Patz ex.150: disyllabic l-conj imperative has zero suffix; Jarruja dida!


Patz ex.151: disyllabic y-conj imperative takes -y; dunga-y-baja.


Patz ex.149 gives kanga as zero imperative of kanga-l 'chase'; object-only imperative pattern.


Patz §3.8.3.2 and §3.8.4.2: mani-l has suppletive imperative mana; ex.620 has bana mana.


minya ngaykunku daya | meat 1sg.DAT give.IMP

Patz §3.8.3.2: daji-l imperative daya; dative recipient pattern as in giving examples.


kuku-ku binal-ma-ka | language-DAT know-INCHO-IMP

Patz ex.155: roots/stems over two syllables take imperative -ka.


ngawa kararr-ba yijarri-ka | baby blanket-LOC put-IMP

Patz ex.153: yijarri-l 'put/place' takes -ka in imperative; locative kararr-ba.


Patz ex.154: reflexive stem julurri-ji-ka 'wash yourself/hands'.


Patz ex.156: causative compounds with -bunga-l take zero imperative on the compound component.


yinya dara-y-mana | that fall-y-CAUS.IMP

Patz ex.567: action causative with -mani-l uses suppletive imperative mana.


yurra julurri-ji-ka | 2pl.NOM wash-REFL-IMP

Patz ex.565: explicit second-person subject is possible and preferred initially when present.


yubal bundanda-ka, ngayu kada-y-baja | 2du.NOM sit.REDUP-IMP, 1sg come-NONPAST-again

Patz ex.568: reduplicated imperative prompts continued activity.


ngana kada-ri-ka-da | 1pl.inc.NOM come-PLS-IMP-TEMP1

Patz ex.569: first-person inclusive non-singular subject plus imperative gives hortative force.


Patz ex.570: balu with intransitive imperative means leave alone / let go.


Patz ex.571: Balu wajujika 'Let it burn!'.


Patz §4.7: mayi nuka-da urges immediate eating and discontinuing other activity.


Patz ex.573: Nuka-ngarr expresses straight-away / first-of-all imperative urgency.


Patz ex.573: -(ng)Vrr may attach to the object noun, Mayi-ngarr nuka.


Patz §4.7 Louisa Smith example: kadayarr as stronger immediate command.


Patz §4.10: ba 'come on, hurry up'; y-conj imperative kada-y.


Patz §4.10: ma 'go on, go ahead'; l-conj zero imperative nuka.


yala, ngana dunga-y | OK/let's 1pl.inc.NOM go-IMP

Patz §4.10 yala 'OK, let's' plus §4.7 inclusive subject can form suggestions.


Patz ex.615 has yubal plus janji 'have a swim'; janji-l is an intransitive l-conj zero imperative.


yurra karrkay dunga-y bana mana | 2pl.NOM child go-IMP water get.IMP

Patz ex.620: plural addressee with coordinated imperatives dunga-y and mana.


Ask the dillybag expert about dillybags.

mala-balji-nda babaji-ka balji-ka | expert-dillybag-LOC ask.about-IMP dillybag-DAT

Patz ex.77: Mala-balji-nda babaji-ka balji-ka.


Diburr mumbar-abu-ku bulin-ba yijarri-ka!

diburr mumbar-abu-ku bulin-ba yijarri-ka | egg careful-ERG/INST-ADV plate-LOC put-IMP

Patz ex.200: Diburr mumbar-abu-ku bulin-ba yijarri-ka.


Patz ex.201: Yala-ku balka 'Speak like this / make it like this'.


Patz ex.214/§3.10.2: Bayan kida-rrku 'Sweep the whole house thoroughly'.


yubal wuju mana milkul-ku | 2du.NOM grass get.IMP soup-DAT

Patz ex.403a: Yubal wuju mana milkul-ku.


If you happen to see mangoes, take them.

mayngku nyaji-ji-y, mana | mango see-ITR-NONPAST take.IMP

Patz ex.362: mayngku nyaji-ji-y, mana; surface drops final y after i.


Burn ironwood to prevent the thunderstorm from coming.

jujubala waju jarramali kada-nyji | ironwood burn.IMP thunderstorm come-PRECAUT

Patz ex.164: imperative main clause plus precautionary subordinate clause.


mayi kari waju, buyun-dama-nyji | food NEG cook.IMP bad-CAUS-PRECAUT

Patz ex.436: Kari plus l-zero imperative waju in a precautionary construction.


Do not pick up the egg lest you drop it.

kari diburr kulba, dara-y-mani-nyji | NEG egg lift.IMP fall-y-CAUS-PRECAUT

Patz ex.441: Kari diburr kulba, dara-y-mani-nyji.


baya waju-l-waju, kiway kada-nyji | fire burn-REDUP-IMP cold come-PRECAUT

Patz ex.443: reduplicated imperative waju-l-waju prompts continued burning.


Patz ex.189: plural-subject imperative kada-ri-ka.


yundu walu-wukurri-ka | 2sg.NOM face-follow-IMP

Patz narrative line 99: Yundu walu-wukurri-ka 'Turn around!'.


yundu warri-y, yundu kurrka-waba-ji-ka | 2sg.NOM run-IMP, 2sg.NOM behind-look.up-ITR-IMP

Patz narrative line 101; surface warri avoids final -iy spelling leakage while analysis keeps -y.


Patz §3.8.3.1 lists wandi-l as intransitive l-conj; disyllabic l-conj imperative has zero suffix.


jinbal, nyaka nyaka | quick see.IMP see.IMP

Patz narrative line 15 has jinbal plus repeated suppletive nyaka; Ah interjection omitted for orthographic lint.


Patz narrative line 26: repeated kada-y imperative after attention-getting interjection.


yubal yalaymba bunda-y | 2du.NOM here sit/stay-IMP

Patz narrative line 33: Yubal yalaymba bunda-y 'you two stay here'.


yundu wulman-anda babaji-ka-rr | 2sg.NOM old.man-LOC ask.about-IMP-TEMP3

Patz narrative line 75 and §3.10.1: -rr with imperative means first/straight away.


Patz §3.10.1: with suppletive imperative forms, -(ng)Vrr may appear as -rr, e.g. daya-rr.


mara julurri-ji-ka-rr | hand wash-REFL-IMP-TEMP3

Patz §3.10.1: trisyllabic/derived imperative forms can take -rr, e.g. julurri-ka-rr.


Patz §3.8.5.5: suppletive imperative roots are required in reduplicated imperatives; nyaka-l-nyaka.


Patz §3.8.5.5: suppletive imperative roots are used in reduplicated imperatives; mana-l-mana.


Patz §3.8.5.5: suppletive imperative roots are used in reduplicated imperatives; daya-l-daya.


Patz §3.8.5.5: y-conj reduplication uses -n- link; dunga-n-dunga-y.


Patz §3.8.5.5: yirrka-n-yirrka-y is the y-conj reduplicated form.


Patz ex.568: bundanda-ka is reduplicated imperative 'keep sitting/staying'.


Patz ex.426a: wawu 'want/like' takes dative nominal complement.


Patz ex.426b: wawu plus purposive verb complement.


nyulu wawu minya nuka-nka | he want meat eat-PURP

Patz ex.426c: wawu with object plus purposive complement.


ngayu wawu jana ngawuya mani-nka | I want they turtle get-PURP

Patz ex.427: wawu clause plus purposive with a different actor.


Karrkay-karrkay wawu jirray kinka-n-kinka-nka.

karrkay-karrkay wawu jirray kinka-n-kinka-nka | child-REDUP like much play-n-REDUP-PURP

Patz ex.588: wawu jirray intensifies liking/love; purposive complement.


wanyurri-ngku mayi-ka yundu wawu | what-DAT food-DAT you want

Patz ex.580: wanyurri-ngku mayi-ka with wawu asks what sort of food is wanted.


ngayu wawu-kari kaya-nka | I want-PRIV dog-DAT

Controlled simplification of Patz ex.518: wawu-kari 'do not want/like' with dative complement.


ngayu wawu-kari buymbi-nka | I want-PRIV smoke-PURP

Patz ex.603 contrasts wawu-kari with balu; specific non-desire.


I dislike half-ripe mangoes on principle.

ngayu balu mayngku-ku wawumu-ku | I NEG2 mango-DAT half.ripe-DAT

Patz ex.602: balu differs from wawu-kari; principled refrain/disapproval.


ngayu kulngu-ku wawu jirray | I bandicoot-DAT like much

Patz ex.256a: wawu jirray with dative edible animal complement.


kaya wawu bajibay-ngka | dog want bone-DAT

Patz ex.313: adjectival particle wawu in nominal sentence.


Patz ex.312a: yinil as non-inflecting adjectival particle in predicator function.


maral yinil jarba-nka | girl afraid snake-DAT

Patz ex.312b: yinil takes dative complement for feared entity.


karrkay yinil kiju-nku | child afraid crab-DAT


ngayu yinil bilngkumu-nku | I afraid crocodile-DAT


ngayu yinil wujurr-ku | I afraid darkness-DAT

Patz ex.428a: yinil with darkness in dative.


ngayu yinil wujurr-bu dunga-nka | I afraid darkness-LOC go-PURP

Patz ex.428b: afraid + locative setting + purposive action.


maral yinil-ma-ny | girl afraid-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.321: inchoative -ma-l with yinil; elder surface -man.


dubu-ngku maral yinil-kanga-ny | ghost-ERG girl afraid-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.324: state-causative -kanga-l for frightening.


ngayu yinil-kanga-ji-ny bilngkumu-ndu | I fear-CAUS-ITR-PAST crocodile-LOC

Patz ex.354: yinil-kanga-ji-ny with crocodile locative/potent source.


yinya kaya kuli-ji | that dog rage-COMIT

Patz ex.531 and dictionary: kuli-ji 'vicious, rage-COMIT'.


I am running because of the vicious dog.

ngayu wanarri-y kaya-nka kuli-ji-nka | I run.REDUP-NONPAST dog-DAT rage-COMIT-DAT

Patz ex.263: emotion/threat cause in dative; surface wanarri for wanarri-y.


warru-ngku kuli-ji-ngka kamukamu nuka-ny | young.man-ERG rage-COMIT-ERG alcohol eat/drink-PAST

Patz ex.51: kuli-ji-ngka modifies the A as wild/rageful.


warru-ngku jarba kuli-ji kuni-ny | young.man-ERG snake rage-COMIT kill-PAST

Patz ex.542: Warru-ngku jarba kuli-ji kuni-ny.


nyulu bunjil jiba-badi-y | he widow(er) liver-cry-NONPAST

Patz ex.231: Nyulu bunjil jibabadi-y; elder surface drops final -iy.


mukul-jalbu jiba-badi-y | old-woman liver-cry-NONPAST

Controlled variant of Patz jiba-badi-y sad predicate; avoids old duplicate bayan-kari row.


ngayu wawurrwawurr-ma-ny bana-ka | I happy-INCHO-PAST water-DAT

Patz ex.260: glad/happy inchoative with dative cause.


Grandfather takes the child so that the child will be happy.

Kami-ngka karrkay wundi-l, wawurrwawurr-ma-nka.

kami-ngka karrkay wundi-l, wawurrwawurr-ma-nka | grandfather-ERG child take-NONPAST, happy-INCHO-PURP

Patz ex.421: happy inchoative purposive in a purpose clause.


jana milka-marri yinya-nka | they ear-grown.up/content that-DAT

Dictionary milka-marri example: Jana milka-marri yinyanka.


ngayu wawu-dudaji karrkay-anka | I anxious child-DAT:pt

Dictionary wawu-dudaji example: Ngayu wawu-dudaji karrkayanka.


Dictionary wawu-buyun: worried, anxious, yearn.


nyulu wawu-daray | he soul-fall/satisfied

Dictionary wawu-daray: satisfied, feel good about something.


Dictionary wawu-mini: happy; avoids old unsafe jiba-ngulkurr happy coinage.


ngayu wawu jirray kuyu nuka-nka | I like much fish eat-PURP

Dictionary wawu jirray example: Ngayu wawu jirray kuyu nukanka.


ngayu murru-kaday | I become.ashamed-NONPAST

Dictionary murru-kaday: become ashamed, shy, bashful.


dingkar-angka karrkay murru-kaday-mani-ny | man-ERG child shame-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary murru-kaday-manil: shame someone; action-causative -manil.


Dictionary milka-bujar: homesick, lonely, sad, worried.


ngayu milka-murruji | I ear-cannot/ashamed.guilty

Dictionary milka-murruji: ashamed/guilty, avoid after wrongdoing.


jana milka-burray | they ear-weary/exasperated

Dictionary milka-burray: tired/exasperated from too much noise.


Dictionary bambay 'sick'; Patz ex.148/321 inchoative uses bambay-ma-ny.


karrkay bambay-ma-ny | child sick-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.148: Karrkay bambay-ma-ny; elder surface bambayman.


nganya bambay-bunga-ny kubarr-da | me.ACC sick-CAUS-PAST eel-ERG

Patz ex.238: eel meat made me sick; category-2 neutral ergative/instrumental kubarr-da.


Dictionary dakwuy 'hungry'; simple nominal predicate.


yundu mayi-ka yanji-kuda | you food-DAT replete-?TEMP/EMPH

Dictionary yanji example: Yundu mayika yanjikuda?; Yalanji form, not Nyungkul yajin.


Grammar §3.2.1 notes kaka as pain/painful state; dictionary confirms sore/painful.


ngayu wawu-wula-y | I breath-die-NONPAST

Patz ex.232: Ngayu wawula-y 'I am exhausted'; dictionary also gives thirsty/exhausted/tired.


Patz text line 9: Nyulu bijarr-ji 'He had a dream'.


yinya karrkay bijarri-ny | that child dream-PAST

Patz text line 4: yinya karrkay ... bijarri-ny; elder surface bijarrin.


Dictionary binalku 'remember', built on binal 'know'.


ngayu kaya-nka milka-wula-ny | I dog-DAT ear-die-PAST

Dictionary milka-wulay example: Ngayu kayanka milka-wulan.


karrkay nyubun bayan-ba bunda-ny | child one camp-LOC sit/stay-PAST

Controlled construction from Patz §3.2.3.5: quantifier specifies number; bayan-ba and bundan are already corpus-verified.


ngayu jambul juku nyaji-ny | I two tree see-PAST

Patz ex.67b: Ngayu jambul juku nyaji-ny.


juku-bulal yinyay janjana-y | tree-pair there stand.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.67a: -bulal marks an intrinsic pair, not simply two separate items.


yarraman-bulal kankada-y | horse-pair come.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.66a: yarraman-bulal for a pair of horses that belong/act together.


A pair of two young fellows went walking.

warru-bulal jambul, bula jilba-dunga-ny | young.man-pair two 3du walk-go-PAST

Patz text 51 line 1: warru-bulal jambul plus dual pronoun bula.


The two women burnt the ghost with grass trees.

Bula jalbu-bulal-angka dubu wajun nganjirr-da.

bula jalbu-bulal-angka dubu waju-ny nganjirr-da | 3du woman-pair-ERG ghost burn-PAST grass.tree-INST

Patz ex.65: dual pronoun plus -bulal on human pair in A function.


