bana kiway-kiway | water.ABS cold.REDUP — verbless NP+ADJ, no copula (§4.1.5d)

Patz §4.1.5(d); dict kiway-kiway 'cold' adj


yinya bayan yalbay | that.ABS house.ABS big — dem+N+ADJ predicate (§4.1.5d, cf. [A 295])

Patz [A 295] pattern; elder 'bayan' usage


nyungu mungka kalbay | 3sg.POSS hair.ABS long — poss+N+ADJ (§4.1.5d)

Elder text near-verbatim: 'Nyungu mungka kalbay' (Kubirri story p01)


yanyu mayi ngulkurr-baja-ku | this.ABS food.ABS good-DEG2-EMPH — degree -baja+obligatory -ku (§3.2.3.8)

dict example verbatim: 'Yinya mayi ngulkurr bajaku'; Patz §3.2.3.8


wulbuman bambay | old.woman.ABS sick — N+ADJ (§4.1.5d)

Patz §4.1.5; dict wulbuman, bambay | ADJUDICATED: loans_used += wulbuman (adapted loan)


kami bayan-ba | grandparent.ABS house-LOC — N+LOC predicate (§4.1.5b)

Patz [A 296] verbatim pattern 'Kami bayan-ba'


jana karrkay bada-bada | 3pl.NOM child.ABS down.REDUP(=down there) — pron+N apposition + location word (§4.1.5b, §3.3); dict headword bada-bada


yinya dingkar Wujal-wujal-muny | that.ABS man.ABS Wujal.Wujal-ABL — N+ABL origin predicate (§4.1.5c)

Patz [A 298] pattern 'kuna-muny'; wujalwujal-arra attested §3.2.3.7


ngayu kangkal jambul | 1sg.NOM own.child.ABS two — inalienable have = apposition+numeral (§4.5.2)

Patz [A 522] verbatim 'Ngayu kangkal jambul'


yundu naybu-ji | 2sg.NOM knife-COMIT — comitative possession question, intonation only (§4.1.5e, §4.8)


yinya mukul dingkar mungka-kari | that.ABS old man.ABS hair-PRIV — privative predicate (§4.1.5f)

Patz [A 306] pattern; elder 'mukul dingkar' verbatim


kaya wawu bajibay-ngka | dog.ABS want bone-DAT — wawu + neutral DAT (y-final -ngkV, a-harmony) (§4.9.1)


karrkay badi-ny | child.ABS cry-PAST — S V, y-conj past (§3.8.4)

Patz badi-y 'cry'; dict badi; surface past -n per corpus convention


jalbu-jalbu wawubaja-nga janji-l | woman-REDUP.ABS river-LOC bathe-NONPAST — plural redup; l-conj intransitive (§3.8.3)

Patz [A 275] 'bana-nga janji-l'; wawubaja-nga attested [A 262]


nganjin burrir-a mariji-ny | 1pl.exc.NOM island-LOC swim-PAST — LOC as goal of motion; r-final LOC -V (§4.1.4.4iii)

Patz [A 268] verbatim | ADJUDICATED: evidence: burrir='island' is grammar-attested (dict stub unglossed); printed [A 268] 'Nganjiny' = OCR typo, nganjin per Table 3.6


nyulu jalun-bu dunga-ny | 3sg.NOM sea-LOC go-PAST — LOC goal; neutral LOC else -bV, u-harmony (rule-derived)

LOC allomorph rule §3.2.1 (cf. diburr-bu); jalun attested; form not directly attested


nganjan warngku wuna-y | father.ABS sleep lie-NONPAST — compound 'sleep-lie' (§3.8.5.2)

dict 'warngku wunay' verbatim; Patz warngku-wuna-y [A 487]


wulbuman baya-nga bunda-ny | old.woman.ABS fire-LOC sit-PAST — LOC place (§4.1.4.4iii)

baya-nga attested [A 358]; bunda-y paradigm Table 3.17 | ADJUDICATED: evidence: bunday='sit' grammar-attested (dict stub unglossed; errata #13)


kaba kada-y | rain.ABS come-NONPAST — S V (§4.1.4.3)


jarba juku-muny dara-ny | snake.ABS tree-ABL fall-PAST — ABL source (§4.1.4.4iv)

juku-muny per ABL rule; dara-y 'fall' [A 476]


wunkun ngana store-mun-bu dunga-y | tomorrow 1pl.inc.NOM store-mun-LOC go-NONPAST — temporal initial; loan+catalytic -mun- (§3.12)

school-mun-bu attested §3.12; store-mun attested; wunkun dict


bula yinyay bunda-y | 3du.NOM there sit-NONPAST — dual pronoun + local demonstrative (§3.7)

yinyay §3.7 Table 3.14; bula Table 3.6 | ADJUDICATED: evidence: bunday+bula grammar-attested (dict stubs unglossed)


dingkar-angka kuyu dama-ny | man-ERG:pt fish.ABS spear-PAST — A O V (§4.1.4.3)

Patz [A 233] pattern; dingkar-angka attested


ngamu-ngku damba waju-ny | mother-ERG:pt damper.ABS cook-PAST — u-harmony ERG:pt (§3.2.1)

DB usage: 'Nyulu damba wayjun nulungu'; ngamu-ngku attested


kaya-ngka karrkay bayka-ny | dog-ERG:pt child.ABS bite-PAST

kaya-ngka attested §3.2.1; bayka-l [A 434]


karrkay-angka mayngku nuka-ny | child-ERG:pt mango.ABS eat-PAST — C-final ERG:pt -VngkV

karrkay-angka attested; nuka-l Table 3.17-adjacent


ngayu kuyu kulur mani-ny | 1sg.NOM fish.ABS three get-PAST — pron A (NOM) + N O (ABS) + post-head quantifier

mixed alignment §4.1.4; quantifier placement §4.1.1(g)


warru-ngku bikibiki kanga-l | young.man-ERG:pt pig.ABS chase-NONPAST


nyulu ngawa kuji-l | 3sg.NOM baby.ABS look.after-NONPAST

elder 'kujinka' (look after); dict kujil 'keep' | ADJUDICATED: kujil 'look after' sense elder-attested; dict gloss 'keep,hold' — errata sense addition


babi-ngka wukay baka-ny | granny-ERG:pt hairy.yam.ABS dig-PAST

babi-ngka attested [A 266]; baka-l 'dig'


The old woman told the girl to look after the baby.

Wulbumanangka maral balkan, ngawa kujinka.

wulbuman-angka maral balka-ny, ngawa kuji-nka | old.woman-ERG:pt girl.ABS tell-PAST baby.ABS look.after-PURP — jussive with purposive complement, O=A' (§4.4.1, [A 415] verbatim frame)

Patz [A 415] 'Babi-ngka maral balka-ny'; elder 'Bamanda balkan' shows LOC frame variant


yundu kadar nyaji-ny | 2sg.NOM wallaby.ABS see-PAST

nyaji-l paradigm §3.8.3.2; kadar attested


ngayu minya-ka wawu | 1sg.NOM meat-DAT want — wawu + neutral DAT (§4.9.1)


karrkay yinil kaya-nka | child.ABS afraid dog-DAT:pt — yinil + potent DAT (§4.9.1)

Patz [A 312b] pattern 'yinil jarba-nka'; kaya-nka attested


jalbu-jalbu binal balji wukurri-nka | woman-REDUP.ABS know dillybag.ABS weave-PURP — binal + purposive complement (§4.9.1)

Patz [A 585] verbatim (sg); DB 'Jalbungku balji wukurrin'


nyulu jarba kuni-ny juku-bu | 3sg.NOM snake.ABS hit-PAST stick-INST — INST after verb (§4.1.4.4i)

Patz [A 242] pattern; [A 393] 'juku-bu kuni-l'


nyulu kuyu daji-ny ngamu-ndu | 3sg.NOM fish.ABS give-PAST mother-LOC:pt — recipient = LOC:pt (§4.1.4.4iii)

Patz [A 272] pattern 'daji-ny yaba-nda'; ngamu-ndu attested


ngayu bayan milbi-l jawun-undu | 1sg.NOM house.ABS show-NONPAST friend-LOC:pt — u-harmony -VndV (§3.2.1)

Patz [A 271] 'milbi-l buji-nda'; jawun-unji (u-harmony) attested §3.2.3.3


ngamu-ngku mayi daji-ny karrkay-anda | mother-ERG:pt food.ABS give-PAST child-LOC:pt

recipient LOC §4.1.4.4iii; karrkay-anda per mukay-anda pattern


dingkar-angka minya yaka-ny naybu-bu | man-ERG:pt meat.ABS cut-PAST knife-INST


maral-amu kaya bambay | girl-POSS dog.ABS sick — possessive -Vmu on C-final stem (§3.2.3.2)

Patz Table 3.2 'maral-amu'; frame [A 300]


There are a lot of trees standing over there.

juku wubul yinyay janjana-y | tree.ABS many.ABS there stand.REDUP-NONPAST — quantifier + fixed partial redup (§2.5.3)

Patz [A 229] verbatim. NOTE: wubul='many' per Patz+corpus; dict gloss 'heart' ruled erroneous (authority decision)


bula jalbu-bulal-angka kuyu waju-ny | 3du.NOM woman-PAIR-ERG:pt fish.ABS cook-PAST — -bulal 'pair' + ERG (§3.2.3.5iii)

Patz [A 234] 'Bula jalbu-bulal-angka' verbatim | ADJUDICATED: evidence: bula dictionary-present but unglossed; rests on Patz §3.5


maral-maral wuri-ny | girl-REDUP.ABS dance-PAST — reduplication plural (§3.2.3.5i)

dict wuri 'dance' itr; maral-maral attested §3.2.1


ngayu binal kari | 1sg.NOM know NEG — postposed kari with adjectival particle (§3.9.2ii)

Patz §3.9.1/§4.9; elder 'binal kari bubuku' verbatim pattern


kari jarba karrba-∅ | NEG snake.ABS touch-IMP — kari + zero imperative, disyllabic l-conj (§4.7)

Patz [A 437] verbatim frame 'Kari ... karrba'


kari badi-y | NEG cry-IMP — y-conj imperative; final y deleted after i (§2.5.2, §4.7)

Patz 'Kari dunga-y!' pattern [A]; §2.5.2 y-deletion


naybu daya ngayku-ndu | knife.ABS give.IMP 1sg-LOC — suppletive imperative daya; recipient LOC (§3.8.3.2i)

suppletive daya attested (dict headword + Patz); [A 573] O-V imperative order


nyulu kada-ny-baja | 3sg.NOM come-PAST-again — yes/no by intonation only (§4.8); clitic -baja 'again'

