungkalu dumbarri

A conservative event-hindrance extension anchored by Patz 4.3.2 and dictionary jungkalu/dumbarril.


That suitcase is small, but it is heavy.

yinya budmandu karrkay, yamba kulngkul | that suitcase small but heavy

Patz 4.3.2 ex.392 gives the state-qualification yamba frame.


baya buban, yamba wumbul | fire small but hot

Extends Patz ex.392 with source-checked adjectives in a state contrast.


juku buban, yamba dandi | tree small but hard

State contrast modeled on Patz 4.3.2 ex.392; all open-class words are dictionary-checked.


bayan buban, yamba dayirr | house small but clean

State contrast modeled on Patz 4.3.2 ex.392; dayirr is dictionary clean/clear/bright.


kuyu buban, yamba ngulkurr | fish small but good

State contrast modeled on Patz 4.3.2 ex.392 with source-checked kuyu/ngulkurr.


The black goanna is not vicious, but its teeth are bad.

Walkarr kuli-ji kari, yamba dirra buyun.

walkarr kuli-ji kari, yamba dirra buyun | black.goanna anger-COMIT NEG but teeth bad

Patz 5.5.3 ex.656 licenses yamba after a negative state description.


They are expert hunters like Aboriginal people, but their country is different.

Jana mala-minya yala bama, yamba jananga bubu walu-yindu.

jana mala-minya yala bama, yamba jana-nga bubu walu-yindu | they expert-meat like Aboriginal.person but their country face-other

jana mala-minya yala bama yamba bubu walu-yindu

Patz 5.5.3 ex.657 gives the yala comparison plus yamba state contrast.


If you hit that dog with a stick, it will bite you.

Kaki yundu yinya kaya juku-bu kunil, yununy baykal.

kaki yundu yinya kaya juku-bu kuni-l, yununy bayka-l | if you that dog stick-INST hit-NONPAST you.ACC bite-NONPAST

kaki yundu yinya kaya juku kunil yununy baykal

Patz 4.3.2 ex.393 gives this non-past conditional frame.


If we have coughs, we break green ants and eat them.

Kaki ngana ngiki-ji, ngana yangka dumbarril, nukal.

kaki ngana ngiki-ji, ngana yangka dumbarri-l, nuka-l | if we cough-COMIT we green.ant break-NONPAST eat-NONPAST

Patz 4.3.2 ex.394 gives the cough/green-ant conditional; subject varied after duplicate preflight.


Karrkay warngku-wunay, kaki nyulu bangkarr bajaburray.

karrkay warngku-wuna-y, kaki nyulu bangkarr bajaburray | child sleep-lie-NONPAST if he body tired

karrkay warngku-wunay kaki nyulu bangkarr bajaburray

Patz 4.3.2 ex.395 licenses kaki in second position; subject varied to avoid an exact corpus duplicate.


If a strong wind comes, we will not go to the sea.

Kaki muyar junkurrji kaday, ngana jalun-ba kari dungay.

kaki muyar junkurr-ji kada-y, ngana jalun-ba kari dunga-y | if wind strength-COMIT come-NONPAST we sea-LOC NEG go-NONPAST

kaki muyar junkurrji kaday ngana jalun kari dungay

Non-past kaki conditional; Patz ex.388 anchors strong wind as a hindering condition.


If the child is hungry, grandmother will give food.

Kaki karrkay dakuy, babi-ngka mayi dajil.

kaki karrkay dakuy, babi-ngka mayi daji-l | if child hungry grandmother-ERG food give-NONPAST

Simple non-past conditional; avoids past-tense kaki prohibited by Patz 4.3.2.


If the water is deep, the children will not swim.

Kaki bana bada, karrkay-karrkay kari maraji.

kaki bana bada, karrkay-karrkay kari maraji | if water deep children NEG swim

Simple non-past/stative conditional with kari negation in the second clause.


kaki yundu kuyu nyaji-l, nganya balka | if you fish see-NONPAST me.ACC tell.IMP

Kaki first-position condition plus imperative main clause; all content words source-checked.


I will cook food if the children are hungry.

Ngayu mayi wajul, kaki karrkay-karrkay dakuy.

ngayu mayi waju-l, kaki karrkay-karrkay dakuy | I food cook-NONPAST if children hungry

Patz 4.3.2 permits kaki in second position; row keeps both clauses non-past/stative.


I take water in case there is no water along the road.

Ngayu bana wundil, kunka bana kari baral-darr.

ngayu bana wundi-l, kunka bana kari baral-darr | I water take-NONPAST in.case water NEG road-PERL

Patz 4.3.2 ex.397 gives this kunka/nganganjirrka frame.


I sweep and clean the house in case my friend comes.

Ngayu bayan kidal, dayirr-bungal, kunka ngayku jawun kada-nya-mun-ku.

ngayu bayan kida-l, dayirr-bunga-l, kunka ngayku jawun kada-nya-mun-ku | I house sweep-NONPAST clean-CAUS-NONPAST in.case my friend come-SUB-mun-DAT

ngayu bayan kidal dayirr bunga kunka ngayku jawun kaday

Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.499 gives this hypothetical-reason construction.


Grandfather takes medicinal root for the road in case he gets sick.

Ngaji-ngka bangkan wundil baral-ka, kunka nyulu bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku.

ngaji-ngka bangkan wundi-l baral-ka, kunka nyulu bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku | grandfather-ERG medicine.root take-NONPAST road-DAT in.case he sick-INCHO-SUB-mun-DAT

ngaji bangkan wundil baral kunka nyulu bambay

Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.500 gives the medicine-for-road in-case-he-gets-sick frame; bangkan replaces English medicine.


Uncle goes with a stick in case the dog bites him.

Kalnga-ngka juku-ji dungay, kunka kaya-ngka nyunguny bayka-nya-mun-ku.

kalnga-ngka juku-ji dunga-y, kunka kaya-ngka nyunguny bayka-nya-mun-ku | uncle-ERG stick-COMIT go-NONPAST in.case dog-ERG him bite-SUB-mun-DAT

kalnga juku dungay kunka kaya nyunguny baykal

Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.502 gives this stick/dog-bite hypothetical reason.


They will not go in case the rain comes.

jana kari dunga-y, kaba kada-nya-mun-ku | they NEG go-NONPAST rain come-SUB-mun-DAT

Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.498 shows hypothetical reason can be encoded by verb + -nya-mun-ku without overt kunka.


The girl took a billycan in case she came across quandong fruit.

Maral-angka jungkalu wundin, kunka nyungu-ndu janbal nyaji-ji-nya-mun-ku.

maral-angka jungkalu wundi-ny, kunka nyungu-ndu janbal nyaji-ji-nya-mun-ku | girl-ERG billycan take-PAST in.case her-LOC quandong see-ITR-SUB-mun-DAT

maral jungkalu wundil kunka nyungu janbal nyajiji

Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.501 attests a past main clause with kunka hypothetical reason.


I take a spear just in case a pig comes.

Ngayu kalka wundil, nganganjirrka bikibiki kada-nya-mun-ku.

ngayu kalka wundi-l, nganganjirrka bikibiki kada-nya-mun-ku | I spear take-NONPAST just.in.case pig come-SUB-mun-DAT

ngayu kalka wundil nganganjirrka bikibiki kaday

Patz 4.3.2 and dictionary nganganjirrka example license the just-in-case particle.