Patz ex.301: possessive nominal sentence with numeral predicate kulur.


yinya dingkar kalka-ji kulur-ji | that man spear-COMIT three-COMIT

Patz ex.538: comitative characteristic with kulur-ji, lit. three-spear owner.


kambi ngayku kanbal | clothes my several

Patz ex.102a: kanbal for several countable clothing items.


kambi ngayku buban | clothes my too.few/insufficient

Patz ex.102b contrasts kanbal with buban for insufficient quantity.


Patz ex.103a: kanbal can quantify mass nouns such as bulawu 'flour'.


ngayku bulawu buban | my flour little/insufficient

Patz ex.103b: buban marks too little/only a little flour.


Patz ex.104a: wubul for many identifiable countable items.


bayan ngayku jirray | house my big.enough/much

Patz ex.104b: jirray is a mass/size quantifier, not just count-many.


birra wubul juku-ngu | leaf many tree-LOC

Patz ex.105a: wubul marks many identifiable leaves.


birra jirray juku-ngu | leaf mass/much tree-LOC

Patz ex.105b: jirray marks mass/plenty or large leaves, contrasting with wubul.


bama wubul yinyay-mba bundanda-ri-ny | people many there-LOC sit/stay-PLS-PAST

Patz text 51 line 55: bama wubul with plural-subject -ri.


kanbal bama yirrka-ri-ny | some people cry.out-PLS-PAST

Patz text 36 line 41: kanbal bama yirrka-ri-ny.


bubu-ngu yilba-ny kulur | land-LOC throw-PAST some/few

Patz text 36 line 29: kulur means 'some/few' here, not a hard arithmetic three.


yinya minya jirray, wubul mukirr | that meat much many mussel

Patz text 36 line 35: jirray plus wubul in the mussel abundance line.


Ngayu jarruka wubul warrmba-bungan yinyaymba.

ngayu jarruka wubul warrmba-bunga-ny yinyay-mba | I scrubhen.egg many uncover-CAUS-PAST there-LOC

ngayu jarruka wubul warrmba-bungal yinyay

Patz ex.142: wubul modifies the O in a transitive clause.


Jana makarr wundin kuyu wubul bangka-nka.

jana makarr wundi-ny kuyu wubul bangka-nka | they net take-PAST fish many catch.large.quantities-PURP

Patz ex.162: kuyu wubul inside a purposive purpose clause.


The man with the beard speared many mullet.

Dingkar-angka walarr-iji-ngka ngalkun wubul daman.

dingkar-angka walarr-iji-ngka ngalkun wubul dama-ny | man-ERG beard-COMIT-ERG mullet many spear-PAST

Patz ex.543: ngalkun wubul as many mullet; A has comitative attribute.


nyulu jalbu kambi-ji wubul-ji | she woman clothes-COMIT many-COMIT

Patz ex.537: wubul-ji in alienable-possession-as-characteristic frame.


I like very much the tree with many big leaves.

Ngayu wawu jirray juku-ku birra-jirr-ka jabajaba-jirr-ka.

ngayu wawu jirray juku-ku birra-jirr-ka jabajaba-jirr-ka | I like much tree-DAT leaf-COMIT-DAT plentiful-COMIT-DAT

Patz ex.544: jirray with a dative NP containing many/plentiful leaves.


ngayu mayi kanbal kuji-l yilaybaja-ka | I food some keep-NONPAST later.today-DAT

Patz ex.115: mayi kanbal plus time-word dative.


kija jambul-muny ngayu dunga-y-baja | month two-ABL I go-NONPAST-again

Patz ex.280: kija jambul-muny marks 'after two months'.


nganjin yambayamba Toyota-nga mumba-ny | we.excl everything Toyota-LOC put.in-PAST

Patz ex.517: yambayamba 'everything' in a transitive object frame.


Patz text 36 line 22: yambakari-bi 'really nothing at all'; surface solid in narrative.


Dictionary yamba-kari usage: Ngayu mayi yamba-kari.


yunu kanku, ngayku kanku | your half my half

Patz text 51 line 52: kanku in distributive half-allocation.


Patz text 51 line 51: kanku nyanda-ny in cutting the animal in half.


dakil nyungu yinduy-mbu | front.leg 3sg.POSS one.of-POSS

Patz text 51 line 53: yindu has suppletive y-final yinduy- before inflection.


The two stayed there, one on the north side and one on the south side.

Bula bundandan yinyaymba, yindu kungkar-mundu yindu jibarr-mundu.

bula bundanda-ny yinyay-mba, yindu kungkar-mundu yindu jibarr-mundu | 3du stay-PAST there-LOC one.of north-ABESS one.of south-ABESS

bula bundanday yinyay yindu kungkarr jibarr

Patz text 51 line 48: dual subject with yindu ... yindu side distribution.


Patz text 51 lines 5 and 27: bula kada-ny.


yubal bayan-ba bunda-y | you.two camp-LOC sit/stay-IMP

Controlled from Patz ex.615 yubal and text 51 line 33 yubal ... bunda-y.


wanjarrinya bama yinyay bundanda-y | how.many people there sit/stay-NONPAST

Patz ex.583: wanjarrinya bama yinyay bundanda-y?


wanjarrinya wukay yundu baka-ny | how.many yam you dig-PAST

Controlled from wanjarrinya ex.583 and the verified baka-ny 'dig' food-gathering frame.


bama narmba-ku kada-ny | people all-EMPH come-PAST

Dictionary narmba usage: Bama narmbaku kadan.


karrkay jambul-jambul bayan-ba bunda-ny | child four camp-LOC sit/stay-PAST

Patz §3.2.5: jambul-jambul 'four (two-two)'; frame kept simple and corpus-verified.


nyulu kuyu kulur mani-ny | he fish three get-PAST

Controlled from Patz §3.2.5 kulur 'a few/three' and verified mani-ny object frame.


jana mayi wubul nuka-ny | they food many eat-PAST

Controlled from Patz wubul object examples and the verified nuka-ny eating frame.


maral-angka jarba kanbal nyaji-ny | girl-ERG snake some see-PAST

Controlled from kanbal 'some/several' and verified transitive nyaji-ny frame.


warru-ngku kaya jambul nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG dog two see-PAST

Controlled from jambul object examples and verified warru-ngku transitive frame.


jambul kaya kuli-ji kada-ny | two dog rage-COMIT come-PAST

Patz §4.1 NP example gives jambul kaya kuli-ji 'two vicious dogs'; finite predicate controlled.


bama jirray yinyay bundanda-ri-ny | people large.crowd there sit/stay-PLS-PAST

Controlled from Patz §3.2.5 contrast bama jirray 'a large crowd of people' plus text 51 stay frame.


jalbu-bulal bayan-ba kada-ny | woman-pair camp-LOC come-PAST

Controlled from Patz ex.65 jalbu-bulal and verified bayan-ba/kada-ny motion frame.


bula ngamu kada-ny | 3du mother come-PAST

Patz §4.1 NP examples list bula ngamu 'the two mothers'; predicate controlled.


bama wubul-ku bayan-ba kada-ny baja | people all-EMPH camp-LOC come-PAST again

Controlled from frequent corpus/grammar wubul-ku all/every and verified kada-ny-baja return frame.


kaba ngundu kada-y | rain close come-NONPAST

Controlled from Patz ex.226 Kaba kada-y plus ngundu close; avoids duplicate Kaba kaday.


Patz text 3 line 7: Kaba yalbay, lit. rain big.


Controlled from Patz ex.454 kaba dara-nyjiku 'before rain falls'.


Dictionary ngurrban 'cloud'; wubul many from Patz §3.2.5.


Controlled comitative state: sky with clouds; both lexemes dictionary-confirmed.


Dictionary ngurrbal 'fog' with heavy-fog usage.


Dictionary wurrbal 'fog/mist rising from river'; locative frame controlled.


Dictionary dayirr gives sun-bright example; wungar 'sun'.


Dictionary wungar dakal 'sunrise'; Patz §3.4 notes wungar dakal.


Dictionary wungar daray 'sunset'; elder past surface daran.


wungar jalama-l | sun jump/out-INCHO-NONPAST

Dictionary wungar jalamal: sun comes out from behind cloud.


wungar wandi-l-wandi-l | sun rise-l-REDUP

Dictionary wungar wandil-wandil: the sun is coming up.


wungar wangkar-wangkar | sun above-REDUP

Dictionary and Patz §3.4: wungar wangkarwangkar mid-morning to midday/early afternoon.


muduwaju-ny kaba kada-ny | daybreak-TEMP rain come-PAST

Patz text 36 has muduwaju-ny daybreak; Kaba kaday from Patz ex.226.


wunkuwingku ngurrban wubul | morning cloud many

Dictionary wunkuwingku morning and ngurrban cloud; quantifier frame controlled.


yilay-yilay muyar kada-ny | late.afternoon wind come-PAST

Dictionary yilay-yilay late afternoon; Patz ex.455 muyar kada-nyjiku.


wujurr-bu jarramali kada-ny | night-LOC thunderstorm come-PAST

Dictionary jarramali thunder/thunderstorm; wujurr-bu night/darkness LOC from Patz §3.4.


wujurr-bu dawar wubul | night-LOC star many

Dictionary dawar star; wujurr-bu night/darkness LOC; controlled quantifier frame.


jiri-nga dawar wubul | sky-LOC star many

Dictionary jiri sky and dawar star; locative after i-final root controlled.


Patz ex.539 wungar-iji hot season; dictionary wumbul hot.


Patz ex.540 bulur-iji cold season; dictionary kiway cold.


When will you come back in the hot season?

wanjawanja yundu kada-y-baja, wungar-iji | when you come-NONPAST-again hot.season

Patz ex.582: Wanjawanja yundu kada-y-baja, wungariji?


nyungu ngaji wungar-iji wula-ny | his grandfather hot.season die-PAST

Patz ex.541: Nyungu ngaji wungar-iji wula-ny.


I went by boat, but there was a strong wind.

Ngayu buwun-ji dungan, kari muyar junkuji.

ngayu buwun-ji dunga-ny, kari muyar junkuji | I boat-COMIT go-PAST but wind strong

Patz ex.388: strong wind as a hindering kari clause.


muyar-abu nganya yararri-mani-l | wind-ERG me.ACC shiver-CAUS-NONPAST

Patz ex.325: Muyar-abu nganya yararri-mani-l.


ngayu dunga-ny, muyar kada-nyjiku | I go-PAST wind come-SUCC

Patz ex.455: no-coreferent successive construction with wind.


Controlled from Patz ex.455 muyar kada-nyjiku.


jarramali kada-y | thunderstorm come-NONPAST

Controlled from dictionary jarramali and Patz weather subject Kaba kaday.


A thunderstorm struck the cow on the mountain.

Jarramali-ngka bulki dalbarrin manjal-ba.

jarramali-ngka bulki dalbarri-ny manjal-ba | thunderstorm-ERG cow strike-PAST mountain-LOC

Patz ex.504: Jarramali-ngka bulki dalbarri-ny, manjal-ba.


jabulbina kuwa-muny kada-ny | thunder west-ABL come-PAST

Dictionary jabulbina: thunder out west/start of storms; ablative motion frame controlled.


Dictionary balbay lightning; simple weather-S motion frame controlled.


Dictionary balbay lightning and jiri sky; avoids denied balbay-nja form.


wadjal jalun-muny kada-ny | cyclone sea-ABL come-PAST

Dictionary wadjal cyclone; controlled ablative motion frame.


Dictionary yiril rainbow; simple locational nominal sentence.


kaba-nga-ku nganjin dunga-ny | rain-LOC-EMPH we.excl go-PAST

Patz text 3 line 2: Kaba-nga-ku nganjin dunga-ny.


kaba-nga-ku warri-ny | rain-LOC-EMPH run/drive-PAST

Patz text 3 line 3: Kaba-nga-ku warri-ny, driving/running in the rain.


Controlled from Patz text 3 bubu julbarr-bi; non-emphatic to avoid duplicate.


Controlled from dictionary duna wet and Patz ex.60/519 wet predicates.


Controlled from dictionary marral dry and verified juku wood/tree.


karrkay wujurr-bu wuna-ny | child night-LOC lie/sleep-PAST

Controlled from Patz wujurr-bu night LOC and verified wuna-ny sleep/lie.


Dictionary wujurr darkness/night; grammar colour/property ngumbu dark.


Controlled from Patz ex.443 kiway kada-nyji.


Dictionary wumbul hot and Patz wungar as day/sun; bajaku intensifier.


Dictionary balbal shine; subject balbay lightning, avoiding denied balbay-nja.


jarramali yalbay kada-ny | thunderstorm big come-PAST

Dictionary jarramali thunderstorm; Patz Kaba yalbay gives weather + yalbay heavy/big frame.


jana kada-ny, mayi mani-ny, dunga-ny-da | they come-PAST food get-PAST go-PAST-TEMP1

Patz §3.10.1/-da closes a sequence; controlled from ex.209 and text 3 line 1.


We came to the river, ate food, and then lay down.

Nganjin wawubaja-nga kadan, mayi nukan, wunan-da.

nganjin wawubaja-nga kada-ny, mayi nuka-ny, wuna-ny-da | we.excl river-LOC come-PAST food eat-PAST lie-PAST-TEMP1

nganjin wawubaja kaday mayi nukal wunay -da

Controlled reduction of Patz ex.631: sequence ending in wuna-ny-da.


Mother cooked fish, ate, and then sat down.

Ngamu-ngku kuyu wajun, nukan, bundan-da.

ngamu-ngku kuyu waju-ny, nuka-ny, bunda-ny-da | mother-ERG fish cook-PAST eat-PAST sit-PAST-TEMP1

-da marks the final action in a same-actor sequence.


The child came to camp, ate food, and then slept.

Karrkay bayan-ba kadan, mayi nukan, warngku wunan-da.

karrkay bayan-ba kada-ny, mayi nuka-ny, warngku wuna-ny-da | child camp-LOC come-PAST food eat-PAST sleep lie-PAST-TEMP1

karrkay bayan kaday mayi nukal warngku wunay -da

Uses the Patz -da closing pattern with verified daily-life lexemes.


The man got meat, cooked it, and then ate it.

Dingkar-ngku minya manin, wajun, nukan-da.

dingkar-ngku minya mani-ny, waju-ny, nuka-ny-da | man-ERG meat get-PAST cook-PAST eat-PAST-TEMP1

Parallel to ex.209 but with meat instead of fish.


Grandmother cooked food, the children ate, and then they slept.

Babi-ngku mayi wajun, karrkay-karrkay nukan, wunan-da.

babi-ngku mayi waju-ny, karrkay-karrkay nuka-ny, wuna-ny-da | grandmother-ERG food cook-PAST child-REDUP eat-PAST lie-PAST-TEMP1

-da closes a multi-part household sequence after an actor switch.


The two came and then went to the river.

bula kada-ny, wawubaja-nga dunga-ny-da | they.two come-PAST river-LOC go-PAST-TEMP1

Controlled from text 51 movement perspective plus -da sequencing.


I bathed in the water and then came to camp.