Patz [A 575] verbatim 'Nyulu kada-ny-baja?'


wanya-ngka ngayku balji wundi-ny | who-ERG:pt 1sg.POSS bag.ABS take-PAST — interrogative in A slot (§4.8)

Patz [A 577] verbatim frame 'Wanya-ngka ngayku dambal wundi-ny?'


baral marral | road.ABS dry — verbless N+ADJ (§4.1.5d)


ngayku mara bubu-ji | 1sg.POSS hand.ABS ground-COMIT(=dirty) — comitative attribute (§4.6.1)

Patz §3.8.5.1(i) bubu-ji 'dirty' (in bubu-ji-bunga-l); frame [A 531]


yinya kaya wanyamba | that.ABS dog.ABS who.POSS — possessive interrogative (Table 3.10 Y wanyamba)

Patz Table 3.10 'who' POSS(zero) Y = wanyamba; PROBE | ADJUDICATED: wanyamba → errata grammar-sourced addition (Patz Table 3.10, Y POSS of wanya)


kija wangkar-wangkar | moon.ABS up.REDUP(=up there) — reduplicated location word = location (§3.3)

Patz §3.3 wangkarwangkar 'up there'; dict kija 'moon'; redup-hyphen ruling


yinya warru junkurr-ji-baja-ku | that.ABS young.man.ABS strength-COMIT-very — [A texts] junkurr-ji-bajaku verbatim; bajaku separate word per dict/elder surface

dict junkurr 'strength'; elder 'junkurrku kujinka' (strength adv); frame [A 531] kuli-ji pattern


yaluy bana kari | here water.ABS NEG — existential negation (§3.9.2ii)

Patz [A 397] 'bana kari baral-darr' (no water along the road)


kamba-kamba kana-nga bunda-ri-ny | old.woman-REDUP.ABS inside-LOC sit-PLS-PAST — kana-nga attested (DB gold 'Ngana kananga bayanba bundanday'; Patz text kana-nga wala-ny)

elder 'Kamba-kambanda' (elders); dict kana 'inside'; Patz -ri- [A dunga-ri-y]; bunda-ri per [A 569]


ngawa ngalkal-ba warngku wuna-ny | baby.ABS outside-LOC sleep lie-PAST — ngalkal-ba attested (dict usage + Patz ngalkal-ba-ku)

dict ngalkal 'outside'; warngku wunay dict; §3.3 bare locword


The dog keeps running around at the camp.

kaya bayan-ba wanarri-y | dog.ABS camp-LOC run.REDUP-NONPAST — fixed partial redup (§2.5.3); surface final -iy → -i

Patz §2.5.3 wanarriy 'keep running'; bayan-ba attested


ngali kuyu-ngu dunga-y | 1du.exc.NOM fish-LOC go-NONPAST — goal-of-hunt LOC (§4.1.4.4iii)

Patz [A 269] 'bikibiki-nga dunga-ny' (went out for pigs, LOC); kuyu-ngu u-harmony


ngadiku bama wawubaja-nga bundanda-ny | long.ago person.ABS river-LOC sit.REDUP(=stay/camp)-PAST

dict ngadiku 'long ago'; Patz bundanday 'stay' §2.5.3; past -ny rule-derived on redup stem


wungar wandi-ny | sun.ABS come.out-PAST — l-conj intransitive wandil (§10a)

dict 'wungar wandil-wandil' (sunrise); Patz wandi-l 'come out/rise'


The children got up early in the morning.

yalibalaku karrkay-karrkay wandi-ri-ny | early.morning child-REDUP.ABS rise-PLS-PAST

dict yalibalaku 'early morning' (loan); Patz [A] wandi-ri-ny 'turned up (pl)'


nyulu bana-nga jalama-ny | 3sg.NOM water-LOC jump-PAST — LOC goal; trisyllabic l-conj (§10a)

dict jalamal 'jump'; bana-nga attested; goal LOC §5


yilayku nganjan-angka kadar karrba-ny | yesterday father-ERG:pt wallaby.ABS catch-PAST — temporal initial (§11)

dict yilayku; nganjan-angka attested; karrbal 'catch' dict


The woman is washing clothes in the river.

jalbu-ngku kambi julurri-l wawubaja-nga | woman-ERG:pt clothes.ABS wash-NONPAST river-LOC

Patz [A 494] wawu-kambi-muny julurri-ny 'after washing clothes'; kambi='clothes' authority ruling


ngayu kaya milka-bu nyaji-ny | 1sg.NOM dog.ABS ear-INST perceive-PAST — 'hear' = ear-INST + nyajil (dict idiom)

dict 'milkabu nyajil' = hear (verbatim); INST §5


dingkar-angka minya dinda-l baya-nga | man-ERG:pt meat.ABS roast-NONPAST fire-LOC

Patz [A 358] dinda- baya-nga 'roasting in the fire'


yinya-ngka jalbu-ngku kuyu waju-ny | that-ERG:pt woman-ERG:pt fish.ABS cook-PAST — NP-internal case agreement PROBE (§6, [A 237])

Patz [A 237] 'Yinya-ngka kubarr-angka yalbay-ngka' — all NP constituents case-marked


The girl asked her mother about the food.

maral ngamu-ndu babaji-ny mayi-ka | girl.ABS mother-LOC:pt ask.about-PAST food-DAT — asker S, person LOC:pt, topic DAT ([A 264])

Patz [A 264] 'Ngayu Mabel-anda babaji-ny bayan-ka' verbatim frame; ngamu-ndu attested


The young fellows threw stones into the water.

warru-warru-ngku kulji yilba-ny bana-nga | young.man-REDUP-ERG:pt stone.ABS throw-PAST water-LOC

Patz [A 289] yilba-l 'throw'; maral-maral-angka shows redup+ERG §3.2.3.5; warru-warru attested [A 269]


ngayku yaba-ngka ngawiya dama-ny | 1sg.POSS eB-ERG:pt sea.turtle.ABS spear-PAST — poss disambiguates yaba homograph

[A 233] pattern; dict spelling ngawiya (Patz ngawuya noted as variant); yaba potent kin


Granny is teaching the children language.

Babingka karrkay-karrkay binal-bungal kukuku.

babi-ngka karrkay-karrkay binal-bunga-l kuku-ku | granny-ERG:pt child-REDUP.ABS know-CAUS-NONPAST language-DAT — teach + DAT topic ([A 255])

Patz [A 255] binal-bunga-l ... kuku-ku verbatim frame; elder binal-bungan


kaya-ngka ngayku minya ngaki-ny | dog-ERG:pt 1sg.POSS meat.ABS hide/steal-PAST

Patz [A 558] 'ngayku dambal ngaki-ny' = stole my shoes


ngayu wawu-kari diyi-ka | 1sg.NOM want-PRIV tea-DAT — diyi (dict adapted loan), DAT -kV, i→a harmony

Patz [A 518] 'Ngayu wawu-kari ... kaya-nka'; wawu-kari §3.9.1; -mun- on loans §3.12


karrkay-karrkay yinil wujurr-ku | child-REDUP.ABS afraid darkness-DAT — [A 428a] verbatim

Patz [A 428b] wujurr-bu 'in the dark' (wujurr = errata addition); DAT -VkV/r- rule (kukur-uku pattern)


nyulu binal bubu-ku | 3sg.NOM know country-DAT — binal + DAT (§4.9.1)

elder verbatim (negated): 'binal kari bubuku'; [A 255] bubu-ku


ngayu murruji maraji-y | 1sg.NOM cannot swim-NONPAST — y deleted after i (§2.5.2); frame per attested murruji + finite verb

Patz §3.8.6.1 murruji 'cannot'; complement pattern per binal [A 585]; PROBE — frame rule-derived


Mother gave the clothes to my elder brother.

ngamu-ngku kambi daji-ny ngayku yaba-nda | mother-ERG:pt clothes.ABS give-PAST 1sg.POSS eB-LOC:pt — [A 272] verbatim recipient frame

Patz [A 272] daji-ny yaba-nda verbatim recipient; [A 273] yunga-l send


ngayku kangkal-da kuyu mani-ny | 1sg.POSS own.child-ERG(neutral!) fish.ABS get-PAST — kangkal takes NEUTRAL inflection PROBE (§7 kin exceptions)

Patz §3.2.4: kangkal-da ERG neutral attested (never -angka)


jalbu-ngku ngawa jarrakulba-l | woman-ERG:pt baby.ABS carry-NONPAST

Patz [A 439] 'Ngayu ngawa jarrakulba-l' verbatim frame; jarrakulbal NOT in dict — grammar-attested only (flag) | ADJUDICATED: jarrakulbal → errata grammar-sourced addition (tr verb 'carry', [A 439]/[A 413])


mara julurri-ji-ka, mayi nuka-nyjiku | hand.ABS wash-REFL-IMP food.ABS eat-SUCC — reflexive imperative + successive (§10c, §12)

Patz [A 565] julurri-ji-ka! + [A 447] 'mara julurrijiy ... dingka-nyjiku' (washes hands before kneading)


Kaki kaba kaday, ngana bayanba bundanday.

kaki kaba kada-y, ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y | if rain.ABS come-NONPAST 1pl.inc.NOM house-LOC stay-NONPAST — kaki conditional (§12)

Patz [A 393] kaki frame; bundanday 'stay' §2.5.3


The young man went into the rainforest to spear a wallaby.

warru maja-nga dunga-ny, kadar dama-nka | young.man.ABS scrub/rainforest-LOC go-PAST wallaby.ABS spear-PURP — purposive (§12)

Patz [A 406] verbatim frame 'Warru dungan wawubajanga, kuyu damanka'; [A 277] maja-nga; surface madja- per elder gold spelling | ADJUDICATED: words_used += madja (dict headword madja 'scrub/rainforest'; analysis notes Patz maja)


kari juku-ngu daka-∅, dara-nyji | NEG tree-LOC climb-IMP fall-PRECAUT — precautionary (§12)

Patz [A 476] juku-ngu daka- 'climb on tree'; precaut -nyji [A 432-441]; dakal disyll IMP zero


yunu ngamu wanjabu | 2sg.POSS mother.ABS where.LOC — locational interrogative (§9)


yundu wanyu nuka-ny | 2sg.NOM what.ABS eat-PAST — interrogative in O slot (§9)