Ngayu bana-nga janin, bayan-ba kadan-da.

ngayu bana-nga janji-ny, bayan-ba kada-ny-da | I water-LOC bathe-PAST camp-LOC come-PAST-TEMP1

Uses verified janji-l bathe/swim and -da for the following arrival.


The young man got a spear and then went to the sea.

Warru-ngku kalka manin, jalun-bu dungan-da.

warru-ngku kalka mani-ny, jalun-bu dunga-ny-da | young.man-ERG spear get-PAST sea-LOC go-PAST-TEMP1


jana mayi nuka-ny, warngku wuna-ny-da | they food eat-PAST sleep lie-PAST-TEMP1

Minimal -da sequence close; useful contrast with bare past clauses.


He caught a fish first, then speared a turtle.

Nyulu kuyu-ngurr manin, ngawuya daman-da.

nyulu kuyu-ngurr mani-ny, ngawuya dama-ny-da | he fish-TEMP3 get-PAST turtle spear-PAST-TEMP1

nyulu kuyu manil ngawuya damal -ngurr -da

Patz ex.210: object host kuyu-ngurr plus final -da.


ngayu kuyu waju-l-urr wundi-l-da | I fish cook-NONPAST-TEMP3 take-NONPAST-TEMP1

Patz ex.633: verb-host TEMP3 plus final -da.


yundu mayi-ngarr nuka | you food-TEMP3 eat.IMP

Patz ex.573 has Mayi-ngarr nuka; subject added to avoid exact duplicate.


Patz ex.573 has Nuka-ngarr; object added to avoid exact duplicate.


Patz §3.10.1 notes daya-rr with suppletive imperative forms.


kambi julurri-ka-rr | clothes wash-IMP-TEMP3

Patz §3.10.1 notes julurri-ka-rr with trisyllabic imperative.


ngamu-ngku nyulu-ngurr diburr mani-ny | mother-ERG she-TEMP3 egg get-PAST

Controlled from Patz ex.634 Queenie-ngka nyulu-ngurr diburr mani-ny.


karrkay-ngku nyulu-ngurr mayi mani-ny | child-ERG he/she-TEMP3 food get-PAST

Same pronoun-host TEMP3 construction with verified child/food lexemes.


ngayu-ngurr dunga-ny, yundu kada-ny-da | I-TEMP3 go-PAST you come-PAST-TEMP1

TEMP3 marks the first participant in a two-person sequence.


You sit first, and then I will sweep the ground.

Yundu-ngurr bunda-y, ngayu bubu kidal-da.

yundu-ngurr bunda-y, ngayu bubu kida-l-da | you-TEMP3 sit-IMP I ground sweep-NONPAST-TEMP1

yundu bunday ngayu bubu kidal -ngurr -da

Combines first/addressee TEMP3 with later action marked by -da.


nyulu kulji yalbay-ku mani-ny | he stone big-EMPH1 get-PAST

Patz text 12/ex.641: yalbay-ku on adjective.


He pushed the really big stone and set it up.

kulji yalbay-ku jurrnga-ny, yijarri-ny | stone big-EMPH1 push-PAST set.up-PAST

Patz text 12/ex.641 line 41 with fronted object and -ku.


bayan-ba-ku yijarri-ny kulji yalbay | camp-LOC-EMPH1 set.up-PAST stone big

Patz line 42 has baral-ba-ku; this safer variant uses verified bayan-ba locative host.


There were really many clouds in the sky.

ngurrban wubul-ku jiri-nga | cloud many-EMPH1 sky-LOC

Patz §3.10.2 gives wubul-ku as an EMPH1 example.


In the rain, the ground was unexpectedly slippery.

kaba-nga-ku bubu julbarr-bi | rain-LOC-EMPH1 ground slippery-EMPH3

Text 3 has kaba-nga-ku and bubu julbarr-bi; row combines the two attested surfaces without duplicating an old row.


yinya-bi bijarr-muny | that-EMPH3 dream-ABL

Patz ex.647/text 36 line 37: yinya-bi bijarr-muny.


Patz ex.648/text 36 line 53: yala bijarr-bi.


Patz §5.4.2 conversation example bamalu, with kari no.


nyulu warndi-ny kaya-la | it get.up-PAST dog-EMPH2.Nyungkul


nganjin-ku-lu murruji wukurri-l-wukurri-ny | we.excl-EMPH1-EMPH2 unable follow-l-REDUP-PAST

Patz ex.654 has Nganjin-ku-lu murruji wukurri-l-wukurri-ny.


The girl washed all the clothes thoroughly.

maral-angka kambi julurri-ny-arrku | girl-ERG clothes wash-PAST-EMPH4

Patz ex.211: verb-host EMPH4 total/thorough action.


yundu bayan kida-rrku | you house sweep.IMP-EMPH4

Patz ex.212 is Bayan kida-rrku; subject added to avoid exact duplicate.


ngayu wawu balka-nka yunu-ndu-rrku | I want speak-PURP you-LOC-EMPH4

Patz ex.213: pronoun-host EMPH4 exclusivity.


bayan-ba nyulu-rrku bunda-nda-y | camp-LOC he-EMPH4 sit-REDUP-NONPAST

Controlled from Patz ex.215 Ngayu-rrku bundanda-y.


ngayu-rrku bunda-nda-y | I-EMPH4 sit-REDUP-NONPAST


ngayu kari-rrku warngku wuna-ny | I NEG-EMPH4 sleep lie-PAST

Patz ex.208: kari-rrku with negation particle.


kanbal bubu yala-rrku ngundu | some place same-EMPH4 close

Patz ex.206 has Kanbal bubu yala-rrku; ngundu added to avoid exact duplicate.


wulman yala-rrku manyarr-anka badi-ny | old.man also-EMPH4 wife-DAT cry-PAST

Patz ex.207: yala-rrku as also/just the same.


The two went right on west and came to the mountain top.

Bula kuwa dungan-arrku, kuwa dungan-arrku, wuburr-bu kadan.

bula kuwa dunga-ny-arrku, kuwa dunga-ny-arrku, wuburr-bu kada-ny | they.two west go-PAST-EMPH4 west go-PAST-EMPH4 mountain.top-LOC come-PAST

Patz text 51 line 46 has repeated dunga-ny-arrku.


kunba-ny-arrku, wundi-ny | finish-PAST-EMPH4 take-PAST

Patz text 36 line 52: Kunba-ny-arrku, wundi-ny.


Meanwhile, the pair of young men took off and ran west toward camp.

Bula warru-bulal jalaman-kuda, jalaman yarra-kuda bayan-ba kuwa warrin.

bula warru-bulal jalama-ny-kuda, jalama-ny yarra-kuda bayan-ba kuwa warri-ny | they.two young.man-pair jump-PAST-TEMP2 jump-PAST that.way-TEMP2 camp-LOC west run-PAST

bula warru -bulal jalama yarra bayan kuwa warri -kuda

Patz text 51 lines 38-39: -kuda in overlapping motion sequence.


They wanted to go on; meanwhile they were no longer afraid.

Jana wawu dunga-nka, kari yinilman-kuda.

jana wawu dunga-nka, kari yinil-ma-ny-kuda | they want go-PURP NEG afraid-INCHO-PAST-TEMP2

Patz text 3 line 18: kari yinil-ma-ny-kuda.


With the knife, I kept chopping wrongly in the water meanwhile.

Ngayu naybu-bu-ku bana-nga-kuda wadu-kuda nyandan.

ngayu naybu-bu-ku bana-nga-kuda wadu-kuda nyanda-ny | I knife-INST-EMPH1 water-LOC-TEMP2 wrong-TEMP2 chop-PAST

Patz ex.630: naybu-bu-ku, bana-nga-kuda, wadu-kuda.


ngayu wawu kada-nka-baja | I want come-PURP-again

Patz ex.218: verbal -baja means again/back.


nyulu bambay-ma-l-baja | he sick-INCHO-NONPAST-DEGREE

Patz ex.216: state-verb -baja expresses high degree.


The blue-tongue lizard bit the taipan again.

bajabaja-ngka jinkalmu bayka-ny-baja | blue.tongue-ERG taipan bite-PAST-again

Patz ex.217: action/motion verb -baja means again.


I give you money, and you in turn give me meat.

Ngayu yunu mani dajil, yundu-ji ngayku minya daya.

ngayu yunu mani daji-l, yundu-ji ngayku minya daya | I your money give-NONPAST you-in.turn my meat give.IMP

ngayu yunu mani dajil yundu ngayku minya daya -ji

Patz ex.219: yundu-ji marks in-turn exchange.


It is your turn to sit; I will sweep the ground.

yundu-ji bunda-y, ngayu bubu kida-l | you-in.turn sit-IMP I ground sweep-NONPAST

Patz ex.221: yundu-ji with turn-taking obligation.


The next day it was my turn to go to camp to cook food.

Wunkuny yindu ngayu-ji bayan-ba dungan mayi waju-nku.

wunkuny yindu ngayu-ji bayan-ba dunga-ny mayi waju-nku | next.day other I-in.turn camp-LOC go-PAST food cook-PURP

wunkuny yindu ngayu bayan dungay mayi wajul -ji

Controlled from Patz ex.220 Monday yindu ngayu-ji ... dunga-ny mayi waju-nku.


Patz §3.10.3 notes idiomatic yundu-ku-baja 'it is up to you'.


birra juku-ngu yalbay-baja-ku | leaf tree-LOC big-DEG-EMPH

Patz ex.524: birra juku-ngu yalbay-bajaku; locative = leaves on the tree.


birra juku-muny yalbay-baja-ku | leaf tree-ABL big-DEG-EMPH

Patz ex.524 contrasts juku-ngu and juku-muny for leaves on/from the tree.


mayi yinya-nga juku-ngu ngulkurr | fruit that-LOC tree-LOC good

Controlled from Patz ex.525 fruit on that tree is good to eat; avoids risky nuka-ji-y surface.


mayi yinya-muny juku-muny ngulkurr | fruit that-ABL tree-ABL good

Patz ex.525 allows ablative for fruit from that tree.


dakil juku-ngu wubul | branch tree-LOC many

Dictionary dakil = arm/branch/wing; locative tree part frame controlled by ex.524.


dakil-dakil juku-muny dara-ny | branch-REDUP tree-ABL fall-PAST

Dictionary dakil-dakil branches; ablative source from ex.524.


nganka juku-ngu wubul | flower tree-LOC many

Dictionary nganka = flower/blossom; tree locative pattern from Patz.


diburr juku-muny dara-ny | seed tree-ABL fall-PAST

Dictionary diburr = seed/egg; plant sense logged here by tree-source frame.


ngara juku-ngu badabada | root tree-LOC down.below

Dictionary ngara = root; badabada location word from Rule 85.


dingal juku-ngu yalbay | tree.base tree-LOC big


Dictionary dimbir = hollow trunk of a tree.


dumbul juku-ngu dandi | bark tree-LOC hard

Patz ex.526 licenses dumbul as hard covering; dictionary dumbul = bark/crust/shell.


dumbul juku-muny dara-ny | bark tree-ABL fall-PAST

Uses the ex.524 ablative part-from-tree frame.


bula jalban-ba bunda-nda-ny | they.two tree.top-LOC sit-REDUP-PAST

Patz text 51 line 25 has tree-top locative jalban-ba with sitting.


karrkay juku-ngu daka-l | child tree-LOC climb-NONPAST

Controlled from text 51 line 11 ngali juku-ngu daka-l.


The two went to the river and found Leichhardt-tree fruit.

Bula wawubaja-nga dungan, bula mayi kabal warrmba-bungan.

bula wawubaja-nga dunga-ny, bula mayi kabal warrmba-bunga-ny | they.two river-LOC go-PAST they.two fruit Leichhardt.tree uncover-CAUS-PAST

bula wawubaja dungay mayi kabal warrmba-bungal

Patz text 51 lines 6-7: the two find kabal fruit.


kabal mayi warrmba-bunga-ny | Leichhardt.tree fruit uncover-CAUS-PAST

Patz text 51 line 7 reprise: Kabal mayi warrmba-bunga-ny.


ngali juku-ngu daka-l | we.two.incl tree-LOC climb-NONPAST

Patz text 51 line 11: Ngali juku-ngu daka-l.


bula juku-ngu daka-ny | they.two tree-LOC climb-PAST

Controlled from text 51 line 12 Bula daka-ny plus explicit tree locative.


They climbed, kept taking fruit from the tree and eating it.

Dakan, juku-muny manil-manin mayi nukal-nukan.

daka-ny, juku-muny mani-l-mani-ny mayi nuka-l-nuka-ny | climb-PAST tree-ABL get-l-REDUP-PAST fruit eat-l-REDUP-PAST

Patz text 51 line 13: taking fruit from tree and eating repeatedly.


mayi juku-muny dara-ny | fruit tree-ABL fall-PAST


karrkay-ngku mayi juku-muny mani-ny | child-ERG fruit tree-ABL get-PAST

Controlled fruit-from-tree transitive frame.


jana mayi juku-muny nuka-ny | they fruit tree-ABL eat-PAST


A tree with many big leaves stands there.

Juku birra-jirr jabajaba-jirr yinyay janjanay.

juku birra-jirr jabajaba-jirr yinyay janja-na-y | tree leaf-COMIT plentiful-COMIT there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Controlled from Patz ex.544 juku-ku birra-jirr-ka jabajaba-jirr-ka.


Nyulu bayan-muny yinya-muny juku-jirr-muny kadan.

nyulu bayan-muny yinya-muny juku-jirr-muny kada-ny | he house-ABL that-ABL tree-COMIT-ABL come-PAST

Patz ex.546: came from that house with the tree.


ngadiku jana dubal nyanda-ny | long.ago they bark chop-PAST

Patz text 51 line 61: old-time bark chopping.


bana nyangarri-ny dubal-ba | water pour-PAST bark-LOC

Patz text 51 line 63: bana nyangarri-nya dubal-ba.


buyku minya wangkar bunda-nda-ny | paperbark meat above sit-REDUP-PAST

Controlled from Patz text 51 line 66: buyku bundanda-nya covering the meat.


jana buyku kurrma-nga yijarri-ny | they paperbark ground.oven-LOC put-PAST

Controlled earth-oven frame from text 51 and Rule 83.


jana wanjakan dumbul bayan-ba yijarri-ny | they ti.tree bark house-LOC put-PAST

Dictionary wanjakan bark used for roof of house; simple put-on-house frame.


jana warrur-bu makarr bunga-ny | they tree.bark-INST net make-PAST

Dictionary warrur: tree bark used to make fishnets.


jaba bayan ngundu-ba janja-na-y | sapling camp close-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Dictionary jaba = stick/sapling/post/walking stick.


karrkay-ngku jaba-bu bubu baka-ny | child-ERG stick-INST ground dig-PAST

Instrumental plant-material frame; baka-l dig/poke from Rule 71.


Jujabala dumbul waju, jarramali kada-nyji.

jujabala dumbul waju, jarramali kada-nyji | ironwood bark burn.IMP thunder come-PRECAUT

jujabala dumbul wajul jarramali kaday -nyji

Dictionary jujabala notes bark burned to control thunder; Patz weather precaution frame.


nganjirr waju, jarramali kada-nyji | grass.tree burn.IMP thunder come-PRECAUT

Dictionary nganjirr notes burning grass tree to make thunder go away.