Patz [A 579] 'Yundu wanyu mumba-ny baljinga?' pattern


wanjawanja nganjan kada-y-baja | when father.ABS come-NONPAST-again — 'when' initial; baja separate word (§0)

Patz [A 582] 'Wanjawanja yundu kada-y-baja?' verbatim frame; elder 'kadan baja' spacing | ADJUDICATED: wanjawanja → errata grammar-sourced addition (Table 3.11, [A 582])


ngana yaluy bunda-ri-ka-da | 1pl.inc.NOM here sit-PLS-IMP-TEMP1(urgency) — [A 569] frame verbatim

Patz [A 569] 'Kada-ri-ka-da!' = come on let's go (verbatim frame)


bula kaya kuni-wa-y | 3du.NOM dog.ABS hit-RECIP-NONPAST — reciprocal (§10c)

Patz [A 331] 'Jana dingkar kuni-wa-y' + [A 330] 'Bula kaya buji bayka-wa-y'


karrkay julurri-ji-ny wawubaja-nga | child.ABS wash-REFL-PAST river-LOC — reflexive -ji- → y-conj (§10c)

Patz [A 336] 'Karrkay julurri-ji-y' verbatim frame


mayi buyun-ma-ny | food.ABS bad-INCHO-PAST — inchoative -mal (§10c)

Patz [A 314] 'Yinya mayi ngulkurr-ma-ny' verbatim frame; buyun 'bad' grammar-attested + elder 'buyun' (dict stub — errata)


maral yalbay-ma-ny | girl.ABS big-INCHO-PAST — yalbay-mal 'grow' (§10c)

Patz §3.8.5.3 yalbay-ma-l 'grow' verbatim


dingkar-angka nyungu kalka nyurrba-ny | man-ERG:pt 3sg.POSS spear.ABS sharpen-PAST

Patz [A 471] kalka ... nyurrba-l 'sharpens the spear' frame; nyurrbal NOT in dict — grammar-attested only (flag) | ADJUDICATED: evidence corrected — nyurrbal IS in dict ('grind, sharpen'); confidence raised to high


dubu-ngku maral yinil-kanga-ny | ghost-ERG:pt girl.ABS afraid-CAUS-PAST — state-causative -kangal (§10c)

Patz [A 324] 'Dubu-ngku maral yinil-kanga-ny' VERBATIM; dubu not dict-verified (grammar-attested; flag) | ADJUDICATED: evidence corrected — dubu IS in dict ('spirit of a dead person'); confidence raised to high


yubal ngalkal-ba bunda-y | 2du.NOM outside-LOC sit-IMP — ngalkal-ba attested (dict usage)

Patz Table 3.16 y-conj IMP; [A 568] 'Yubal bundanda-ka' dual-subject imperative frame


mayi daya karrkay-anda | food.ABS give.IMP child-LOC:pt — suppletive daya; recipient LOC:pt (§10b, §5)

suppletive daya (dict headword); [A 573] 'Mayi-ngarr nuka!' O-first imperative; karrkay-anda attested


nyiku ngayu bayan-ba dunga-y | now 1sg.NOM house-LOC go-NONPAST — temporal initial; goal LOC (§11)

dict nyiku 'today, now'; goal-of-motion LOC §5


The old woman is chatting with her younger sister.

wulbuman balka-wa-y jinkurr-ji | old.woman.ABS speak-RECIP-NONPAST yZ-COMIT(neutral) — lexicalized reciprocal 'chat'; kin-neutral comitative (§7, §10c)

Patz balka-wa-y 'chat' (lexicalized); [A 554] 'Warru wurin-wuriy jinkurr-ji' — jinkurr-ji verbatim (neutral kin)


The rain came. Everyone went into the house.

Kaba kadan. Jana bama wubulku bayanba dungarin.

kaba kada-ny. jana bama wubul-ku bayan-ba dunga-ri-ny | rain.ABS come-PAST. 3pl.NOM person.ABS all-EMPH house-LOC go-PLS-PAST — elder 'jana wubulku jangkamarin' pattern

[A 226] Kaba kaday; dict narmba 'all', kana 'inside'; -ri- plural subject


naybu dudu | knife.ABS blunt — verbless N+ADJ (§4.1.5d)

[A 300] 'Nyungu kalka dudu' verbatim adjective


dict dandi 'hard'; [A] dandi-bunga-l base


yanyu damba kima | this.ABS damper.ABS soft


dict wumbul 'hot'; [A] wumbul-bunga 'heat up'


ngayku kalka jirakal | 1sg.POSS spear.ABS new

dict jirakal 'new'; [A 264] bayan-ka jirakal-ka


yinya mukul dingkar dirra-kari | that.ABS old man.ABS tooth-PRIV — privative predicate

Patz [A 557] 'Nyulu wulbuman dirra-kari' verbatim pattern


yundu kangkal wanjarrinya | 2sg.NOM own.child.ABS how.many — interrogative in quantifier slot of [A 522] frame

[A 583] wanjarrinya; [A 522] Ngayu kangkal jambul frame


diburr balji-nga | egg.ABS bag-LOC — N+LOC predicate


kami kudamundu bayan-ba | grandparent.ABS behind house-LOC — closed-class locword + LOC NP ([A 278] pattern)

kudamundu IS in the §3.3 closed class (verified); [A 278] 'badabada juku-ngu' locword+LOC order


yanyu kalka wanyamba | this.ABS spear.ABS who.POSS — re-probe of errata-ruled wanyamba

Patz Table 3.10 wanyamba (errata grammar-sourced addition)


karrkay-karrkay ngalkal-ba wuri-ny | child-REDUP.ABS outside-LOC dance-PAST — RE-PROBE ngalkal-ba (E-009 fix)

ngalkal-ba dict-usage-attested ('Ngayu ngalkalba dungan'); wuri dict


wulbuman kana-nga bunda-y | old.woman.ABS inside-LOC sit-NONPAST — RE-PROBE kana-nga (E-009 fix)

DB gold 'Ngana kananga bayanba bundanday' same construction


nganjan bada dunga-ny wawubaja-nga | father.ABS down go-PAST river-LOC — closed-class bada + LOC goal

bada in §3.3 closed class (verified); goal LOC §5


yinya dingkar manjal-ba daka-l | that.ABS man.ABS mountain-LOC climb-NONPAST — climb+LOC per [A 476] juku-ngu daka-l; manjal-ba anchor

parallel to batch-002 seq 12 (accepted); dict kija


murramu baya-nga warngku wuna-y | dingo.ABS fire-LOC sleep lie-NONPAST

dict murramu 'dingo'; baya-nga attested [A 358]


jalbu-jalbu wukay-mba dunga-ny | woman-REDUP.ABS yam-LOC go-PAST — goal-of-gathering LOC

wukay-mba attested VERBATIM [A 368]; [A 269] frame


ngayu kariku dunga-y | 1sg.NOM not.yet go-NONPAST — kariku 'not yet' (§3.9.2)

Patz §3.9.2 kariku 'not at all / not yet'; position preverbal like kari | ADJUDICATED: words_used=[dungay,kariku]; kariku is its own dict headword (particle 'not yet') | ADJUDICATED: kariku is polysemous not-at-all/not-yet (§3.9.2) — pair not to be trained as exclusive not-yet exponent


muduwaju-ny ngawa badi-ny | at.daybreak(lexicalized temporal, cf. wunkuny) baby.ABS cry-PAST — muduwajuny attested Text 36 + §5.2.2

core-lexicon muduwaju 'dawn' (dict-verified); temporal §11


bilngkumu-ngku kaya bayka-ny | crocodile-ERG:pt dog.ABS bite-PAST

bilngkumu potent (threat animal §4); ERG -ngku u-harmony


yaburr-ungku kuyu nuka-ny | shark-ERG:pt fish.ABS eat-PAST — trill-rr stem takes -VngkV (potent C-form, not the retroflex-only neutral -V forms)

yaburr-unku DAT:pt attested → ERG yaburr-ungku parallel (wabul-ungku pattern); E-010 aware


ngamu-ngku bubu kida-ny | mother-ERG:pt ground.ABS sweep-PAST

[A 253] 'bubu kida-l-kida-l' verbatim collocation


karrkay-angka jungkalu dumbarri-ny | child-ERG:pt billycan.ABS break-PAST

[A 593] 'jungkalu kari dumbarri-ny' verbatim collocation


jalbu-ngku mayi nanda-ny | woman-ERG:pt food.ABS cover-PAST

dict nandal 'close, cover'; minimal-pair anchor §1


babi-ngka jarruka baka-ny | granny-ERG:pt scrub.hen(egg).ABS dig-PAST

[A 266] VERBATIM 'Babi-ngka jarruka wubul baka-ny'; jarruka not dict-verified (grammar-attested — errata candidate) | ADJUDICATED: evidence corrected — jarruka IS dict-verified (2 entries, 2nd covers eggs); confidence high; E-013 recurrence


kamu-ngku nganya bayka-ny | mosquito-ERG:pt 1sg.ACC bite-PAST — potency probe: biting insect as potent agent

kamu dict 'mosquito'; potency judgement per §4 (active/attacking); pron ACC nganya | ADJUDICATED: syntax objection REFUTED — Patz grammar.md:4190 explicitly attests potent ERG for stinging mosquito; core-lexicon potency for kamu corrected to 'potent-when-biting' (errata)


nganya wukurri-ka | 1sg.ACC follow-IMP — trisyllabic root takes IMP -ka (§10b)

Table 3.16 IMP -ka for >2σ; wukurril dict 'follow'


yinya kurranji nyaka | that.ABS cassowary.ABS see.IMP — suppletive imperative

suppletive nyaka (§10b); kurranji dict 'cassowary'


juku mana | wood.ABS get.IMP — suppletive imperative

suppletive mana (§10b); [A 573] O-V imperative order


ngayu nganjan-anda babaji-ny kuyu-ku | 1sg.NOM father-LOC:pt ask.about-PAST fish-DAT — [A 264] frame re-probe

[A 264] 'Ngayu Mabel-anda babaji-ny bayan-ka' verbatim frame


wanyurringku yundu badi-y | why 2sg.NOM cry-NONPAST — 'why' always initial (§9); surface y-deletion after i

Table 3.10 wanyurringku='why'; §2.5.2 y-deletion | ADJUDICATED: wanyurringku → errata grammar-sourced addition ([A 127b] verbatim bigram match)


ngamu-ngku mayi yunga-ny babi-nda | mother-ERG:pt food.ABS send-PAST granny-LOC:pt — INTERMEDIARY 'send with' RE-PROBE (E-yungal lesson)

[A 273] 'yunga-l ngayku-wun-bu ngamu-ndu' send WITH — verbatim frame


Babarrandamundu kayangka bikibiki baykan.

babarr-andamun-du kaya-ngka bikibiki bayka-ny | eZ-POSS-ERG(neutral) dog-ERG:pt pig.ABS bite-PAST — [A 126]/[A 515] verbatim frame

§7 kin exceptions; POSS -Vmu (maral-amu pattern); [A 515] POSS+ERG head frame


bula dingkar balka-wa-y | 3du.NOM man.ABS speak-RECIP-NONPAST

[A 330-333] frame; balkaway lexicalized 'chat' (§10c)


maral-maral nyaji-wa-ny | girl-REDUP.ABS see-RECIP-PAST

Patz nyaji-wa-y 'see each other' (§10c) + past -ny


karrkay jikan-ba ngaki-ji-ny | child.ABS grass-LOC hide-REFL-PAST

[A 286] ngaki-ji-y 'hide oneself'; jikan-ba attested [A 434]


yinya kuyu kabu-ma-nyji | that.ABS fish.ABS rotten-INCHO-PRECAUT — standalone precautionary as warning

[A 444] VERBATIM 'Yinya kuyu kabu-ma-nyji'; kabu not dict-verified (grammar-attested — errata candidate) | ADJUDICATED: evidence corrected — kabu IS dict-verified (adj 'rotten'); confidence high; E-013 recurrence


bubu dandi-ma-ny | ground.ABS hard-INCHO-PAST

§3.8.5.3 dandi-ma-l 'become hard' verbatim


babi-ngka bana wumbul-bunga-ny | granny-ERG:pt water.ABS hot-CAUS-PAST

[A] 'wumbul-bunga!' heat it up! verbatim base


yinya bana kari nuka | that.ABS water.ABS NEG eat/drink.IMP — kari + zero IMP

nukal 'eat, drink' (dict); [A 436] 'Mayi kari waju' pattern


Don't swim in the river — a crocodile might bite you!

Kari wawubajanga marajika, bilngkumungku yununy baykanyji!

kari wawubaja-nga maraji-ka, bilngkumu-ngku yununy bayka-nyji | NEG river-LOC swim-IMP crocodile-ERG:pt 2sg.ACC bite-PRECAUT — IMP -ka on >2σ stems (Table 3.16); [A 436-437] prohibitive frame

[A 432] 'kari janji-l wawubaja-nga, bujil-janji-nyji' + [A 437] '(yununy) bayka-nyji' frames


Minya wayju, karrkay-karrkay kadanyjiku!

minya waju-∅, karrkay-karrkay kada-nyjiku | meat.ABS cook-IMP child-REDUP.ABS come-SUCC — [A 455] no-common-NP successive; surface wayju per dict spelling

[A 455] 'Ngayu dungan, muyar kada-nyjiku' no-common-NP successive


kaki muyar kada-y, ngana bayan-ba dunga-y | if wind.ABS come-NONPAST 1pl.inc.NOM house-LOC go-NONPAST


ngayu wawu kurranji nyaji-nka | 1sg.NOM want cassowary.ABS see-PURP

[A 426c] 'Nyulu wawu minya nuka-nka' verbatim frame


jalbu-jalbu bunda-ri-ny, balji wukurri-nka | woman-REDUP.ABS sit-PLS-PAST bag.ABS weave-PURP — licensed -ri- (reduplicated subject) + purposive

[A 405] 'Jalbu-jalbu bunda-ny, balka-wa-nka' verbatim frame; -ri- licensed by redup subject (E-012)


nyulu murruji daka-l | 3sg.NOM cannot climb-NONPAST — RE-PROBE murruji + finite verb (E-011 fix)


yundu dakwuy | 2sg.NOM hungry — yes/no by intonation (§11)

dict dakwuy; [A 574-575] intonation-only questions


jana wanjabu dunga-ny | 3pl.NOM where go-PAST

Table 3.11 wanjabu; queried-slot placement §9


wanya yinya wulbuman | who.ABS that.ABS old.woman.ABS — verbless identity question


The old man told the young fellows to get wood.

Mukulungku dingkarangka warru-warru balkan, juku maninka.

mukul-ungku dingkar-angka warru-warru balka-ny, juku mani-nka | old-ERG:pt man-ERG:pt young.man-REDUP.ABS tell-PAST wood.ABS get-PURP — NP-agreement probe (each word harmonizes to its own stem: mukul→-ungku, dingkar→-angka) + jussive purposive (pitfall 13 licensed)

[A 327] all-marked NP 'Yinya-ngka bama-ngka wulman-angka'; [A 415] jussive frame


The sun came up. Dad got his spear. He went out for pigs.

Wungar wandin. Nganjanangka nyungu kalka manin. Nyulu bikibikinga dungan.

wungar wandi-ny. nganjan-angka nyungu kalka mani-ny. nyulu bikibiki-nga dunga-ny | sun.ABS rise-PAST. father-ERG:pt 3sg.POSS spear.ABS get-PAST. 3sg.NOM pig-LOC go-PAST — 3-sentence micro-narrative, topic continuity via nyulu

wungar wandil nganjan kalka manil bikibiki dungay

[A 269] VERBATIM 'bikibiki-nga dunga-' goal frame; batch-002 wungar wandin accepted


yinya dingkar walu nganjay | that.ABS man.ABS face no.good — walu appearance predicate (§4.1.5g)


nyulu yala nyungu nganjan | 3sg.NOM like 3sg.POSS father.ABS — yala comparison (§4.9.3)


A sea turtle is much bigger than a freshwater turtle.

ngawiya ngujay-ngka yalbay-baja-ku | sea.turtle.ABS freshwater.turtle-DAT big-very — DAT standard of comparison (§5)

[A 265] verbatim frame; ngujay dict 'freshwater turtle'


ngayu baja-burray | 1sg.NOM tired — verbless with dict headword baja-burray

dict headword baja-burray (itr 'tired'); [A 485] bajaburray


ngayu muku kaka | 1sg.NOM back.ABS sore — inalienable whole+part apposition (§4.5.2)

[A 483] VERBATIM 'Ngayu muku kaka'; dict muku 'back', kaka 'sore'


nyulu dukul yalbay | 3sg.NOM head.ABS big — inalienable apposition (§4.1.1i)

Patz §4.1.1(i) verbatim 'Nyulu dukul yalbay'


jalun mulngku-ji | sea.ABS wave-COMIT — comitative characteristic (§4.6.1)

[A 533] VERBATIM 'Jalun mulngku-ji'; mulngku dict 'wave'


yanyu dambal wanyamba | this.ABS shoes.ABS who.POSS

Table 3.10 wanyamba; dambal dict 'shoes' ([A 577])


ngamu yirrka-y bayan-mundu | mother.ABS shout-NONPAST house-ABESS — abessive: acting from a place without leaving (§5)

[A 288] verbatim frame 'Mabel yirrkay bayan-mundu'


wawu-mayi-muny jana wunana-y | after-food-ABL 3pl.NOM lie.REDUP-NONPAST — wawu- prior-event proclitic (§15)

§15 wawu-mayi-muny VERBATIM; [A 491] 'jana wunana-y' frame


janji-nya, nyulu baja-burray | bathe-SUB 3sg.NOM tired — causal -nyV (§12)

[A 485] VERBATIM 'Janji-nya, nyulu bajaburray'


mukul dingkar jilba dunga-ny | old man.ABS walk go-PAST — jilba-dungay 'go walkabout' collocation

jilba dict 'walk'; jilba-dunga-y attested [A 446, 495]


dabal jalun-bu warri-ny | boys.ABS sea-LOC run-PAST — age-class noun (inherent plural)

dabal dict 'boys'; jalun-bu LOC per rule (001.16 precedent); warri dict


birra juku-muny dara-ny | leaf.ABS tree-ABL fall-PAST

birra dict 'leaf'; [A 524] birra+juku collocation; juku-muny attested


kaya-kaya kuni-wa-y baja | dog-REDUP.ABS hit-RECIP-NONPAST again — reciprocal + baja 'again' (§15)

[A 331] kuni-wa-y; baja 'again' on action verbs [A 217]; separate word per elder gold


nganjan dunga-y wangal-ji | father.ABS go-NONPAST boomerang-COMIT — accompaniment comitative, clause-final (§4.6.1)

[A 551] 'Wulman dungay kalka-ji waymbil-ji' frame; wangal dict 'boomerang'


maral-angka baya bangka-ny | girl-ERG:pt firewood.ABS gather-PAST

bangkal dict 'gather' + DB gold 'bangkal-bangkan'; baya=firewood [A 483]


ngamu-ngku bana mani-ny wawubaja-muny | mother-ERG:pt water.ABS get-PAST river-ABL — ABL source (§5)

[A 283] source-ABL frame; all anchors attested


babi-ngka ngawa karrba-l | granny-ERG:pt baby.ABS hold-NONPAST

karrbal dict 'to catch, grab (hold)'; babi-ngka attested


jalbu-jalbu-ngku mayngku bangka-ny | woman-REDUP-ERG:pt mango.ABS gather-PAST

redup+ERG per maral-maral-angka §3.2.3.5; bangkal dict/DB


karrkay-angka bana nuka-ny | child-ERG:pt water.ABS eat/drink-PAST

nukal dict 'to eat, to drink'; [A 410] nukal=drink


yundu ngayku kalka dumbarri-ny | 2sg.NOM 1sg.POSS spear.ABS break-PAST

[A 593] dumbarri-ny; pron-POSS with ABS O head licensed §4.1.1(h)


yaburr-ungku warru-warru yinil-kanga-ny | shark-ERG:pt young.man-REDUP.ABS afraid-CAUS-PAST

[A 324] yinil-kanga-ny frame; yaburr-ungku per batch-003.20


nganjan-angka wangal milbi-ny ngayku-ndu | father-ERG:pt boomerang.ABS show-PAST 1sg-LOC — recipient LOC (§5)


murramu-ngku minya ngaki-ny bayan-muny | dingo-ERG:pt meat.ABS steal-PAST camp-ABL