The lawyer-cane vine stands in the scrub.

mawar madja-nga janja-na-y | lawyer.cane.vine scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Dictionary mawar = lawyer-cane vine; madja = scrub/rainforest.


waji-waji madja-nga janja-na-y | stinging.vine scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST


kunjarri madja-nga janja-na-y | palm scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST


dulmbil wawubaja-nga janja-na-y | umbrella.palm river-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST


wawuburra nganka yalbay | cottontree flower big

Dictionary wawuburra notes big red flowers; color avoided, flower size retained.


jana wawuburra-muny buwun bunga-ny | they cottontree-ABL boat make-PAST

Dictionary wawuburra notes canoes made from this tree.


jana bilar-muny buwun bunga-ny | they candlenut.tree-ABL boat make-PAST

Dictionary wawuburra entry notes canoes made from wawuburra and bilar.


yarun nganka-ji | black.wattle flower-COMIT

Dictionary yarun = black wattle tree and its yellow flower; color not asserted in Kuku row.


yalngkal yinyay janja-na-y | white.wattle there stand-REDUP-NONPAST


yumu nganka wubul | bottlebrush flower many


wanjakan dumbul bayan-ba | ti.tree bark house-LOC

Dictionary wanjakan says bark used for roofs; locative house frame.


warrur yala karra | tree.bark like rope/string

Dictionary warrur: tree bark can be used as vine; karra = string/rope.


juku birra-jirr yinyay janja-na-y | tree leaf-COMIT there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Comitative leaf frame controlled from Patz ex.544.


nganka juku-muny dara-ny | flower tree-ABL fall-PAST

Completes plant-part source frame with flowers from tree.


mayi wukay ngulkurr | plant.food hairy.yam good

Patz 4.1.1(c): generic mayi before specific wukay.


yanyu mayi wukay ngulkurr | this plant.food hairy.yam good

Patz 4.1.1(d): demonstrative preferred initial with generic+specific NPs.


yinya minya ngangkin ngulkurr | that meat echidna good

Patz 4.1.1(c-d): minya generic plus specific noun, demonstrative initial.


juku buyku yinyay jana-y | tree paperbark there stand-NONPAST

Patz 4.1.1(c): juku buyku as a generic+specific tree NP.


karrkay-ngku juku buyku nyaji-ny | child-ERG tree paperbark see-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(c) generic+specific NP used as a transitive object.


jana mayi wukay nuka-ny | they plant.food hairy.yam eat-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(c): mayi wukay used as a compact object NP.


jana minya ngangkin mani-ny | they meat echidna get-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(c): minya ngangkin as generic+specific NP.


juku buyku yalbay yinyay | tree paperbark big there

Patz 4.1.1(g): modifier follows the head constituent; generic+specific source juku buyku.


yinya karrkay kada-ny | that child come-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(d): with one noun, demonstrative may precede.


karrkay yinya kada-ny | child that come-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(d): with one noun, demonstrative may follow.


Patz 4.1.1(d): demonstrative preceding one noun.


Patz 4.1.1(d): demonstrative following one noun.


Yinya-ngka kubarr-angka yalbay-ngka maral baykan.

yinya-ngka kubarr-angka yalbay-ngka maral bayka-ny | that-ERG eel-ERG big-ERG girl bite-PAST

Cheatsheet 6 from Patz 4.1.1/4.2: ERG agreement on demonstrative+noun+adjective.


Yinya-ngka kaya-ngka yalbay-ngka karrkay baykan.

yinya-ngka kaya-ngka yalbay-ngka karrkay bayka-ny | that-ERG dog-ERG big-ERG child bite-PAST

Extends the Patz 4.1.1/4.2 agreement pattern to a familiar potent dog-agent NP.


yanyu juku yalbay janja-na-y | this tree big stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Patz 4.1.1(g): adjective follows the head in a continuous NP.


yinya jalbu mukul yinyay bunda-ny | that woman old there sit-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(g): modifier follows head; demonstrative initial.


wanya warru kada-ny | who young.man come-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(e): wanya warru 'which young man'.


wanya maral kada-ny | who girl come-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(e): interrogative may combine with a common noun.


yundu wanyu minya nuka-ny | you what meat eat-PAST


karrkay-ngku wanyu kuyu nyaji-ny | child-ERG what fish see-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(e) plus 4.2: object NP stays ABS while child agent is ERG.


wanya dingkar balka-ny | who man speak-PAST


wanyu juku yinyay janja-na-y | what tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Patz 4.1.1(e): wanyu may combine with a common noun.


bula ngamu bayan-ka dunga-ny | they.two mother camp-DAT go-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(f): bula ngamu 'the two mothers'.


jana bama bayan-ba bunda-nda-ny | they people camp-LOC sit-REDUP-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(f): jana bama 'the Aborigines/people'.


yubal jalbu bayan-ba bunda-y | you.two woman camp-LOC sit-NONPAST

Patz 4.1.1(f): personal pronoun may be followed by a noun in apposition.


ngana bama dunga-y | we.all people go-NONPAST

Patz 4.1.1(f): personal pronoun plus common noun NP.


ngali bama dunga-ny | we.two.incl people go-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(f): dual pronoun plus common noun apposition.


jana bama yinyay-muny kada-ny | they people there-ABL come-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(f) with jana bama as the subject NP.


dubal murru-murru dandi | bark rough hard

Patz 4.1.1(g): dubal murru-murru 'rough bark'.


Patz 4.1.1(g-h): optional modifier after head noun.


karrkay buban wuna-y | child small lie/sleep-NONPAST


jambul kaya kuli-ji bayan-ba bunda-ny | two dog anger-COMIT camp-LOC sit-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(g): jambul kaya kuli-ji 'two vicious dogs'.


kulur juku yalbay yinyay janja-na-y | three tree big there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Patz 4.1.1(g): quantifier tends to precede and adjective follows the head.


jambul kalka kalbay bayan-ba | two spear long house-LOC

Patz 4.1.1(g): quantifier before, adjective after.


yinya yalbay junkurr-ji kada-ny | that big strength-COMIT come-PAST

Patz 4.1.1(g): yinya yalbay junka/junkurr-ji descriptive demonstrative NP.


ngayku bayan yalbay yaluy | my house big here

Patz 4.1.1(h): pronominal possessive may precede noun; modifier after head.


bayan ngayku yalbay yaluy | house my big here

Patz 4.1.1(h): possessive may also follow noun in a continuous NP.


badur ngamu-mu bayan-ba | fishing.line mother-POSS house-LOC

Patz 4.1.1(h): badur ngamu-mu 'mother's fishing line'.


kalka jirakal dingkar-amu jinbal | spear new man-POSS sharp

Patz 4.1.1(h): kalka jirakal dingkar-amu 'the man's new spear'.


kaya wulbuman-amu kada-ny | dog old.woman-POSS come-PAST

Rule 54 plus Patz 4.1.1(h): alienable possessed noun plus possessor-POSS.


Patz 4.1.1(h): pronominal possessive before noun.


kalka ngulkurr yunu yaluy | spear good your here

Patz 4.1.1(h): possessive may follow the noun; modifier remains after the head.


Patz 4.1.1(i)/4.5.2: inalienable part follows whole with no possessive suffix.


Patz 4.1.1(i): inalienable body part in apposition after possessor.


Patz 4.5.2 ex.520: kuyu biji as fish-tail apposition.


Patz 4.1.1(i)/4.5.2: part follows whole; modifier refers to the part.


nyulu kuyu biji kayi-ny | he fish tail hook-PAST

Patz 4.5.2 ex.520: Nyulu kuyu biji kayi-ny.


He dropped the stone on the girl's foot.

Nyulu kulji daray-manin maral-anda jina-nga.

nyulu kulji dara-y-mani-ny maral-anda jina-nga | he stone fall-y-CAUS-PAST girl-LOC foot-LOC

Patz 4.5.2 ex.521: same-case locative apposition maral-anda jina-nga.


bula kuwa-muny kada-ny | they.two west-ABL come-PAST

Patz text 51 line 2: coming from the west/source.


bula kada-ny, bula wawubaja-nga dunga-ny | they.two come-PAST they.two river-LOC go-PAST

Patz 5.5.1 / text 51 line 5: come to a scene, then go to river.


Wulbuman wangkar dungan kaya-nda mani-nka.

wulbuman wangkar dunga-ny kaya-nda mani-nka | old.woman up go-PAST dog-LOC get-PURP

Patz 5.5.1 ex.652: wulbuman wangkar dunga-ny kaya-nda mani-nka.


badabada dunga-nya, wawubaja-nga kada-ny | down.there go-SUB river-LOC come-PAST

Patz text 51 line 20: badabada dunga-nya, wawubaja-nga kada-ny.


The old woman was coming from up there with a dog.

Wulbuman wangkar-mundu kaya-nji kankadan.

wulbuman wangkar-mundu kaya-nji kankada-ny | old.woman up-ABESS dog-COMIT come.REDUP-PAST

Patz text 51 line 15: coming from up there with a dog.


The two went west and came to the mountain top.

bula kuwa dunga-ny, wuburr-bu kada-ny | they.two west go-PAST mountain.top-LOC come-PAST

Patz text 51 line 46: went west and came to the mountain top.


The pair of young men went walking to the river.

Warru-bulal jambul wawubaja-nga jilba-dungan.

warru-bulal jambul wawubaja-nga jilba-dunga-ny | young.man-pair two river-LOC walk-go-PAST

warru -bulal jambul wawubaja jilba-dungay

Patz text 51 line 1 has warru-bulal jambul, bula jilba-dunga-ny; batch avoids exact duplicate.


karrkay jilba dunga-y niji | child walk go-NONPAST now

Dictionary jilba/jilba-dunga-y walking frame; avoids opaque example suffixes.


Dictionary usage: Jana jilba dungan, 'They went walkabout'.


mukul-dingkar madja-burr jilba-dunga-ny | old-man scrub-PERL walk-go-PAST

Uses Rule 85 traversal -burr with verified jilba-dunga-y.


kaya bada wawubaja-nga warri-ny | dog down river-LOC run-PAST

Dictionary warri = run/fly; local river goal from Rule 85.


karrkay-karrkay yini-ji warri-ny | child-REDUP fright-COMIT run-PAST

Patz text 36 line 48 has yini-ji warrin 'ran in fright'.


Patz text 51 line 49 and errata: wanarri-y = keep/run on.


kaya warri-ny, warri-ny, warri-ny | dog run-PAST run-PAST run-PAST

Patz text 51 line 49 repeats warri-ny for run and run.


warru kurrkal-warri-ny | young.man shortcut-run/go-PAST

Dictionary kurrkal-warri = go by a shortcut.


The child walked single file behind mother.

karrkay juru-kulbawa-ny ngamu kudamundu | child single.file.walk-PAST mother behind

Dictionary juru-kulbaway = walk single file; kudamundu = behind.


kaya-ngka bulaniny wukurri-ny | dog-ERG they.two.ACC follow-PAST

Patz text 51 line 43: Kaya-ngka wukurri-ny-da bulaniny.


kaya-ngka bulaniny kudamundu wukurri-ny | dog-ERG they.two.ACC behind follow-PAST

Patz text 12 has kudamundu wukurri-nya; combines with text 51 dog-following frame.


nganjin murruji wukurri-l-wukurri-ny | we.excl unable follow-l-REDUP-PAST

Patz ex.654: murruji wukurri-l-wukurri-ny.


dingkar-angka jina wukurri-ny | man-ERG track follow-PAST

Dictionary wukurril = follow; jina can be foot/track in tracking frames.


kaya-ngka karrkay-karrkay kanga-ny | dog-ERG child-REDUP chase-PAST


wulbuman-angka kaya kanga-ny bayan-muny | old.woman-ERG dog chase-PAST camp-ABL

Kangal chase plus source ABL; no unattested 'drive away' coinage.


Patz travel text: Ngana nyunba-y-baja? and nyunba-ny.


The man came from there and turned back.

dingkar yinya-muny kada-ny, nyunba-ny | man that-ABL come-PAST turn.back-PAST

Controlled from Patz travel text line 9 without the pastor loan.


bula bayan-ba kada-ny-baja | they.two camp-LOC come-PAST-again/back

Rule 90: -baja on motion verbs = again/back.


mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi bayan-ka wundi-ny | old-woman-ERG food camp-DAT bring-PAST

Dictionary wundil = bring/take; goal camp-DAT.


Dingkar-angka kalka wawubaja-nga wundin.

dingkar-angka kalka wawubaja-nga wundi-ny | man-ERG spear river-LOC take-PAST

Wundil covers bring/take; river LOC can mark movement goal.


The elder sister carried the little child on her back.

Babarr-angka karrkay buban muku-ba jarrakulban.

babarr-angka karrkay buban muku-ba jarrakulba-ny | elder.sister-ERG child small back-LOC carry-PAST

Dictionary jarrakulbal = carry; body-location carrying frame.


dingkar-angka juku jarrakulba-ny | man-ERG wood/log carry-PAST

Jarrakulbal carry with broad juku tree/wood/log object.


I took my younger sister to grandmother.

ngayu jinkurr barrma-ny kami-nda | I younger.sister escort/take-PAST grandmother-DAT/LOC

Dictionary barrmal usage: ngayu jinkurr barrman kaminda.


Ngamu-ngku karrkay-karrkay bana-ka barrman.

ngamu-ngku karrkay-karrkay bana-ka barrma-ny | mother-ERG child-REDUP water-DAT escort/take-PAST

Barrmal extended within its take/escort-person frame.


nyulu bayan-ba wala-ny | he house-LOC enter-PAST

Dictionary walal usage: Nyulu bayanba walan.


karrkay bayan-muny wandi-ny | child house-ABL get.up/come.out-PAST

Errata correction: wandil is real = get up, wake, come out.


karrkay muduwajuny wandi-ny | child dawn get.up-PAST

Wandil get up plus Rule 89 dawn temporal.


kaya madja-nga wala-ny | dog scrub-LOC enter-PAST

Walal enter with LOC place; madja verified scrub/rainforest.


ngali juku-ngu daka-ny | we.two.incl tree-LOC climb-PAST

Patz text 51 line 11-12: ngali juku-ngu daka-l; bula daka-ny.


mukul-dingkar juku-ngu daka-ny | old-man tree-LOC climb-PAST

Dictionary dakal = climb; tree LOC frame from text 51.


karrkay buwun-muny jalama-ny | child boat-ABL jump-PAST

Dictionary jalamal = jump/hop/skip and get out of boat/truck/car/plane.


kaya walmba kala-jalama-ny | dog log jump.over-PAST


dakil juku-muny dara-ny | branch tree-ABL fall-PAST

Daray fall plus Rule 91 part-from-tree ABL.


karrkay-ngku kulji dara-y-mani-ny | child-ERG stone fall-y-CAUS-PAST

Patz 4.5.2 ex.521 / dictionary daray-manil = drop.


buwun bana-nga jarmbil-jarmbil | boat water-LOC drift-REDUP

Dictionary jarmbil usage: Yinya buwun jarmbil-jarmbil.


nganjin wawubaja-burr mariji-ny | we.excl river-PERL swim-PAST

Patz ex.291: mariji-ny swim through water/river.


karrkay bana-nga mariji-ny | child water-LOC swim-PAST


jarba jikan-burr mara-warri-ny | snake grass-PERL crawl-PAST

Dictionary mara-warri = crawl; keep single-r contrast with marra-warri fly.


buyi wawubaja-burr marra-warri-ny | bird river-PERL fly-PAST

Dictionary marra-warri = fly; Rule 77 warns against confusing with mara-warri crawl.