[A 558] ngaki-ny 'stole'; [A 281] bayan-muny; murramu dict 'dingo'


kamu-ngku karrkay-karrkay bayka-ny | mosquito-ERG:pt child-REDUP.ABS bite-PAST — potent per Patz 4190 ruling

kamu potent-when-biting (errata, Patz grammar.md:4190)


wanyunguy jana kuyu mani-ny | what.kind 3pl.NOM fish.ABS get-PAST

[A] VERBATIM frame 'Wanyunguy jana mani-ny?' (§9)


wanjarr-ku yundu kada-ny-baja | how-ADV 2sg.NOM come-PAST-again

[A] 'Wanjarr kada-ny-baja?' verbatim; wanjarr usually +ku (§9); baja separate


bayan kida-rrku | house.ABS sweep.IMP-TOTAL — totality clitic -rrku (§15)


nuka-ngarr | eat.IMP-first.of.all — TEMP3 clitic (§15)


yilayku ngayku jawun-karra kada-ny | yesterday 1sg.POSS friend-KPL.ABS come-PAST — kinship plural -karra (§7)

jawun-karra attested §3.2.3.5(ii); temporal initial


store nanda-ji-y nyiku | store.ABS close-ITR-NONPAST today — agentless passive (§10c)

[A 359] VERBATIM 'Store nanda-ji-y nyiku'


yanyu mayi ngulkurr nuka-ji-y | this.ABS food.ABS good eat-ITR-NONPAST — 'good to eat' passive (§10c)

[A 361] verbatim (Nyungkul yanya adjusted to Yalanji yanyu)


The girls are looking at themselves in the water.

maral-maral bana-nga nyaji-ji-y | girl-REDUP.ABS water-LOC see-REFL-NONPAST

nyaji-ji reflexive per §10c -ji-; [A 336] frame


ngayu bimay-anji kada-ny | 1sg.NOM FZ-COMIT:pt come-PAST — potent comitative accompaniment (§4.6.1)

[A 547] VERBATIM 'Ngayu bimay-anji kada-ny'; bimay dict


Dingkarandamundu kayangka nganya baykan.

dingkar-andamun-du kaya-ngka nganya bayka-ny | man-POSS-ERG(neutral) dog-ERG:pt 1sg.ACC bite-PAST — POSS agreement re-probe (pitfall 19)

[A 515] verbatim frame 'Dingkar-andamun-du yaba-ngka'


jungkalu julurri-ka-rr | billycan.ABS wash-IMP-first — reduced -rr on -ka imperatives (§15)

§15 VERBATIM 'julurri-ka-rr' 'wash it first'


Kaki yundu jarba nyajil, ngaykundu balka!

kaki yundu jarba nyaji-l, ngayku-ndu balka-∅ | if 2sg.NOM snake.ABS see-NONPAST 1sg-LOC tell-IMP — kaki conditional + LOC addressee (pitfall 13)

[A 393] kaki frame; addressee LOC pitfall 13


The women went to the river to wash clothes.

Jalbu-jalbu wawubajanga dungan, kambi julurrinka.

jalbu-jalbu wawubaja-nga dunga-ny, kambi julurri-nka | woman-REDUP.ABS river-LOC go-PAST clothes.ABS wash-PURP

[A 406] frame verbatim; [A 494] kambi julurri- collocation


ngawa karrba-∅, dara-nyji | baby.ABS hold-IMP fall-PRECAUT

[A 439] frame (carry lest cry); dara-nyji per [A 441]


Mum told the children to wash their hands.

Ngamungku karrkay-karrkay balkan, mara julurrijinka.

ngamu-ngku karrkay-karrkay balka-ny, mara julurri-ji-nka | mother-ERG:pt child-REDUP.ABS tell-PAST hand.ABS wash-REFL-PURP — jussive (pitfall 13 licensed)

[A 415] jussive frame; [A 447] mara julurriji collocation


wanyurringku yundu kada-ny | why 2sg.NOM come-PAST — 'why' initial (§9)

[A 127b] wanyurringku frame; errata addition


ngayku dambal wanjabu | 1sg.POSS shoes.ABS where.LOC


yundu kuyu mani-ny | 2sg.NOM fish.ABS get-PAST — yes/no by intonation (§11)


mukul dingkar murruji milka-bu nyaji-l | old man.ABS cannot ear-INST perceive-NONPAST — 'cannot hear'; murruji + finite (E-011)

milka-janay dict 'listen'; murruji finite-verb rule (batch-002 lesson)


kari babi-nda balka-∅ | NEG granny-LOC:pt tell-IMP — prohibitive kari+IMP; addressee LOC

[A 436] kari+IMP; addressee LOC pitfall 13; babi-nda attested


kambi marral-ma-ny | clothes.ABS dry-INCHO-PAST

[A 314] inchoative frame; marral dict 'dry'


kaba-bu baral duna-bunga-ny | rain-ERG(neutral) road.ABS wet-CAUS-PAST — inanimate natural cause = neutral ERG (§4, [A 238-241])

[A 241] 'mili-bu waju-ny' inanimate neutral-ERG cause; duna-bungal productive per §10c; PROBE


The children went to the river. They swam. They came back home.

Karrkay-karrkay wawubajanga dungan. Jana marijin. Jana bayanba kadan baja.

karrkay-karrkay wawubaja-nga dunga-ny. jana mariji-ny. jana bayan-ba kada-ny-baja | child-REDUP.ABS river-LOC go-PAST. 3pl.NOM swim-PAST. 3pl.NOM home-LOC come-PAST-again — 3-sentence micro-narrative, jana topic chain (§Ch5)

karrkay wawubaja dungay mariji bayan kaday

all clauses on attested anchors; topic continuity per Ch5 discourse


Granny lit the fire. She cooked fish. Everyone ate.

Babingka baya wayjun. Nyulu kuyu wayjun. Jana wubulku nukan.

babi-ngka baya waju-ny. nyulu kuyu waju-ny. jana wubul-ku nuka-ny | granny-ERG:pt fire.ABS burn-PAST. 3sg.NOM fish.ABS cook-PAST. 3pl.NOM all-EMPH eat-PAST — micro-narrative; waju-l covers light/cook

[A 424] VERBATIM 'baya waju-l' light a fire; elder 'wubulku'; surface wayju- per dict


If it rains, the women will stay in the house.

Kaki kaba kaday, jalbu-jalbu bayanba bundanday.

kaki kaba kada-y, jalbu-jalbu bayan-ba bundanda-y | if rain come-NONPAST, woman-REDUP house-LOC stay-NONPAST


wawu-janji-nya-muny jana wunana-y | after-bathe-SUB-ABL 3pl.NOM lie.REDUP-NONPAST


ngayu wawu bana nuka-nka | 1sg.NOM want water.ABS drink-PURP


The old man taught the young fellows to make spears.

Mukulungku dingkarangka warru-warru binal-bungan, kalka balkanka.

mukul-ungku dingkar-angka warru-warru binal-bunga-ny, kalka balka-nka | old-ERG:pt man-ERG:pt young.man-REDUP.ABS teach-PAST spear.ABS make-PURP — NP agreement + jussive

[A 255] teach; [A 589] 'kalka balka-nka' VERBATIM; NP agreement [A 327]


Yesterday we went to the sea and got a lot of fish.

Yilayku ngana jalunbu dungan, kuyu wubul manin.

yilayku ngana jalun-bu dunga-ny, kuyu wubul mani-ny | yesterday 1pl.inc sea-LOC go-PAST fish.ABS many get-PAST — juxtaposed clause chain


The old women cooked food and everyone ate.

Kamba-kambangka mayi wayjun, jana wubulku nukan.

kamba-kamba-ngka mayi waju-ny, jana wubul-ku nuka-ny | old.woman-REDUP-ERG:pt food cook-PAST 3pl all-EMPH eat-PAST

redup+ERG (maral-maral-angka); elder wubulku


karrkay badi-ny ngamu-nku | child.ABS cry-PAST mother-DAT:pt — cause-of-emotion DAT

[A 257] verbatim frame 'ngamu-nku badi-ny'


nyulu bambay-ma-ny minya-muny buyun-muny | 3sg.NOM sick-INCHO-PAST meat-ABL bad-ABL — ABL cause + NP agreement

[A 285] VERBATIM 'minya-muny buyun-muny'; bambay-ma-ny attested


ngadiku jana bama jalun-bu bundanda-ny | long.ago 3pl person.ABS sea-LOC stay.REDUP-PAST

bundanda-ny attested (Patz 143, 202); temporal initial


wanjabu yunu kaya | where 2sg.POSS dog.ABS

Table 3.11; interrogative-initial variant attested [A 583]


nyulu kalka balka-l | 3sg.NOM spear.ABS make-NONPAST


The woman made a dilly bag and they put the food in it.

Jalbungku balji balkan, jana mayi mumban baljinga.

jalbu-ngku balji balka-ny, jana mayi mumba-ny balji-nga | woman-ERG bag make-PAST 3pl food put.in-PAST bag-LOC

[A 579] 'mumba-ny balji-nga' VERBATIM; [A 5167] balji balka- attested


Dad got the rifle and went out for pigs.

Nganjanangka marrkin manin, bikibikinga dungan.

nganjan-angka marrkin mani-ny, bikibiki-nga dunga-ny | father-ERG rifle get-PAST pig-LOC go-PAST

[A 269] bikibiki-nga VERBATIM; chain [A 382]


kaya-ngka jarba nyaji-ny. nyulu warri-ny | dog-ERG snake see-PAST. 3sg run-PAST — 2-sentence micro


The baby cried and its mother picked it up.

Ngawa badin, ngamungku nyunguny karrban.

ngawa badi-ny, ngamu-ngku nyunguny karrba-ny | baby cry-PAST mother-ERG 3sg.ACC grab-PAST

karrbal 'grab'; pron ACC nyunguny; chain


yundu wanjabu dunga-y | 2sg.NOM where go-NONPAST


ngayu wawu-kari dunga-nka | 1sg.NOM want-PRIV go-PURP

[A 518] wawu-kari; PURP complement per [A 426]


yinya jalbu mala-mayi | that woman.ABS expert-food — mala- 'expert' (§7)

§3.2.3.7 mala-mayi 'good cook' VERBATIM; dict mala-X entries


ngayku yaba-ngka wangal balka-ny | 1sg.POSS eB-ERG:pt boomerang make-PAST

balkal 'make' [A 284/413]; yaba-ngka (002.22 precedent)


bula maral baral-ba jilba dunga-ny | 3du girl.ABS road-LOC walk go-PAST


kuyu jirray jalun-bu | fish.ABS plenty sea-LOC — quantifier existential

jirray dict 'lots'; [A 229] quant frame; jalun-bu LOC


nyiku wungar wumbul-baja-ku | today sun.ABS hot-very — temporal initial

temporal initial §11; bajaku separate word


nyiku jalun kiway-kiway | today sea.ABS cold.REDUP


ngana mayi-ka dunga-y, ngana dakwuy | 1pl.inc food-DAT go-NONPAST 1pl.inc hungry — purpose DAT + verbless chain

[A 254] DAT purpose; [A 401] 'Dakuy' juxtaposed


kari yinyay bunda-y, jarba yinyay | NEG there sit-IMP snake.ABS there — prohibitive + verbless warning


yundu binal yinya bama-nka | 2sg.NOM know that person-DAT:pt — binal + DAT:pt; intonation question

binal+DAT §4.9.1; bama-nka attested anchor


Ngayu nyunguny nyajin yilayku, nyulu bambay bajaku.

ngayu nyunguny nyaji-ny yilayku, nyulu bambay-baja-ku | 1sg.NOM 3sg.ACC see-PAST yesterday 3sg sick-very

pron ACC; bambay-baja-ku attested [A 2146-area]


The girl is carrying the baby and Mum is cooking food.

Maralangka ngawa jarra-kulbal, ngamungku mayi wayjul.

maral-angka ngawa jarrakulba-l, ngamu-ngku mayi waju-l | girl-ERG baby carry-NONPAST mother-ERG food cook-NONPAST

[A 439] jarrakulbal (errata addition); parallel clauses


jana karrkay bana-nga jalama-ri-ny | 3pl child.ABS water-LOC jump-PLS-PAST — -ri- licensed by jana

jana licenses -ri- (E-012); jalamal dict


wanyu yinya | what.ABS that.ABS — verbless interrogative


yinya kaya ngayku | that dog.ABS 1sg.POSS — possessive predicate


ngamu-ngku damba balka-ny karrkay-anka | mother-ERG damper make-PAST child-DAT:pt — beneficiary DAT

[A 253] beneficiary DAT frame; karrkay-anka attested


The two young men went out with spears to spear a turtle.

Bula warru kalkaji dungan, ngawiya damanka.

bula warru kalka-ji dunga-ny, ngawiya dama-nka | 3du young.man spear-COMIT go-PAST turtle spear-PURP

[A 551] kalka-ji dungay; [A 406] purposive


kari yinya bana nuka, bana buyun | NEG that water drink.IMP water.ABS bad


ngayu ngawa nyaji-ny, banbadi-nya | 1sg.NOM baby perceive-PAST cry.REDUP-SUB — perception + simultaneous -nyV

[A 460] 'kuni-ny wanarri-nya' frame; banbadiy §2.5.3


jalbu-jalbu dunga-ny, wukay baka-nka | woman-REDUP go-PAST yam dig-PURP


nyiku ngana warrma-nga dunga-y | today 1pl.inc dance-LOC go-NONPAST

warrma dict 'dance(corroboree)'; LOC -ngV rule; goal LOC


bijarr kada-ny mukul dingkar-anda | dream.ABS come-PAST old man-LOC:pt — 'a dream came to X' (Text 36 idiom)

Text 36 'Bijarr kada-ny' VERBATIM; recipient-experiencer LOC


You two cook the fish — I'll light the fire.

yubal kuyu waju-∅, ngayu baya waju-l | 2du fish cook-IMP 1sg fire burn-NONPAST

[A 568] IMP+statement chain; [A 424] baya waju-l


kari warri-y baral-ba | NEG run-IMP road-LOC — y-conj IMP, final -iy → -i (E-017)


ngayu mayi wundi-l bimay-anda | 1sg.NOM food take-NONPAST FZ-LOC:pt — recipient LOC

[A 273] frame; bimay dict; -anda a-harmony


jana bama warrma-nga wuri-ny | 3pl person dance-LOC dance-PAST


ngayku jina kaka | 1sg.POSS foot.ABS sore


wanjarrinya kuyu yundu mani-ny | how.many fish 2sg.NOM get-PAST


ngawa warngku wuna-y, kari yirrka-y | baby sleep lie-NONPAST NEG shout-IMP


That house is big and this one is small.

Yinya bayan yalbay, yanyu bayan karrkay.

yinya bayan yalbay, yanyu bayan karrkay | that house big, this house small — parallel verbless contrast

karrkay ADJ 'small' (dict) with inanimate head; parallel clauses


ngana kuyu-ku wawu, minya-ka wawu-kari | 1pl.inc fish-DAT want meat-DAT want-PRIV — parallel wawu clauses


At dawn Dad got up. He went to the sea. He caught a lot of fish and came back home.

Muduwajuny nganjan wandin. Nyulu jalunbu dungan. Nyulu kuyu wubul manin, bayanba kadan baja.

muduwaju-ny nganjan wandi-ny. nyulu jalun-bu dunga-ny. nyulu kuyu wubul mani-ny, bayan-ba kada-ny-baja | dawn father rise-PAST. 3sg sea-LOC go-PAST. 3sg fish many get-PAST home-LOC come-PAST-again

muduwajuny nganjan wandil jalun dungay kuyu wubul manil bayan kaday

all clauses on attested anchors; muduwajuny (batch-003 ruling); topic chain


The old women sat inside. They told stories and the children listened.

Kamba-kamba kananga bundandan. Jana kuku balkan, karrkay-karrkay milka-janan.

kamba-kamba kana-nga bundanda-ny. jana kuku balka-ny, karrkay-karrkay milka-jana-ny | old.woman-REDUP inside-LOC stay-PAST. 3pl word/story tell-PAST child-REDUP ear-stand-PAST(=listened)

kamba kana bunday kuku balkal karrkay milka

kana-nga (batch-003 fix); milka-janay dict 'listen'; elder 'jananga kuku' story-telling


A snake came into the camp. The women shouted. The old man killed it with a stick.

Jarba bayanba kadan. Jalbu-jalbu yirrkarin. Mukulungku dingkarangka jarba kunin jukubu.

jarba bayan-ba kada-ny. jalbu-jalbu yirrka-ri-ny. mukul-ungku dingkar-angka jarba kuni-ny juku-bu | snake camp-LOC come-PAST. woman-REDUP shout-PLS-PAST. old-ERG man-ERG snake kill-PAST stick-INST

jarba bayan kaday jalbu yirrkay mukul dingkar kunil juku

-ri- licensed by redup subject; [A 242] INST after V; NP agreement


karrkay-karrkay ngalkal-ba kinka-y | child-REDUP outside-LOC play-NONPAST

kinkay dict itr 'play'; ngalkal-ba attested


In the morning the children played in the water.

Wunkuwingku karrkay-karrkay bananga kinkan.

wunkuwingku karrkay-karrkay bana-nga kinka-ny | morning child-REDUP water-LOC play-PAST

kinka-ny past; wunkuwingku dict temporal; English 'all morning'→'in the morning' sense (temporal setting)


nyiku nganjan kirraji-y | today father.ABS work-NONPAST — final -iy → -i (E-017)


yilayku ngayu kirraji-ny | yesterday 1sg.NOM work-PAST


nganya mara-daji-∅ | 1sg.ACC hand-give.IMP(suppletive daya) — mara-dajil 'help'

mara-dajil dict tr 'help'; suppletive daya (§10b)


ngayu yununy mara-daji-l | 1sg.NOM 2sg.ACC help-NONPAST


yaluy maku-jana-y | here wait-IMP — y-conj IMP keeps -y (a-final)

maku-janay dict itr 'wait'; IMP -y a-final (batch-005 lesson)


ngana bayan-ba maku-jana-y | 1pl.inc house-LOC wait-NONPAST


jarramali-ngka bulki dalbarri-ny | thunderstorm-ERG:pt cow.ABS strike-PAST — natural force as POTENT agent

[A 504] VERBATIM 'Jarramali-ngka bulki dalbarri-ny'; bulki+dalbarril errata additions


jarramali kada-y, ngana bayan-ba dunga-y | thunderstorm come-NONPAST 1pl.inc house-LOC go-NONPAST

jarramali dict 'thunder(storm)'; [A 226] kaday frame


nyiku ngurrban wubul | today cloud.ABS many — quantifier predicate

ngurrban dict 'cloud' (Bible-attested); [A 229] quant


balbay! karrkay-karrkay yinil-ma-ri-ny | lightning! child-REDUP afraid-INCHO-PLS-PAST

balbay dict 'lightning'; elder 'yinyilmarin' (spelling per dict yinil); -ri- licensed by redup


kaba kada-ny, jukar duna-ma-ny | rain come-PAST sand wet-INCHO-PAST

jukar dict 'sand'; duna-mal productive inchoative (§10c)


ngayu wunba mani-ny juku-muny | 1sg.NOM honey get-PAST tree-ABL

wunba dict 'honey' (Patz §2.1.1 wunba); juku-muny attested


yawa juku-ngu wuna-y | possum tree-LOC lie-NONPAST

yawa dict 'possum'; juku-ngu attested anchor


walkarr-angka diburr nuka-ny | goanna-ERG:pt egg.ABS eat-PAST

walkarr-angka attested (Patz §3.2.1); diburr dict


kaya-ngka yawa nyaji-ny, kanga-ny | dog-ERG possum see-PAST chase-PAST — same-A clause chain

[A 382] chain; A-ellipsis in 2nd clause (Ch5 pivot)


In the middle of the night there are lots of stars.

kunarangkal dawar wubul | middle.of.night star.ABS many

kunarangkal dict temporal; dawar dict 'star'


wunkuwingku ngana kuyu-ngu dunga-y | morning 1pl.inc fish-LOC go-NONPAST


In the late afternoon they came back home.