The black cockatoos flew in the late afternoon.

kadanji yilay-yilay marra-warri-ny | black.cockatoo late.afternoon fly-PAST

Bird lexicon plus Rule 89 late-afternoon temporal.


dingkar jana-nka maku-warri-ny | man them-DAT go.to.meet-PAST

Dictionary maku-warri = go to meet someone.


kaya-ngka dingkar maku-wukurri-ny | dog-ERG man follow.to.meet-PAST

Dictionary maku-wukurril = follow to meet someone.


The old man came close to the shallow water.

mukul-dingkar ngundu kada-ny yalkan-ba | old-man close come-PAST shallow.water-LOC

Patz text 36 line 33: Ngundu kada-y yalkan-ba!


dingkar wawubaja-nga dunga-ny | man river-LOC go-PAST

Rule 60/93: LOC doubles as allative goal; Patz has wawubaja-nga dunga-y.


dingkar wawubaja-muny kada-ny | man river-ABL come-PAST

ABL -muny source contrasted with LOC/allative goal.


jalbu madja-nga dunga-ny | woman scrub-LOC go-PAST

Rule 85: madja-nga LOC; LOC can mark motion goal.


jalbu madja-muny kada-ny | woman scrub-ABL come-PAST

ABL source contrast with preceding madja-nga goal row.


karrkay bayan-ba wala-ny | child house-LOC enter-PAST

Dictionary walal: enter/go into; LOC place frame.


kaya bayan-muny wandi-ny | dog house-ABL come.out-PAST

Dictionary wandil = come out/get up; ABL marks source.


karrkay madja-nga wala-ny | child scrub-LOC enter-PAST

Walal enter with LOC place; contrasts house/scrub goal.


buyi juku-muny marra-warri-ny | bird tree-ABL fly-PAST

ABL source with Rule 93 marra-warri fly; preserves fly/crawl contrast.


karrkay juku-ngu daka-ny | child tree-LOC climb-PAST

Patz text 51 tree-climb frame: juku-ngu daka-l/daka-ny.


birra juku-muny dara-ny | leaves tree-ABL fall-PAST

Rule 91 plant-part ABL from tree plus daray fall.


ngali wawubaja-burr mariji-ny | we.two.incl river-PERL swim-PAST

Patz ex.291: river-PERL swim through; subject varied to avoid duplication.


kaya madja-burr warri-ny | dog scrub-PERL run-PAST

PERL traversal through a place, with verified warri run.


jalbu madja-burr jilba-dunga-ny | woman scrub-PERL walk-go-PAST

Rule 93 walking verb plus Rule 85 traversal -burr.


jarba madja-burr mara-warri-ny | snake scrub-PERL crawl-PAST

PERL traversal plus single-r mara-warri crawl.


buyi bana-burr marra-warri-ny | bird water-PERL fly-PAST

PERL across/through water plus double-r marra-warri fly.


karrkay walmba kala-jalama-ny | child log jump.over-PAST

Dictionary kala-jalamal = jump over; familiar object frame.


kaya juku-muny kudamundu-muny jalama-ny | dog tree-ABL behind-ABL jump-PAST

Patz ex.112: jump from behind the tree uses juku-muny kudamundu-muny.


dingkar madja-burr dunga-ny | man scrub-PERL go-PAST

PERL traversal with simple motion verb; avoids baral road rows.


warru-warru jikan-burr dunga-ny | young.men grass-PERL go-PAST

Grass lexeme plus PERL traversal; no road/path lexeme introduced.


kaya-ngka dingkar kudamundu wukurri-ny | dog-ERG man behind follow-PAST

Patz ex.111 and text 12: kudamundu with following means behind/from behind.


dingkar kaya-nji dunga-ny | man dog-COMIT go-PAST

COMIT accompaniment; Patz has motion rows with kaya-nji.


dingkar kaya-kari dunga-ny | man dog-PRIV go-PAST

Rule 62: PRIV -kari marks without/lacking, not ABESS -mundu.


warru kalka-ji dunga-ny | young.man spear-COMIT go-PAST

Patz ex.551: going with spear/axe uses COMIT.


warru kalka-kari dunga-ny | young.man spear-PRIV go-PAST

PRIV contrast to preceding COMIT tool row.


jalbu mayi-ji kada-ny | woman food-COMIT come-PAST

COMIT having/accompaniment with a carried item; simple source-safe noun.


jalbu mayi-kari kada-ny | woman food-PRIV come-PAST

PRIV absence paired with mayi-ji COMIT row.


ngayu jawun-unji dunga-ny | I friend-COMIT:pt go-PAST


ngayu jawun-kari dunga-ny | I friend-PRIV go-PAST

PRIV -kari on human companion noun; contrasts ex.163 COMIT.


wulbuman wangkar-mundu kankada-ny | old.woman up-ABESS come.REDUP-PAST

Text 51 uses wangkar-mundu with kankada-ny; ABESS is vantage/source, not privative.


bama yirrka-n-yirrka-y badabada-mundu | people shout-REDUP-NONPAST down.there-ABESS

Patz ex.110: Bama yirrka-n-yirrka-y badabada-mundu.


The man went to the river to spear fish.

Dingkar wawubaja-nga dungan kuyu dama-nka.

dingkar wawubaja-nga dunga-ny kuyu dama-nka | man river-LOC go-PAST fish spear-PURP

Patz ex.406: went to river to spear fish; subject varied.


The woman went to the scrub to get food.

jalbu madja-nga dunga-ny mayi mani-nka | woman scrub-LOC go-PAST food get-PURP

LOC goal plus purposive `mani-nka`; no DAT confusion.


The child went to the house to eat food.

karrkay bayan-ba dunga-ny mayi nuka-nka | child house-LOC go-PAST food eat-PURP


ngamu wandi-ny karrkay nyaji-nka | mother get.up-PAST child see-PURP

Patz ex.407 has wandi-ny with a seeing purposive.


Mukul-dingkar wangkar dungan kalka mani-nka.

mukul-dingkar wangkar dunga-ny kalka mani-nka | old-man up go-PAST spear get-PURP

mukul-dingkar wangkar dungay kalka manil

Text 51 ex.652 pattern: wangkar dunga-ny ... mani-nka.


jana wawubaja-nga dunga-ny kuyu mani-nka | they river-LOC go-PAST fish get-PURP

River LOC goal plus purposive; source-shaped from hunting/fishing motion examples.


jalbu-ngku mayi bayan-ka wundi-ny | woman-ERG food camp-DAT bring/take-PAST

Rule 93 wundil bring/take; DAT goal used for transfer-to-camp.


Mukul-dingkar-angka kalka bayan-ka wundin.

mukul-dingkar-angka kalka bayan-ka wundi-ny | old-man-ERG spear camp-DAT take-PAST

Wundil take plus DAT goal; avoids uncertain person-recipient frame.


ngamu-ngku karrkay bana-ka barrma-ny | mother-ERG child water-DAT escort/take-PAST

Barrmal person-escort frame with DAT goal.


The man carried wood from the scrub to camp.

Dingkar-angka juku madja-muny bayan-ka jarrakulban.

dingkar-angka juku madja-muny bayan-ka jarrakulba-ny | man-ERG wood scrub-ABL camp-DAT carry-PAST

Combines ABL source + DAT goal with verified carry verb.


The old woman brought food from the river to camp.

Mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi wawubaja-muny bayan-ka wundin.

mukul-jalbu-ngku mayi wawubaja-muny bayan-ka wundi-ny | old-woman-ERG food river-ABL camp-DAT bring-PAST


The child dropped the stone on the foot.

Karrkay-ngku kulji jina-nga daray-manin.

karrkay-ngku kulji jina-nga dara-y-mani-ny | child-ERG stone foot-LOC fall-y-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.521 drop uses foot-LOC impact goal; possessor omitted for simplicity.


ngayu bayan-ba kada-ny-baja | I camp-LOC come-PAST-back

Rule 90/93: motion -baja = back/again; LOC goal.


jana madja-burr dunga-ny-baja | they scrub-PERL go-PAST-again/on

Patz travel text uses dunga-ny-baja for going on; PERL path added.


bula wawubaja-muny nyunba-ny | they.two river-ABL turn.back-PAST

Nyunbay turn back with ABL source contrast.


jalbu bayan-muny kada-ny-baja | woman house-ABL come-PAST-back

ABL source plus motion -baja back/again.


kaya bayan-ba warri-ny-baja | dog camp-LOC run-PAST-back


karrkay-karrkay ngamu-ndu kada-ny-baja | children mother-LOC:pt come-PAST-back

Human/kin goal uses potent LOC; compare jinkurr-bul-undu and Queenie-nda examples.


The man came from there and came back to camp.

Dingkar yinya-muny kadan, bayan-ba kadan-baja.

dingkar yinya-muny kada-ny, bayan-ba kada-ny-baja | man that-ABL come-PAST camp-LOC come-PAST-back

ABL demonstrative source plus LOC return goal.


We went from camp through the scrub to the river.

Nganjin bayan-muny madja-burr wawubaja-nga dungan.

nganjin bayan-muny madja-burr wawubaja-nga dunga-ny | we.excl camp-ABL scrub-PERL river-LOC go-PAST

Full source-path-goal case-frame chain: ABL + PERL + LOC/allative.


ngamu-ngku kuyu mani-ny | mother-ERG fish get-PAST

Patz ex.46/209/391: manil get/catch with fish object.


wulbuman-angka kaya mani-ny | old.woman-ERG dog get-PAST

Text 51 line 40: old woman went and got the dog.


karrkay-ngku baya mani-ny | child-ERG firewood get-PAST

Manil get with ordinary camp object; baya covers fire/firewood in living errata.


dingkar-angka kulji yalbay-ku mani-ny | man-ERG stone big-EMPH1 get-PAST

Patz text 12 line 40: kulji yalbay-ku mani-ny.


jalbu-ngku kaya yinyay bawa-ny | woman-ERG dog there leave-PAST

Bawal leave; text 51 has kaya bawa-ny up there.


ngayu kalka bayan-ba bawa-ny | I spear camp-LOC leave-PAST

Bawal leave something/some place; LOC location retained.


karrkay-ngku kulji bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | child-ERG stone ground-LOC put-PAST

Yijarril put/place; LOC placement target.


The woman put the meat in the ground oven.

jalbu-ngku minya kurrma-nga yijarri-ny | woman-ERG meat ground.oven-LOC put-PAST

Text 51 line 65: kurrma-nga yijarri-nya minya.


dingkar-angka jina kulji-nga yijarri-ny | man-ERG foot stone-LOC put-PAST

Patz ex.638 has jina yijarri-ny with a LOC target.


dingkar-angka kulji yalbay jurrnga-ny | man-ERG stone big push-PAST

Patz text 12 line 41: kulji yalbay-ku jurrnga-ny.


The man pushed the big stone and set it up.

Dingkar-angka kulji yalbay jurrngan, yijarrin.

dingkar-angka kulji yalbay jurrnga-ny, yijarri-ny | man-ERG stone big push-PAST put-PAST

Patz text 12 line 41: pushed the big rock and put/set it.


warru-ngku nambarr kulba-ny | young.man-ERG bamboo pull-PAST


mukul-dingkar-angka walmba kulba-ny | old-man-ERG log lift-PAST

Dictionary kulbal = pull, lift; walmba log.


jalbu-ngku kurmun kaja-ny | woman-ERG bag tie-PAST


dingkar-angka kalka kaja-ny | man-ERG spear tie-PAST


Bula jalbu-bulal-angka mayi kubarr dingkar-anda dajin.

bula jalbu-bulal-angka mayi kubarr dingkar-anda daji-ny | they.two woman-pair-ERG food eel man-LOC give-PAST

bula jalbu -bulal mayi kubarr dingkar dajil

Patz ex.529: Bula jalbu-bulal-angka mayi kubarr daji-ny dingkar-anda.


ngamu-ngku mayi karrkay-anda daji-ny | mother-ERG food child-LOC:pt give-PAST

Dajil give; recipient in LOC:pt by Patz give examples.


Grandmother gave green ant to the child.

babi-ngka yangka karrkay-anda daji-ny | grandmother-ERG green.ant child-LOC:pt give-PAST

Patz ex.545: Babi-ngka yangka daji-ny karrkay-anda.


ngayu kuyu ngamu-ndu daji-ny | I fish mother-LOC:pt give-PAST

Recipient LOC:pt frame for dajil; familiar nouns.


jana kambi maral-anda daji-ny | they clothes girl-LOC:pt give-PAST

Patz ex.59: Jana kambi daji-ny maral-anda ...


jalbu-ngku mayi wundi-ny | woman-ERG food bring-PAST


dingkar-angka kalka wundi-ny | man-ERG spear take-PAST


bilngkumu-ngku karrkay karrba-ny | crocodile-ERG child grab-PAST

Text 36 line 40: karrba-ny grab; dictionary karrbal catch/grab.


karrkay-ngku kurmun karrba-ny | child-ERG bag grab-PAST

Karrbal grab/catch with everyday object.


jalbu-ngku ngawa jarrakulba-ny | woman-ERG baby carry-PAST


mukul-dingkar-angka juku jarrakulba-ny | old-man-ERG wood carry-PAST

Jarrakulbal carry with broad juku wood/log object.


karrkay-ngku kulji yilba-ny | child-ERG stone throw-PAST

Yilbal throw; text 36 has yilba-ny with gathered mussels.


karrkay-ngku kulur bubu-ngu yilba-ny | child-ERG some ground-LOC throw-PAST

Patz text 36 line 29: Bubu-ngu yilba-ny kulur.


dingkar-angka kalka yilba-ny | man-ERG spear throw-PAST

Yilbal throw with familiar spear object.


jana mukirr muja-ny | they mussel gather-PAST

Patz text 36 line 26: Mukirr muja-l-muja-ny.


ngayu baya muja-ny | I firewood gather-PAST

Dictionary mujal example: Ngayu baya mujan.


karrkay-ngku mayi muja-ny | child-ERG food gather-PAST


jana yangka muja-ny | they green.ant gather-PAST

Mujal gather/collect with verified green-ant noun.


dingkar-angka bana buwun-muny wulji-ny | man-ERG water boat-ABL bail.out-PAST

Patz ex.506: bana wulji-l-wulji-nya buwun-muny.


bula wunba wulji-ny | they.two honey empty.out-PAST

Dictionary wuljil = empty out/bail out; example has honey/bee nest.


karrkay-ngku minya yaka-ny | child-ERG meat cut-PAST

Dictionary yakal = cut; simple meat object.


jalbu-ngku kuyu yaka-ny | woman-ERG fish cut-PAST


dingkar-angka jungkalu dumbarri-ny | man-ERG billycan break-PAST

Patz ex.593: jungkalu ... dumbarri-ny; surface dumbarrin.


ngayu jungkalu kari dumbarri-ny | I billycan NEG break-PAST

Patz ex.594/595 negation placement with dumbarril.


karrkay-ngku jaba dumbarri-ny | child-ERG stick break-PAST

Dumbarril break/tear/rip with familiar stick object.


dingkar-angka kaya nanda-ny | man-ERG dog bury-PAST

Dictionary nandal = close, shut, bury; simple burial frame.


jalbu-ngku kurmun walnga-ny | woman-ERG bag open-PAST

Dictionary walngal = open/wake/take clothes off.


ngamu-ngku karrkay walnga-ny | mother-ERG child wake-PAST

Dictionary walngal usage: Ngawa kari walnga, 'Don't wake the baby'.


dingkar-angka kambi walnga-ny | man-ERG clothes take.off-PAST

Dictionary walngal usage: Nyulu dambal walngan, 'He took off his shoes'.


jalbu-ngku mayi kurmun-ba buyandi-ny | woman-ERG food bag-LOC put.in.container-PAST

Patz-added buyandi-l = put in container; kept literal with bag LOC.


dingkar-angka kalka yanday-bunga-ny | man-ERG spear ready-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary yanday-bungal = get ready/prepare.


jalbu-ngku jikan yanday-bunga-ny | woman-ERG grass ready-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary yanday-bungal usage has jikan yanday-bunga.


jana bajibay muru-bunga-ny | they bone together-CAUS-PAST

Muru-bungal = put things together; text 51 dog-bone context supports object domain.