yilay-yilay jana bayan-ba kada-ny-baja | late.afternoon 3pl home-LOC come-PAST-again

yilay-yilay dict temporal; kadan baja convention


ngayku yabaju jinbal-baja-ku | 1sg.POSS yB.ABS fast-very

yabaju dict 'younger brother' (Patz yabuju variant); jinbal dict 'fast'


nyulu jinbal-ku warri-ny, kadar karrba-ny | 3sg fast-ADV run-PAST wallaby catch-PAST

jinbal-ku derived adverb §3.8.6.2 attested; chain


jalbu-jalbu wulngku badi-y | woman-REDUP sing(lit song-cry)-NONPAST — final -iy → -i

dict 'wulngku badi' itr 'sing' (verbatim two-word headword)


babi yirrka-ny karrkay-anda | granny shout-PAST child-LOC:pt — addressee LOC

[A 227] yirrka-ny; addressee LOC:pt (§5)


yuday walngka-nga jalama-ny | frog swamp-LOC jump-PAST

yuday dict 'frog'; walngka dict 'swamp' (Patz walngka-burr PERL attested); jalamal


mukul dingkar kuku balka-l | old man word/story tell-NONPAST


milka-jana-y! kamba-kamba balka-wa-y | listen-IMP! elder-REDUP speak-RECIP-NONPAST

milka-janay dict 'listen'; balkaway lexicalized


bula dabal wawubaja-nga mariji-ny | 3du boys river-LOC swim-PAST


ngamu-ngku marra nyurrba-l | mother-ERG zamia.nut grind-NONPAST

nyurrbal dict 'grind, sharpen'; marra 'zamia nut' (Patz §2.1.1 minimal pair)


ngana kuyu damba nuka-ny baya-nga | 1pl.inc fish damper eat-PAST fire-LOC


yinya wangal wanyamba | that boomerang who.POSS


wanya-ngka yanyu kalka balka-ny | who-ERG:pt this spear make-PAST

[A 577] wanya-ngka frame; [A 589] kalka balka-


karrkay-karrkay-angka wanyu nuka-ny | child-REDUP-ERG:pt what eat-PAST


wanjawanja jalbu-jalbu kada-y-baja | when woman-REDUP come-NONPAST-again


wanyurringku ngawa badi-y | why baby cry-NONPAST


bunda-y, mayi nuka-∅ | sit-IMP food eat-IMP — imperative chain


wandi-∅! wungar wandi-ny | rise-IMP! sun rise-PAST

wandil l-conj disyll → IMP zero 'wandi' — SELF-CHECK at review


jungkalu wundi-∅ yaluy | billycan bring-IMP here — l-conj disyll zero IMP

wundil l-conj → IMP wundi (zero); [A 573] O-V order


kulji yilba-∅ bana-nga | stone throw-IMP water-LOC


yaluy baka-∅, wukay badabada | here dig-IMP yam down.there

bakal IMP zero; [A 297] badabada predicate


ngayu dukul kaka, ngayu baja-burray | 1sg head sore 1sg tired — inalienable + chain


wulbuman-amu miyil nganjay | old.woman-POSS eye.ABS no.good — POSS with ABS head (licensed bare -amu)

POSS -Vmu with zero-inflected head (§7); [A 307] nganjay


nyungu dirra junkurr-ji | 3sg.POSS tooth strength-COMIT

junkurr-ji attested ×3; 002.05 precedent


Dingkar-dingkarangka kadar jambul daman.

dingkar-dingkar-angka kadar jambul dama-ny | man-REDUP-ERG:pt wallaby two spear-PAST


The women cooked the wallaby in the earth oven.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku kadar waju-ny kurrma-nga | woman-REDUP-ERG wallaby cook-PAST earth.oven-LOC


kalnga dunga-ny kaya-nji | MB go-PAST dog-COMIT:pt — potent comitative

[A 548] 'kaya-nji' VERBATIM; kalnga 'MB uncle' ([A 502] kalnga-ngka attested)


Maral-maralangka bana wundin wawubajamuny.

maral-maral-angka bana wundi-ny wawubaja-muny | girl-REDUP-ERG water bring-PAST river-ABL — SELF-CHECK spelling at review


yinya warru mala-minya | that young.man expert-meat(=hunter)

§3.2.3.7 mala-minya VERBATIM; dict mala-minya


babi mala-balji | granny expert-dillybag


jalun-du marrakan wundi-ny baja | sea-ERG(neutral, attested jalun-du) canoe bring-PAST again

marrakan dict 'dugout canoe'; sea as agent — potency probe


nyiku ngayu warngku wuna-y | now 1sg sleep lie-NONPAST


karrkay juku-muny dara-ny, badi-ny | child tree-ABL fall-PAST cry-PAST — same-S chain


babi-ngka wunba daji-ny ngayku-ndu | granny-ERG honey give-PAST 1sg-LOC


The young men are making boomerangs and spears.

warru-warru-ngku wangal kalka balka-l | young.man-REDUP-ERG boomerang spear make-NONPAST


kari walkarr karrba-∅, bayka-l | NEG goanna touch-IMP bite-NONPAST


dawar dara-ny wangkar-muny | star fall-PAST up-ABL — location word + ABL (§3.3)

§3.3 locword ABL -muny attested (ngubar-muny [A 108])


kambal-kambal yinyay | mud there — existential locative; 'deep' trimmed (no exponent)

kambal-kambal dict 'mud'; [A 297] frame; E-004 trim


ngana store-mun-bu maku-jana-ny | 1pl.inc store-mun-LOC wait-PAST

wait-for DAT rule-derived; store-mun-LOC — review the -da


ngalngal-angka ngayku jina bayka-ny | sand.crab-ERG:pt 1sg.POSS foot bite-PAST

ngalngal dict 'sand crab' ([A] nganjan-anji 'with sand crab' potent DAT... class probe); -dV else allomorph


The women collected shellfish on the beach.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku bulkiji bangka-ny jukar-a | woman-REDUP-ERG pipi gather-PAST sand-LOC

bulkiji 'pipi' (Patz bulkiji-mun-ku attested); jukar-ba LOC


ngayku bimay binal kuku-ku | 1sg.POSS FZ know story-DAT


wulay dict 'dying'; fire-dies idiom — PROBE, review semantics


baya waju-∅, kiway-kiway | fire burn-IMP cold.REDUP


buyi juku-ngu jana-y | bird.ABS tree-LOC stand-NONPAST

junjul 'smoke' — GREP at review; wangkar directional bare


They walked through the scrub to the river.

jana madja-nga jilba dunga-ny wawubaja-nga | 3pl scrub-LOC walk go-PAST river-LOC

[A 277] maja-nga; double LOC (path+goal) — review


karrkay-karrkay kuku-ku binal-ma-ny | child-REDUP language-DAT learn-PAST — [A 591] verbatim base

[A 516] binal-ma-l + DAT; source ABL — babi potent should be -ndamuny? review


yinya dingkar kuku balka-l ngulkurr-ku | that man language speak-NONPAST good-ADV

ngulkurr-ku derived adverb §3.8.6.2 pattern (buyun-ku attested)


balka-∅ ngulkurr-ku, ngayu binal-ma-l | speak-IMP good-ADV 1sg learn-NONPAST — 'slowly'→'properly' rendering

[A 591] 'Ngayu binalmal kukuku' VERBATIM base; E-004: 'slowly' rendered as ngulkurrku (review)


kamba-kamba baya-nga warngku wuna-ny | elder-REDUP fire-LOC sleep-PAST


ngamu-mu bubu wawubaja-nga | mother-POSS country.ABS river-LOC — Table 3.2 ngamu-mu VERBATIM

POSS chain + LOC pred — review the -ndumun zero-head form


diburr kadaba-ny balji-nga | egg break(itr)-PAST bag-LOC

kadabal itr l-conj 'break' (§10a list); balji-nga


ngayku mara karrba-∅, baral buyun | 1sg.POSS hand hold-IMP road bad


kaya yirrba-n-yirrba-ji-y | dog scratch-REDUP-REFL-NONPAST — [A 338] verbatim; E-017 surface; yirrbal dict

yirrba-l 'scratch' [A 338] — surface yirrbaji per E-017; FIX at review


Wash the clothes and put them in the sun!

kambi julurri-ka, wungar-a yijarri-ka | clothes wash-IMP sun-LOC put-IMP — [A 153-154] verbatim IMPs

julurri-ka [A]; walngkal §10a listed INTRANSITIVE — review!


minya dinda-n-dinda-ji-y baya-nga | meat roast-REDUP-ITR-NONPAST fire-LOC — [A 358] VERBATIM

[A 358] 'Minya dinda-n-dinda-ji-y baya-nga' VERBATIM — apply E-017 surface; FIX at review


kami naka dunga-ny manjal-ba | grandparent east go-PAST mountain-LOC

naka §3.3 compass bare [A 106]; manjal-ba


muyar kada-ny kungkarr-muny | wind come-PAST north-ABL

kungkarr §3.3; locword ABL -muny (jukarr-mundu ABESS attested; -muny per §3.3 table)


jana marrakan-da dunga-ny | 3pl canoe-INST go-PAST — conveyance INST per jina-bu [A 245]

INST of conveyance per jina-bu 'on foot' [A 245] pattern; -dV else allomorph


ngawa-mu dirra wandi-ny | baby-POSS tooth come.out-PAST


ngayu naybu bawa-ny | 1sg knife leave-PAST — 'forgot'→'left behind' rendering

bawa-l 'leave' ([A] bawa-nyaku attested; elder 'jananin bawanka') — 'forgot' as 'left' (fidelity note)


kaya bawa-∅ ngalkal-ba | dog leave-IMP outside-LOC


The children looked at the stars in the night.

Karrkay-karrkayangka dawar nyajin kunarangkal.

karrkay-karrkay-angka dawar nyaji-ny kunarangkal | child-REDUP-ERG:pt star see-PAST middle.of.night

'count' — no verified verb; REPLACE at review


babi-ngka wukay milbi-ny maral-maral-anda | granny-ERG yam show-PAST girl-REDUP-LOC:pt


ngali yaluy bunda-y, maku-jana-y | 1du.exc here sit-NONPAST wait-NONPAST


yarraman-angka bana nuka-ny wawubaja-nga | horse-ERG:pt water drink-PAST river-LOC

yarraman-anda LOC:pt attested → ERG -angka parallel


yinya kalka yunu | that spear.ABS 2sg.POSS — intonation question

no 'or' particle; juxtaposed alternates (review register)


kija kudamundu ngurrban-ba | moon behind cloud-LOC

kudamundu+LOC NP [003.09 precedent]; ngurrban-ba


It rained all night and the river came up.

kaba kada-ny, wawubaja yalbay-ma-ny | rain come-PAST river big-INCHO-PAST — 'all night' trimmed (E-004); 'came up'='grew'


mukul dingkar bijarr nyaji-ny bubu-ku | old man dream see-PAST country-DAT — 'dreamed of' = saw a dream about

bijarr+nyajil; topic DAT [A 264] — PROBE


yaluy kada-y, ngawa | here come-IMP baby(vocative)


wunkuwingku kuyu bayka-l | morning fish bite-NONPAST


yilayku ngana yamba-kari mani-ny | yesterday 1pl.inc nothing get-PAST


minya daya jana-nda wubul-ku | meat give.IMP 3pl-LOC all-EMPH — 'share'='give to all'


maral-maral-angka kaya yajarri-ny | girl-REDUP-ERG dog laugh.at-PAST — SELF-CHECK spelling at review


kami wunana-y wabarr-ba | grandparent rest-NONPAST shade-LOC

wabarr 'shade' (Patz wabarr-darr PERL attested) — GREP dict at review


kuyu mumba-∅ balji-nga | fish put.in-IMP bag-LOC

[A 579] 'mumba-ny balji-nga' VERBATIM base


jalun kada-y | sea come-NONPAST — tide idiom

sea-comes idiom — PROBE (review register)


Three-sentence: The women went digging for yams. The children played by the river. In the late afternoon everyone came back to camp.