Dingkar-angka kalka karra-bu kuna-bungan.

dingkar-angka kalka karra-bu kuna-bunga-ny | man-ERG spear rope-INST join/tie-CAUS-PAST

Kuna-bungal = join/tie something to something; instrument rope included.


jalbu-ngku kurmun nanda-ny | woman-ERG bag close-PAST

Dictionary nandal = close/shut/bury; simple close-object row.


dingkar-angka kalka mani-ny | man-ERG spear get-PAST

Patz §3.2.1: ERG marks transitive A; Rule 95 manil get/take.


Patz pronouns do not show ERG/ABS split in A/S; contrasts row 1.


kalka dingkar-angka mani-ny | spear man-ERG get-PAST

Patz §5.4.1: any constituent can be fronted for localised highlighting.


jalbu-ngku mayi karrkay-nka mani-ny | woman-ERG food child-DAT get-PAST

Patz §3.2.1/§4.1.4.4: DAT can mark goal/reason of purposeful action.


karrkay-ngku mayi mani-ny | child-ERG food get-PAST

Simple ERG/ABS handling frame with familiar noun vocabulary.


ngayu minya kurrma-nga yijarri-ny | I meat ground.oven-LOC put-PAST

Patz text 51 line 65: kurrma-nga yijarri-nya minya; pronoun A contrast.


karrkay-ngku baya bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | child-ERG firewood ground-LOC put-PAST

Patz local case: LOC marks placement target; Rule 95 yijarril.


dingkar-angka kulji bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG stone ground-LOC put-PAST

Placement target is LOC; object remains ABS.


bubu-ngu dingkar-angka kulji yijarri-ny | ground-LOC man-ERG stone put-PAST

Patz §5.4.1: localised highlighting can front a locative constituent.


kurmun-ba ngamu-ngku mayi buyandi-ny | bag-LOC mother-ERG food put.in.container-PAST

Patz-added buyandi-l 'put in container'; LOC container fronted.


ngamu-ngku mayi kurmun-ba buyandi-ny | mother-ERG food bag-LOC put.in.container-PAST

Container placement counterpart to row 10.


jalbu-ngku mayi kurmun-ba yijarri-ny | woman-ERG food bag-LOC put-PAST

Yijarril placement into a LOC container; contrasts buyandi-l rows.


kurmun jalbu-ngku nanda-ny | bag woman-ERG close-PAST

Patz §5.4.1 object-fronting; nandal close/shut/bury.


jalbu-ngku kurmun nanda-ny nyiku | woman-ERG bag close-PAST today

Simple transitive close row with time adverb; avoids loan gate/store objects.


ngayu mayi ngamu-ndu daji-ny | I food mother-LOC:pt give-PAST

Patz §4.5.5: recipient of giving may be LOC; Rule 95 dajil.


ngayu ngamu-mu mayi daji-ny | I mother-POSS food give-PAST

Patz ex.530: Ngayu ngamu-mu mayi daji-ny; possessive NP in O function.


Bula jalbu-bulal-angka mayi dingkar-anda dajin.

bula jalbu-bulal-angka mayi dingkar-anda daji-ny | they.two woman-pair-ERG food man-LOC:pt give-PAST

Patz ex.529 give frame with jalbu-bulal-angka and dingkar-anda recipient.


ngamu-ngku yangka karrkay-anda daji-ny | mother-ERG green.ant child-LOC:pt give-PAST

Patz ex.545 has yangka daji-ny karrkay-anda.


jana kambi jalbu-ndu daji-ny | they clothes woman-LOC:pt give-PAST

Patz ex.561: clothes given to woman in LOC:pt.


jalbu-ndu jana kambi daji-ny | woman-LOC:pt they clothes give-PAST

Fronted LOC recipient under Patz free word order/localised highlighting.


kambi jana jalbu-ndu daji-ny | clothes they woman-LOC:pt give-PAST

Object-fronted give row; recipient stays LOC:pt.


Ngayu kambi jalbu-ndu kangkal-kari-nda dajin.

ngayu kambi jalbu-ndu kangkal-kari-nda daji-ny | I clothes woman-LOC:pt own.child-PRIV-LOC give-PAST

Patz ex.561: Ngayu kambi daji-ny jalbu-ndu kangkal-kari-nda.


ngamu-ngku minya naybu-bu yaka-ny | mother-ERG meat knife-INST cut-PAST

Patz ex.247a/344: cutting meat with knife uses naybu-bu INST.


jalbu-ngku kuyu naybu-bu yaka-ny | woman-ERG fish knife-INST cut-PAST

Instrumental implement remains distinct from ERG A.


karrkay-ngku jaba kulji-bu dumbarri-ny | child-ERG stick stone-INST break-PAST

Patz §3.2.2: kulji-bu is neutral instrumental; dumbarril break.


The man broke the billycan with a stone.

Dingkar-angka jungkalu kulji-bu dumbarrin.

dingkar-angka jungkalu kulji-bu dumbarri-ny | man-ERG billycan stone-INST break-PAST

Patz negation examples anchor jungkalu dumbarrin; INST adds implement.


jalbu-ngku kurmun karra-bu kuna-bunga-ny | woman-ERG bag rope-INST join/tie-CAUS-PAST

Kuna-bungal join/tie plus instrumental rope; loan objects avoided.


warru-ngku kalka karra-bu kuna-bunga-ny | young.man-ERG spear rope-INST join/tie-CAUS-PAST

Instrumental contrast using already verified kalka and karra-bu.


dingkar-angka jungkalu kari dumbarri-ny | man-ERG billycan NEG break-PAST

Patz ex.593: kari immediately before verb can negate the predicate.


It was not the man who broke the billycan.

dingkar-angka kari jungkalu dumbarri-ny | man-ERG NEG billycan break-PAST

Patz ex.595: kari after the subject can negate that subject constituent.


karrkay-ngku kurmun kari walnga-ny | child-ERG bag NEG open-PAST

Patz negation placement applied to Rule 95 walngal with object-sensitive sense.


ngamu-ngku ngawa kari walnga-ny | mother-ERG baby NEG wake-PAST

Dictionary walngal usage has Ngawa kari walnga 'Don't wake the baby'.


warru wara-nda mani-ji-ny | young.man groper-LOC:pt take-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.353: Warru wara-nda mani-ji-ny topic passive.


karrkay bilngkumu-ndu karrba-ji-ny | child crocodile-LOC:pt grab-ITR-PAST

Patz passive: underlying A becomes LOC:pt; karrba-ji-ny is attested in ex.357.


Patz text 51 line 62: minya yaka-ji-nya in agentless passive context.


kurmun nanda-ji-y nyiku | bag close-ITR-NONPAST today

Patz ex.359: nanda-ji-y nyiku 'is closed today'; surface drops final y after i; loan store replaced with bag.


jalbu naybu-bu yaka-ji-ny | woman knife-INST cut-REF-PAST

Patz ex.344: woman cut herself with knife; instrument remains INST.


The man got tangled in the fishing line.

dingkar baduru-bu kaja-ji-ny | man fishing.line-INST tie-ITR-PAST

Patz ex.343: kaja-ji-ny baduru-bu 'got tangled in the fishing line'.


nyulu kulji mani-ny, yijarri-ny | he stone get-PAST put-PAST

Patz ex.117/text 12 line 60: kulji mani-ny, yijarri-ny.


The man got the stone and put it on the ground.

Dingkar-angka kulji manin, bubu-ngu yijarrin.

dingkar-angka kulji mani-ny, bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | man-ERG stone get-PAST ground-LOC put-PAST

Patz §4.3.1: same A/O action chains may delete repeated O after introduction.


The two young men pulled out bamboo and tied it.

bula warru-ngku nambarr kulba-ny, kaja-ny | they.two young.man-ERG bamboo pull-PAST tie-PAST

Patz ex.384: nambarr kulba-ny, kaja-ny with same object.


The two young men pulled out bamboo, tied it, and went on.

Bula warru-ngku nambarr kulban, kajan, dungan-baja.

bula warru-ngku nambarr kulba-ny, kaja-ny, dunga-ny-baja | they.two young.man-ERG bamboo pull-PAST tie-PAST go-PAST-again

bula warru nambarr kulbal kajal dungay -baja

Patz ex.384 full chain: pull bamboo, wrap/tie, go on again.


jana mukirr mani-ny, yilba-ny | they mussel get-PAST throw-PAST

Patz text 36 line 28: mukirr mani-nya, yilba-ny.


jana mukirr muja-ny, yilba-ny | they mussel gather-PAST throw-PAST

Patz text 36 has gather/throw sequence with mukirr.


bubu-ngu jana kulur yilba-ny | ground-LOC they some throw-PAST

Patz text 36 line 29: Bubu-ngu yilba-ny kulur; LOC fronting retained.


jalbu-ngku bana buwun-muny wulji-ny | woman-ERG water boat-ABL bail.out-PAST

Patz ex.506: bana wulji-l-wulji-nya buwun-muny; ABL source retained.


bana buwun-muny jalbu-ngku wulji-ny | water boat-ABL woman-ERG bail.out-PAST

Object plus ABL source fronted under Patz free word order.


jana wunba wulji-ny | they honey empty.out-PAST

Dictionary wuljil = empty/bail out; honey object from dictionary example domain.


wunba jana wulji-ny | honey they empty.out-PAST


jalbu-ngku mukirr kurmun-ba buyandi-ny | woman-ERG mussel bag-LOC put.in.container-PAST

Container placement with buyandi-l; uses Patz text-36 mukirr noun and avoids loan containers.


ngayu kaya nyaji-ny | I dog see/perceive-PAST

Dictionary nyajil = perceive/see/hear; simple transitive perception row.


dingkar-angka karrkay nyaji-ny | man-ERG child see/perceive-PAST

Nyajil transitive with common-noun A marked ERG.


jana yarra wangkar nyaji-ny | they direction up see/perceive-PAST

Patz text 12 line 14 has Bula yarra wangkar nyaji-ny; subject varied to avoid corpus duplicate.


nganjin bubu julbarr nyaji-ny | we.excl ground slippery see/perceive-PAST

Patz text 3 line 12: Nganjin ... bubu nyaji-ny julbarr.


karrkay-ngku minya nyaji-ny | child-ERG animal see/perceive-PAST

Nyajil with ordinary animal object; ERG A retained.


yundu nganya nyaji-ny | you me see/perceive-PAST

Patz ex.383 has yundu ... nganya nyaji-nyaku; past contrast row.


jana baya nyaji-ny | they firewood see/perceive-PAST

Nyajil with familiar object; no new lexical burden.


nyulu kulji nyaji-ny-baja | he stone see/perceive-PAST-again

Patz text 3 line 26 has nyaji-ny-baja; object varied.


nganjin ngingkirr nyaji-ny | we.excl grunt hear/perceive-PAST

Dictionary ngingkirr example: Nganjin dungan, ngingkirr nyajin.


karrkay-ngku milka-bu kuku nyaji-ny | child-ERG ear-INST word hear-PAST

Dictionary: milkabu nyajil explicitly disambiguates hearing.


ngayu milka-bu ngangkurr nyaji-ny | I ear-INST bark.sound hear-PAST

Rule 81 verified ngangkurr sound/bark; milkabu nyajil = hear.


karrkay milka-janay-ny | child listen-PAST

Milka-janay is intransitive; noun subject remains ABS.


Dictionary milka-kari = cannot hear/deaf; do not use ngara.


Dictionary milka dudu = deaf/stubborn; source-backed perception attribute.


jalbu miyil-janay-ny | woman look/watch-PAST

Miyil-janay intransitive look/watch row.


Dictionary miyil-dandi = one who stares/looks hard/concentrates.


Second miyil-dandi row with child subject.


dingkar-angka karrkay manubu-dama-ny | man-ERG child watch/guard-PAST


ngamu-ngku ngawa manubu-dama-ny | mother-ERG baby watch/guard-PAST

Manubu-damal with familiar kin/care frame.


kaya-ngka dingkar warringa-ny | dog-ERG man observe-PAST

Dictionary warringal = watch/see where someone is going.


ngayu walu-wukurri-ny | I face-follow-PAST


karrkay kurrka-nyaji-ji-ny | child back-see-ITR-PAST

Patz text 3 line 19; dictionary grammar-added kurrka-nyaji-ji.


Dictionary binal example has ngayu binal kari; pronoun varied to avoid corpus duplicate.


ngayu binal-binalku bunda-nka | I know-REDUP want-PURP

Dictionary binal example: Ngayu binal-binalku bundanka.


Patz text 12 line 58 has jana binal ... yinya.


Binal know with demonstrative object; short lexical row.


ngayu milka-dalkay-ny | I ear-split/remember-PAST

Dictionary milka-dalkay = remember; past example has milka-dalkan.


nyulu yarkin manyarr-anka milka-dalkay-ny | he dead.person wife-DAT:pt remember-PAST

Dictionary milka-dalkay usage: Nyulu yarkin manyarranka milka-dalkan.


ngayu karrkay-nka milka-wulay-ny | I child-DAT:pt forget-PAST

Dictionary milka-wulay usage has kayanka; animate DAT:pt object varied to avoid corpus duplicate.


ngayu milka-bu mani-ny kaya | I ear-INST get/remember-PAST dog

Dictionary milkabu manil = remember/recollect; object kept explicit.


jalbu-ngku wukay nubi-ny | woman-ERG yam seek-PAST

Patz antipassive discussion contrasts transitive wukay nubi-l.


jana nubi-l-nubi-ny | they search-l-REDUP-PAST

Patz text 36: nubi-l-nubi-ny-da and nubi-l-nubi-nya for searching everywhere.


The child went into the scrub and got lost.

karrkay madja-nga dunga-ny, nubi-ji-ny-kuda | child scrub-LOC go-PAST lose/be.lost-ITR-PAST-TEMP2

Dictionary nubiji usage: child went into scrub and got lost.


ngayu kalka nubi-mani-ny | I spear lose-CAUS-PAST


karrkay-ngku jaba nubi-mani-ny | child-ERG toy lose-CAUS-PAST


ngayu kalka warrmba-bunga-ny | I spear find-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary warrmba-bungal = find (Yalanji).


jalbu-ngku mayi warrmba-bunga-ny | woman-ERG food find-CAUS-PAST

Warrmba-bungal find with everyday object.


jana kaya warrmba-bunga-ny | they dog find-CAUS-PAST


dingkar-angka kuyu warrmba-bunga-ny | man-ERG fish find-CAUS-PAST

Warrmba-bungal find with familiar fish object.


ngayu mayi baba-ny | I food try/taste-PAST


karrkay-ngku kuyu baba-ny | child-ERG fish try/taste-PAST

Babal try/taste with familiar fish object.


jalbu-ngku bubu baba-ny | woman-ERG place try-PAST

Dictionary babal example includes trying the place out.


ngayu mayi nyuma-ny | I food smell/taste-PAST


karrkay-ngku jila nyuma-ny | child-ERG smell smell/taste-PAST


mayi nganjay kari nuka | food bad.smell NEG eat.IMP

Dictionary nganjay usage: Mayi nganjay kari nuka.


Dictionary nganja-burra = bad taste/distasteful.


Ngamu-ngku karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-n, bambayal baka-l-baka-nya.

ngamu-ngku karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, bambayal baka-l-baka-nya | mother-ERG child watch-l-REDUP-PAST, yam dig-l-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.458: perception main verb plus reduplicated simultaneous SUB; actor/object varied.


The man watched the young man spearing fish.

Dingkar-angka warru nyaji-l-nyaji-n, kuyu dama-l-dama-nya.

dingkar-angka warru nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, kuyu dama-l-dama-nya | man-ERG young.man watch-l-REDUP-PAST, fish spear-l-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.459 has a young man spearing turtle; fish object keeps the same frame.


Jalbu-ngku ngawa nyaji-l-nyaji-n, mayi nuka-nuka-nya.

jalbu-ngku ngawa nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, mayi nuka-nuka-nya | woman-ERG baby watch-l-REDUP-PAST, food eat-REDUP-SUB

Rule 78 allows reduplicated simultaneous SUB; common object ngawa is subordinate A by deletion.


The dog watched the child playing in the grass.

Kaya-ngka karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-n, jikan-ba kinka-n-kinka-nya.

kaya-ngka karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, jikan-ba kinka-n-kinka-nya | dog-ERG child watch-l-REDUP-PAST, grass-LOC play-n-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.9.1 ex.588 confirms kinka-n-kinka-nka; here the same reduplicated stem takes SUB -nya.


The old woman watched the woman weaving a dillybag.

Mukul-jalbu-ngku jalbu nyaji-l-nyaji-n, balji wukurri-l-wukurri-nya.

mukul-jalbu-ngku jalbu nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, balji wukurri-l-wukurri-nya | old-woman-ERG woman watch-l-REDUP-PAST, dillybag weave-l-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.1.4.4 ex.283 and 4.9.1 ex.585 control balji wukurri-l; reduplicated SUB follows Rule 78.


The child watched the man making a spear.

Karrkay-ngku dingkar nyaji-l-nyaji-n, kalka bunga-l-bunga-nya.

karrkay-ngku dingkar nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, kalka bunga-l-bunga-nya | child-ERG man watch-l-REDUP-PAST, spear make-l-REDUP-SUB

Same O=A' deletion pattern as Patz 4.4.4.1; spear-making vocabulary is already controlled.


Ngayu yununy nyajin, mayi nuka-nuka-nya.

ngayu yununy nyaji-ny, mayi nuka-nuka-nya | I you.ACC see-PAST, food eat-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.457 has 2sg ACC as main O and subordinate actor deleted.


nyulu nganya nyaji-ny, yirrka-yirrka-nya | he me.ACC hear-PAST, shout-REDUP-SUB

`nyajil` covers hear/perceive; ACC pronoun object is co-referential with deleted subordinate actor.


The person watched the wallaby feeding in the grass.

Bama-ngka kadar nyaji-l-nyaji-n, jikan-ba nuka-nuka-ji-nya.

bama-ngka kadar nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, jikan-ba nuka-nuka-ji-nya | person-ERG wallaby watch-l-REDUP-PAST, grass-LOC eat-REDUP-ITR-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.461 has wallaby feeding on grass with nuka-nuka-ji-nya.


I watched the man bailing water from the boat.

Ngayu dingkar nyaji-l-nyaji-n, bana wulji-l-wulji-nya buwun-muny.

ngayu dingkar nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, bana wulji-l-wulji-nya buwun-muny | I man watch-l-REDUP-PAST, water bail.out-l-REDUP-SUB boat-ABL

Patz 4.4.5 ex.506a: watched the man bailing water from the boat.


He watched while the man was bailing water from the boat.

Nyulu nyaji-l-nyaji-n, dingkar-angka bana wulji-l-wulji-nya buwun-muny.

nyulu nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, dingkar-angka bana wulji-l-wulji-nya buwun-muny | he watch-l-REDUP-PAST, man-ERG water bail.out-l-REDUP-SUB boat-ABL

Patz 4.4.5 ex.506b keeps subordinate A overt and treats the whole event as perceived.


Ngayu nyajin, nyulu bulki yaka-l-yaka-nya.

ngayu nyaji-ny, nyulu bulki yaka-l-yaka-nya | I see-PAST, he bullock cut.up-l-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.463: Ngayu nyaji-ny, nyulu bulki yaka-l-yaka-nya.


Karrkay-angka nyajin, jarba kuni-ji-nya.

karrkay-angka nyaji-ny, jarba kuni-ji-nya | child-ERG see-PAST, snake kill-ITR-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.465: perception of agentless passive subordinate event.


Dingkar-angka jalbu nyaji-l-nyaji-n, mayi waju-l-waju-nya.

dingkar-angka jalbu nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, mayi waju-l-waju-nya | man-ERG woman watch-l-REDUP-PAST, food cook-l-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 permits O=A' deletion; waju-l reduplicates with retained -l.


Ngamu-ngku ngawa nyaji-l-nyaji-n, warngku-wuna-nya.

ngamu-ngku ngawa nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, warngku-wuna-nya | mother-ERG baby watch-l-REDUP-PAST, sleep-lie-SUB

Patz causal examples confirm warngku-wuna-nya; here it is simultaneous under perception.


Babi-ngka karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-n, janji-janji-nya.

babi-ngka karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, janji-janji-nya | grandmother-ERG child watch-l-REDUP-PAST, bathe-REDUP-SUB

Rule 78 gives janji-janji-nya as the model simultaneous/prior-event SUB shape.


Ngayu jalbu nyajin, wulngku badi-badi-nya.

ngayu jalbu nyaji-ny, wulngku badi-badi-nya | I woman hear-PAST, song sing/cry-REDUP-SUB

`nyajil` covers hearing; badi-y plus wulngku is the controlled song/singing frame.


The man watched the child reading the tracks.

Dingkar-angka karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-n, jina nyaji-l-nyaji-nya.

dingkar-angka karrkay nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, jina nyaji-l-nyaji-nya | man-ERG child watch-l-REDUP-PAST, track see/read-l-REDUP-SUB

Rule 97 controls nyajil as see/perceive; track-reading is a prior corpus-controlled use of jina nyajil.


Jalbu-ngku kaya nyaji-l-nyaji-n, kurrka-nyaji-ji-nya.

jalbu-ngku kaya nyaji-l-nyaji-ny, kurrka-nyaji-ji-nya | woman-ERG dog watch-l-REDUP-PAST, back-see-ITR-SUB

Rule 97 logs kurrka-nyaji-ji as source-backed look back; here it is subordinated with -nya.


The man grabbed the young man while he was spearing turtle.

Dingkar-angka warru nyarrman, ngawuya dama-l-dama-nya.

dingkar-angka warru nyarrma-ny, ngawuya dama-l-dama-nya | man-ERG young.man grab.in.passing-PAST, turtle spear-l-REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.459 shows non-perception main verb with O=A' simultaneous deletion.


Ngayu wulman-anda dungay, yinyay bundanda-nya.

ngayu wulman-anda dunga-y, yinyay bundanda-nya | I old.man-LOC go-NONPAST, there sit.REDUP-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.466a: oblique object co-referential with subordinate S.


jana warri-y jalbu-ndu, mayi waju-nyu | they run-NONPAST woman-LOC, food cook-SUB

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.467a: run to woman, food cook-SUB.


Ngayu dungay wulman-anda bundanda-nya-mun-bu.

ngayu dunga-y wulman-anda bundanda-nya-mun-bu | I go-NONPAST old.man-LOC sit.REDUP-SUB-mun-LOC

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.466b: whole subordinate clause takes locative via -mun-bu.


Jana warri jalbu-ndu mayi waju-nyu-mun-bu.

jana warri-y jalbu-ndu mayi waju-nyu-mun-bu | they run-NONPAST woman-LOC food cook-SUB-mun-LOC

Patz 4.4.4.1 ex.467b: mayi waju-nyu-mun-bu as locative subordinate complex.


The girl watches the bird while standing up.

Maral-angka dikal nyaji-l-nyaji-l, janjana-nya-mun-du.

maral-angka dikal nyaji-l-nyaji-l, janjana-nya-mun-du | girl-ERG bird watch-l-REDUP-NONPAST, stand.REDUP-SUB-mun-ERG

Patz 4.4.5 ex.507: same-actor simultaneous clause with ergative case agreement.


ngayu binal dama-nka | I know spear-PURP

Patz 3.8.4.2 ex.161 has binal plus dama-nka; subject varied.


The woman knows how to weave a dillybag.

jalbu binal balji wukurri-nka | woman know dillybag weave-PURP

Patz 4.9.1 ex.585: binal plus purposive complement.


The children do not know the language today.

Karrkay-karrkay nyiku binal-kari kuku-ku.

karrkay-karrkay nyiku binal-kari kuku-ku | child-REDUP today know-PRIV language-DAT

Patz 4.9.1 ex.584 has Jana nyiku binal-kari kuku-ku; subject varied.


karrkay wawu mayi nuka-nka | child want food eat-PURP

Patz 4.4.1 ex.426c: wawu plus object and purposive verb.


nyulu wawu kalka balka-nka | he want spear make-PURP

Patz 4.9.1 ex.589: Nyulu wawu kalka balka-nka.


karrkay wawu ngaki-ji-nka | child want hide-REF-PURP

Patz 4.9.1 ex.590: Karrkay wawu ngaki-ji-nka.


yundu wawu balka-nka ngayku-ndu-rrku | you want speak-PURP me-LOC-EMPH

Patz 3.10.1 ex.213 gives the frame; pronouns reversed to avoid a prior exact corpus row.


jana wawu kada-nka-baja | they want come-PURP-again

Patz 3.10.1 ex.218 gives the frame; plural subject avoids a prior exact corpus row.


Patz text 36 has jana wawu dunga-nka; short controlled complement row.


karrkay wawu jirray kinka-n-kinka-nka | child like much play-n-REDUP-PURP

Patz 4.9.1 ex.588 has plural children; subject varied to avoid exact-copy dependence.


Rule 76 records babal plus purposive as conative complement.


karrkay babal nuka-nka | child try eat-PURP

Same babal + PURP frame, with an intransitive child subject.


ngayu milka-wula-ny kada-nka | I forget-PAST come-PURP

Rule 76/97 logs milka-wulay plus purposive as the safe forget-to-do frame.


nyulu binalku dunga-nka | he remember go-PURP

Rule 76 logs binalku plus purposive as the safe remember-to-do frame.


Ngamu-ngku karrkay binal-bungan mayi waju-nku.

ngamu-ngku karrkay binal-bunga-ny mayi waju-nku | mother-ERG child know-CAUS-PAST food cook-PURP

Patz 4.9.1 ex.592 gives binal-bungal with goal/purposive complement; everyday object substituted.


Grandmother told the girl to look after the baby.

babi-ngka maral balka-ny, ngawa kuji-nka | grandmother-ERG girl tell-PAST, baby look.after-PURP

Patz 4.4.1 ex.415: Babi-ngka maral balka-ny, ngawa kuji-nka.


The police summoned the young man to come.

buliman-angka warru kunja-ny, kada-nka | policeman-ERG young.man summon-PAST, come-PURP

Patz 4.4.1 ex.414: O=S' purposive after kunja-l summon.


Ngayu ngamu-ndu babajin bayan-ka jirakal-ka.

ngayu ngamu-ndu babaji-ny bayan-ka jirakal-ka | I mother-LOC ask.about-PAST house-DAT new-DAT

Patz 4.1.4.4 ex.264: person asked LOC, topic DATIVE; Mabel replaced by mother.


jalbu ngayku-ndu mayi-ka kunjaji-ny | woman I-LOC food-DAT ask.for-PAST

Patz 4.2.4.4 ex.376b gives the fixed LOC/DAT frame; subject varied after duplicate guard.


The child pestered elder brother for food.

karrkay yaba-nda mayi-ka walngkurriji-ny | child elder.brother-LOC food-DAT pester.for-PAST

Patz 4.2.4.4 ex.377 gives the same frame; addressee varied after duplicate guard.


The policeman asked the young man about the grog.

buliman warru-ndu kamukamu-ku babaji-ny | policeman young.man-LOC grog-DAT ask.about-PAST

Patz 4.2.4.4 ex.378: person asked LOC, topic DATIVE.


The child asked grandmother about the song.

karrkay babi-nda babaji-ny wulngku-ku | child grandmother-LOC ask.about-PAST song-DAT

Same Patz babaji-y LOC/DAT frame; ordinary kin and song topic.


The woman asked elder brother about the net.

jalbu yaba-nda babaji-ny makarr-ka | woman elder.brother-LOC ask.about-PAST net-DAT

Patz 4.2.4.4 and prior Rule 81 rows control babaji-y with person LOC and topic DAT.


The old man told the child to sit quietly.

Mukul-dingkar-angka karrkay-nka balkan, janka bunda-nka.

mukul-dingkar-angka karrkay-nka balka-ny, janka bunda-nka | old-man-ERG child-DAT tell-PAST, quiet sit-PURP

mukul-dingkar karrkay balkal janka bundal

Rule 76/81: balka-l addressee is DATIVE and commanded action is PURP.


Ngamu-ngku karrkay-nka balkan, janka nuka-nka.

ngamu-ngku karrkay-nka balka-ny, janka nuka-nka | mother-ERG child-DAT tell-PAST, quiet eat-PURP

Same DATIVE addressee plus PURP complement; simple everyday command frame.


yinya jalbu ngayku jawun | that woman my friend/relation

Dictionary jawun = friend/relation; verbless NP frame.


karrkay jawun-unji dunga-ny | child friend-COMIT go-PAST

Patz 3.2.3.5(ii) and ex.163 control jawun-unji with COMIT.


ngayku bangunji kada-ny | my cousin come-PAST

Dictionary bangunji = cousin/full-blood cousin.


dingkar-angka nyungu banji nyaji-ny | man-ERG his brother.in.law/sister.in.law see-PAST

Dictionary banji = actual brother-in-law/sister-in-law; nyajil transitive with common-noun ERG A.


jalbu-ngku nyungu warrin nyaji-ny | woman-ERG her sister.in.law/brother.in.law see-PAST

Dictionary warrin = actual sister-in-law/brother-in-law; kin object left ABS.


dingkar ngalayin-unji kada-ny | man father.in.law-COMIT come-PAST

Dictionary ngalayin = father-in-law/son-in-law; COMIT pattern follows n-final kin.


Dictionary biwul = mother-in-law; grammar treats biwul as a neutral-case kin term.


biwul-ungku dabul baka-ny | mother.in.law-ERG pierced.nose/nose.peg pierce-PAST

Dictionary dabul entry gives Biwulungku dabul bakan for mother-in-law piercing his nose.


dingkar-angka biwul makuku-bawa-ny | man-ERG mother.in.law avoid-PAST

Dictionary makuku-bawal = change direction so you do not meet someone; Patz controls biwul avoidance context.


jalbu-ngku ngalayin makuku-bawa-ny | woman-ERG father.in.law/son.in.law avoid-PAST

Patz notes less strict in-law taboos beyond biwul; makuku-bawal provides the lexical avoid frame.


Dictionary maja = boss, English loan from master; grammar ex.576 attests maja-nji.


karrkay maja-nji kada-ny | child boss-COMIT come-PAST

Patz 4.8 ex.576 controls maja-nji 'with the boss'; subject varied.


Dictionary yalaku usage: jana yalaku = they are like that / their custom / way they are.


Dictionary yalaku = custom/like; short verbless row, not an invented law noun.


yinya karrkay-mu mandi dabu | that child-POSS moiety dabu

Dictionary mandi = moiety/subsection; dabu is one moiety in Patz 1.2.1.3.


yinya dingkar-amu mandi walarr | that man-POSS moiety walarr

Patz 1.2.1.3 names walarr as the other moiety; dictionary walarr also notes moiety sense.


Dictionary dabu includes bee/honey/moiety senses; this row uses the moiety sense.


Dictionary walarr includes beard/bee/moiety senses; this row uses the moiety sense.


Dictionary mulkal-mulkal includes totem; no polysemous fighting/spirit extension used here.


Babi ngayku-ndu mulkal-mulkal-ka babajin.

babi ngayku-ndu mulkal-mulkal-ka babaji-ny | grandmother me-LOC totem-DAT ask.about-PAST

Patz 4.2.4.4: babaji-y actor ABS, person asked LOC, topic DAT.


Dictionary yirmbal = taboo (Yalanji); grammar 1.2.1.1 calls story places yirmbal.


The taboo thing grabs you and holds you.

yirmbal-da karrba-l, yunun kuji-l-kuda | taboo-source.clitic grab-NONPAST you.ACC hold-NONPAST-TEMP2

Dictionary yirmbal usage: Yirmbalda karrbal, yunun kujilkuda.


Dictionary bubu yirmbal = taboo place; Yalanji yirmbal preferred over Nyungkul jabul.


ngalba yirmbal burri | substitute.name taboo name

Dictionary ngalba = taboo substitute name; Patz 1.2.1.7 explains deceased-name replacement.


mukul-jalbu-ngku ngalba balka-ny | old-woman-ERG substitute.name say-PAST

Balkan with object; ngalba used as name-substitute, not the deceased person's original name.


Jawun-karra-ngku nyungu burri kari balkan.

jawun-karra-ngku nyungu burri kari balka-ny | relative-KPL-ERG his name NEG say-PAST

Patz 1.2.1.7: deceased names not spoken; kin plural -karra extends to jawun.


ngamu-ngku karrkay burri dalki-ny | mother-ERG child name give.name-PAST

Dictionary dalkil = give a name/call by name; burri is name, not a naming verb.


ngayu nyungunyin burri dalki-ny | I her.ACC name give.name-PAST

Dictionary source example: Ngayu nyungunyin burri dalkin Carol; proper name omitted.


karrkay-ngku manubaja balka-ny | child-ERG truth say-PAST

Dictionary manubaja = truth; balkan supplies the speech predicate.


dingkar-angka jurril balka-ny | man-ERG lie say-PAST

Dictionary jurril = lie/untruth; balkan supplies the speech predicate.


karrkay warmbiji-ny | child lie/prevaricate-PAST

Dictionary warmbiji-y = lie/prevaricate; intransitive actor remains ABS.


jalbu warmbiji-ny | woman lie/prevaricate-PAST

Second warmbiji-y row with a human S; no transitive object forced.


jalbu-ngku dingkar jurril-bunga-ny | woman-ERG man lie-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary jurril-bungal = trick someone by lying by word or action.


dingkar-angka karrkay jurril-bunga-ny | man-ERG child lie-CAUS-PAST

Same source-controlled jurril-bungal frame with a child object.


karrkay-ngku ngamu manubaja-bunga-ny | child-ERG mother believe-PAST

Dictionary manubaja-bungal = believe; simple animate object.


jana maja manubaja-bunga-ny | they boss believe-PAST

Manubaja-bungal with pronoun A; maja marked as an English loan.


yalakay yundu kada-nka | true?/astonishment you come-PURP

Dictionary yalakay usage is yalakay yundu kadanka?; retained as an interjection, not a y-conjugation verb.


ngayu dingkar nyuya-ny | I man blame/accuse-PAST

Dictionary nyuyal = blame/accuse; Patz 4.7 ex.566 controls imperative nyuya.


yundu ngamu kari nyuya | you mother NEG blame.IMP

Patz 4.7 ex.566: Yundu ngamu kari nyuya! 'Don't blame your mother!'


mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay murru-kanga-ny | old-woman-ERG child scold-PAST

Dictionary murru-kangal = scold/growl someone; Patz text has murrukanga-ny with object.


dingkar-angka nganya murru-kanga-ny | man-ERG me.ACC scold-PAST

Same murru-kangal frame with pronominal object.


karrkay murru-kaday-ny | child become.ashamed-PAST

Dictionary murru-kaday = become ashamed/shy/bashful; intransitive S.


jalbu milka-murruji | woman ashamed/guilty

Dictionary milka-murruji = ashamed/guilty; no invented promise noun.


nyulu karrkay murru-kaday-mani-ny | he child ashamed-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary murru-kaday-manil = shame someone; transitive with pronoun A.


yundu balu kuni-wa-nka | you NEG2 fight-RECIP-PURP

Patz 4.9.2 ex.600 has Ngayu balu kuni-wa-nka; subject varied to avoid duplicate.


jana balu buymbi-nka | they NEG2 smoke-PURP

Patz 4.9.2 ex.601 has Ngayu balu buymbi-nka; plural subject avoids exact duplicate.


Patz 4.7 ex.570: Balu dungay!; explicit subject avoids exact corpus duplicate.


balu baya waju-ji-ka | NEG2/let fire burn-REF-IMP

Patz 4.7 ex.571: Balu wajujika!; explicit fire subject avoids exact corpus duplicate.


dingkar kanyil badi-ny | man curse.song sing/cry-PAST

Dictionary kanyil usage: kanyil badi 'sing a curse song'; badi-y actor left ABS like song rows.


jana yinil kanyil-ku | they afraid curse.song-DAT

Patz 4.9.1 ex.587 controls yinil plus dative complement; kanyil is source-defined as greatly feared.


The old man said to the child: "Sit down!"

Mukul-dingkar-angka karrkay-anda balkan: "Bunda-y!"

mukul-dingkar-angka karrkay-anda balka-ny: "bunda-y" | old-man-ERG child-LOC say-PAST: "sit-IMP"

Patz dialogue controls balka-ny before quote; living rule requires LOC:pt addressee.


Mother said to the child: "Eat the food!"

Ngamu-ngku karrkay-anda balkan: "Mayi nuka!"

ngamu-ngku karrkay-anda balka-ny: "mayi nuka" | mother-ERG child-LOC say-PAST: "food eat.IMP"

LOC addressee follows Rule 100 control; quote uses source-shaped imperative nuka.


Father said to the young man: "Go to the house!"

Nganjan-angka warru-nda balkan: "Bayan-ba dunga-y!"

nganjan-angka warru-nda balka-ny: "bayan-ba dunga-y" | father-ERG young.man-LOC say-PAST: "house-LOC go-IMP"

Warru-nda follows the same LOC person-address frame as babaji-y examples.


Grandmother said to the girl: "Come to the fire!"

Babi-ngka jalbu-karrkay-anda balkan: "Baya-ngundu kada-y!"

babi-ngka jalbu-karrkay-anda balka-ny: "baya-ngundu kada-y" | grandmother-ERG girl-child-LOC say-PAST: "fire-near come-IMP"

babi jalbu-karrkay balkal baya ngundu kaday

Direct quote row; addressee is LOC:pt, not bare ABS.


The old woman said to the children: "Do not shout!"

Mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay-karra-nda balkan: "Kari yirrka-y!"

mukul-jalbu-ngku karrkay-karra-nda balka-ny: "kari yirrka-y" | old-woman-ERG child-PL-LOC say-PAST: "NEG shout-IMP"

mukul-jalbu karrkay -karra balkal kari yirrkay

Patz imperative source has Kari yirrka-y; plural addressee keeps LOC:pt.


Dingkar-angka jalbu-ndu balkan: "Kari dunga-y!"

dingkar-angka jalbu-ndu balka-ny: "kari dunga-y" | man-ERG woman-LOC say-PAST: "NEG go-IMP"

Negative imperative is carried inside the quote; reporting clause remains ordinary past.


The woman said to the man: "That is fish."

Jalbu-ngku dingkar-anda balkan: "Yinya kuyu."

jalbu-ngku dingkar-anda balka-ny: "yinya kuyu" | woman-ERG man-LOC say-PAST: "that fish"

Short nominal quoted clause; addressee is LOC:pt to preserve say-to sense.


Grandfather said to grandmother: "I know."

Kami-ngka babi-nda balkan: "Ngayu binal."

kami-ngka babi-nda balka-ny: "ngayu binal" | grandfather-ERG grandmother-LOC say-PAST: "I know"

Quoted cognition clause; reporting addressee follows Ngayu Chris-anda balka-ny source pattern.


Grandmother said to grandfather: "I do not know."

Babi-ngka kami-nda balkan: "Ngayu kari binal."

babi-ngka kami-nda balka-ny: "ngayu kari binal" | grandmother-ERG grandfather-LOC say-PAST: "I NEG know"

Negated quoted clause; no complementizer introduced.


The old man said to the old woman: "That child came."

Mukul-dingkar-angka mukul-jalbu-ndu balkan: "Yinya karrkay kadan."

mukul-dingkar-angka mukul-jalbu-ndu balka-ny: "yinya karrkay kada-ny" | old-man-ERG old-woman-LOC say-PAST: "that child come-PAST"

mukul-dingkar mukul-jalbu balkal yinya karrkay kaday

Direct quoted declarative; authored surface normalizes past -ny to -n.


Mother said: "You two spear it with a digging stick!"

Ngamu-ngku yalaman: "Yubal juwal-da dama!"

ngamu-ngku yalama-ny: "yubal juwal-da dama" | mother-ERG say-PAST: "you.two digging.stick-INST spear.IMP"

Close to Patz Text 51 source frame Kari ngamu-ngku-lu yalama-ny.


Manyarr-karra-ngka yalaman: "Dunga-y kuyu mani-nka!"

manyarr-karra-ngka yalama-ny: "dunga-y kuyu mani-nka" | wife-PL-ERG say-PAST: "go-IMP fish get-PURP"

manyarr -karra yalamal dungay kuyu manil

Patz example controls wives + yalama-ny + quoted dunga-y kuyu mani-nka.


yinduy-nju yalama-ny: "ngali daka-l" | one-ERG say-PAST: "we.two climb-NONPAST"

Directly follows appendix text yinduy-nju yalama-ny: Ngali daka-l?


The old woman said: "Where did you two come from?"

Wulbuman-angka balkan: "Yubal wanja-muny kadan?"

wulbuman-angka balka-ny: "yubal wanja-muny kada-ny" | old.woman-ERG say-PAST: "you.two where-ABL come-PAST"

Appendix text controls Wulbuman-angka balka-ny with a quoted where-from question.


nyulu yalama-ny: "yundu yinyay bunda-y" | he say-PAST: "you there sit-IMP"

Pronoun subject plus yalama-ny reporting; quoted command uses attested bunda-y.


jana yalama-ny: "yuwu" | they say-PAST: "yes"

Appendix text attests quote-only Yuwu/Yuwu! reply material.


jana yalama-ny: "kari" | they say-PAST: "no"

Appendix text attests quote-only Kari. reply material.


mukul-dingkar-angka yalama-ny: "yalada" | old-man-ERG say-PAST: "alright/settled"

Errata identifies yalada as settled/alright discourse material.


The child asked mother: "Do you want food?"

Karrkay ngamu-ndu babajin: "Yundu mayi-ka wawu?"

karrkay ngamu-ndu babaji-ny: "yundu mayi-ka wawu" | child mother-LOC ask-PAST: "you food-DAT want"

Rule 98/99 living rule: babaji-y actor ABS, person asked LOC, topic DAT.


The young man asked father: "Did you come back?"

Warru nganjan-anda babajin: "Yundu kada-ny-baja?"

warru nganjan-anda babaji-ny: "yundu kada-ny-baja" | young.man father-LOC ask-PAST: "you come-PAST-again"

Appendix text has Chris-anda babaji-ny: Yundu kada-ny-baja?


The woman asked grandmother: "Where is the water?"

jalbu babi-nda babaji-ny: "bana wanjabu" | woman grandmother-LOC ask-PAST: "water where"

Direct quoted content question; actor stays ABS under babaji-y.


The man asked the old woman: "What did the dog eat?"

Dingkar mukul-jalbu-ndu babajin: "Wanyu kaya-ngka nukan?"

dingkar mukul-jalbu-ndu babaji-ny: "wanyu kaya-ngka nuka-ny" | man old-woman-LOC ask-PAST: "what dog-ERG eat-PAST"

dingkar mukul-jalbu babaji wanyu kaya nukal

Question word remains inside the quote; report frame has ABS actor and LOC person asked.


Mother asked the child: "Who saw the fish?"

Ngamu karrkay-anda babajin: "Wanyangka kuyu nyajin?"

ngamu karrkay-anda babaji-ny: "wanyangka kuyu nyaji-ny" | mother child-LOC ask-PAST: "who.ERG fish see-PAST"

Who-question retained only as quoted content; not a new interrogative batch.


Grandfather asked the young woman: "When will you come?"

Kami warru-jalbu-ndu babajin: "Wanjawanja yundu kada-y?"

kami warru-jalbu-ndu babaji-ny: "wanjawanja yundu kada-y" | grandfather young-woman-LOC ask-PAST: "when you come-NONPAST"

kami warru-jalbu babaji wanjawanja yundu kaday

Rule 66 interrogative form appears as direct quoted content; babaji-y frame remains the target.