Jalbu-jalbu dungan, wukay bakanka. Karrkay-karrkay wawubajanga kinkan. Yilay-yilay jana wubulku bayanba kadan baja.

jalbu-jalbu dunga-ny, wukay baka-nka. karrkay-karrkay wawubaja-nga kinka-ny. yilay-yilay jana wubul-ku bayan-ba kada-ny-baja | 3-sentence micro-narrative

jalbu dungay wukay bakal karrkay wawubaja kinkay yilay-yilay bayan kaday


Three-sentence: The storm came at night. Lightning struck a tree. In the morning the tree was down.

Jarramali kadan kunarangkal. Balbaynja juku dalbarrin. Wunkuwingku juku bada-bada.

jarramali kada-ny kunarangkal. balbay-nja juku dalbarri-ny. wunkuwingku juku badabada | storm come-PAST midnight. lightning-ERG(neutral -njV/y-) tree strike-PAST. morning tree down.there

jarramali kunarangkal balbay juku dalbarril wunkuwingku

balbay-nja neutral ERG y-final -njV attested (§3.2.1 'balbay-nja' VERBATIM anchor); [A 504] dalbarril


Three-sentence: Uncle speared a big fish. Granny cooked it in the earth oven. Everyone ate well that evening.

Kalngangka kuyu yalbay daman. Babingka wayjun kurrmanga. Jana wubulku ngulkurrku nukan.

kalnga-ngka kuyu yalbay dama-ny. babi-ngka waju-ny kurrma-nga. jana wubul-ku ngulkurr-ku nuka-ny | uncle-ERG fish big spear-PAST. granny-ERG cook-PAST oven-LOC. 3pl all-EMPH good-ADV eat-PAST

kalnga kuyu yalbay damal babi wayjul kurrma nukal

kalnga-ngka attested [A 502]; O-ellipsis clause 2 (Ch5); 'that evening' trimmed E-004


Dad went hunting with uncle. They speared a wallaby in the scrub. Granny cooked it in the earth oven.

Nganjan kalnganji dungan, minyaka. Bula madjanga kadar daman. Babingka wayjun kurrmanga.

nganjan kalnga-nji dunga-ny minya-ka. bula madja-nga kadar dama-ny. babi-ngka waju-ny kurrma-nga | father MB-COMIT:pt go-PAST meat-DAT. 3du scrub-LOC wallaby spear-PAST. granny-ERG cook-PAST oven-LOC

nganjan kalnga dungay minya madja kadar damal babi wayjul kurrma

[A 547] COMIT:pt; [A 254] DAT purpose; O-ellipsis Ch5


In the morning the girls went to the river. They washed the clothes. Then they came back and put them in the sun.

Wunkuwingku maral-maral wawubajanga dungan. Jana kambi julurrin. Jana kadan baja, kambi wungara yijarrinda.

wunkuwingku maral-maral wawubaja-nga dunga-ny. jana kambi julurri-ny. jana kada-ny-baja, kambi wungar-a yijarri-ny-da | morning girl-REDUP river-LOC go-PAST. 3pl clothes wash-PAST. 3pl come-PAST-again clothes sun-LOC put-PAST-then

wunkuwingku maral wawubaja dungay kambi julurril kaday wungar yijarril

[A 494]; -da 'then' TEMP1 on final verb ([A] nukanda pattern)


The boys found honey in a tree. They got it down and ate it all.

Dabalangka wunba nyajin jukungu. Jana manin, nukanyarrku.

dabal-angka wunba nyaji-ny juku-ngu. jana mani-ny, nuka-ny-arrku | boys-ERG honey see-PAST tree-LOC. 3pl get-PAST eat-PAST-TOTAL

[A 211] -ny-arrku 'did totally' (julurri-ny-arrku verbatim pattern)


The storm came at night. Everyone stayed inside the house. In the morning the sun came out again.

Jarramali kadan kunarangkal. Jana wubulku kananga bundandan. Wunkuwingku wungar wandin baja.

jarramali kada-ny kunarangkal. jana wubul-ku kana-nga bundanda-ny. wunkuwingku wungar wandi-ny-baja | storm come-PAST midnight. 3pl all inside-LOC stay-PAST. morning sun rise-PAST-again

jarramali kunarangkal kana bunday wunkuwingku wungar wandil


They came, caught fish, cooked them and then ate.

jana kada-ny, kuyu mani-ny, waju-ny, nuka-ny-da | 3pl come-PAST fish get-PAST cook-PAST eat-PAST-then — the attested 4-verb chain

[A §3.10.1] VERBATIM 'Jana kadany, kuyu maniny, wajuny, nukanyda'


He caught a fish first, then speared a turtle.

nyulu kuyu-ngurr mani-ny, ngawiya dama-ny-da | 3sg fish-first get-PAST turtle spear-PAST-then

[A 210] VERBATIM frame 'kuyu-ngurr maniny, ngawuya damanyda'


The old man sat by the fire and told stories all night.

Mukul dingkar bayanga bundandan, kuku balkan.

mukul dingkar baya-nga bundanda-ny, kuku balka-ny | old man fire-LOC stay-PAST story tell-PAST — 'all night' trimmed (E-004)


The children listened, then went to sleep.

Karrkay-karrkay milka-janan, warngku wunanda.

karrkay-karrkay milka-jana-ny, warngku wuna-ny-da | child-REDUP listen-PAST sleep lie-PAST-then


The dog chased the possum. The possum climbed the tree.

Kayangka yawa kangan. Yawa jukungu dakan.

kaya-ngka yawa kanga-ny. yawa juku-ngu daka-ny | dog-ERG possum chase-PAST. possum tree-LOC climb-PAST


The women dug yams and gathered fruit. In the late afternoon they carried it all back to camp.

Jalbu-jalbungku wukay bakan, mayi bangkan. Yilay-yilay jana bayanba wundinyarrku.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku wukay baka-ny, mayi bangka-ny. yilay-yilay jana bayan-ba wundi-ny-arrku | woman-REDUP-ERG yam dig-PAST fruit gather-PAST. afternoon 3pl camp-LOC bring-PAST-TOTAL

jalbu wukay bakal mayi bangkal yilay-yilay bayan wundil


ngayu dakwuy, mayi ngulkurr | 1sg hungry food good(=ready?) — intonation question

'ready' rendered as 'good' (review note); intonation


maku-jana-y, minya dinda-n-dinda-ji-y | wait-IMP meat roast-REDUP-ITR-NONPAST — 'still' via progressive redup


kuyu waju-ji-ny, kada-y, nuka-∅ | fish cook-ITR-PAST come-IMP eat-IMP — [A 363] 'Marra munja-ji-ny' parallel


Grandad took the children to the river. They swam and played in the water. Nobody wanted to come home.

Kamingka karrkay-karrkay wundin wawubajanga. Jana marijin, bananga kinkan. Jana wawu-kari kadanka baja.

kami-ngka karrkay-karrkay wundi-ny wawubaja-nga. jana mariji-ny, bana-nga kinka-ny. jana wawu-kari kada-nka-baja | grandad-ERG child-REDUP take-PAST river-LOC. 3pl swim-PAST water-LOC play-PAST. 3pl want-PRIV come-PURP-again

kami karrkay wundil wawubaja mariji bana kinkay wawu kaday

[A 218] 'wawu kada-nka-baja' VERBATIM base (want to come back); negated


Auntie is teaching the girls to weave dilly bags.

Bimayngka maral-maral binal-bungal, balji wukurrinka.

bimay-ngka maral-maral binal-bunga-l, balji wukurri-nka | FZ-ERG girl-REDUP teach-NONPAST bag weave-PURP


They roast the zamia nuts before pounding them.

jana marra dinda-l, duda-nyjiku | 3pl zamia roast-NONPAST pound-SUCC — [A 450] VERBATIM

[A 450] 'marra dinda-l, duda-nyjiku' frame — resolve at review


The little one is afraid of the dark — leave the fire burning.

ngawa yinil wujurr-ku, baya waju-l-waju | baby afraid dark-DAT fire burn-REDUP-IMP

[A 428a] yinil wujurr-ku VERBATIM; [A 443] 'Baya wajul-waju' VERBATIM 'keep a fire burning'


ngayku kalnga mala-kuyu | 1sg.POSS MB expert-fish

dict mala-kuyu 'good fisherman' VERBATIM headword


yinya wulbuman mala-burri | that old.woman expert-song

dict mala-burri 'good singer' VERBATIM headword


The tide went out and we gathered shellfish on the sand.

Jalun dungan, ngana bulkiji bangkan jukara.

jalun dunga-ny, ngana bulkiji bangka-ny jukar-a | sea go-PAST 1pl.inc pipi gather-PAST sand-LOC

sea-goes idiom (006.97 mirror); bulkiji errata stub-fill


nyaka, jarba | look.IMP snake — warning exclamation


jarba-ngka kaya bujil bayka-ny | snake-ERG:pt dog.ABS nose.ABS bite-PAST — [A 520] frame; bujil stub-fill 'nose'

inalienable part [A 520-521] 'girl-LOC foot-LOC' frame — verify


kamba-kamba binal bubu-ku | elder-REDUP know country-DAT

elder 'binal...bubuku'; dem agreement in DAT NP — review yanyu vs yaluyngku


We'll camp here tonight — there's water close by.

ngana yaluy bundanda-y, bana ngundu | 1pl.inc here stay-NONPAST water close.by

[A 279] ngundu; bundanday 'camp/stay'; 'tonight' trimmed E-004


The horse is drinking at the river; the dogs are lying in the shade.

Yarraman bana nukal wawubajanga; kaya-kaya wabarrba wunanay.

yarraman bana nuka-l wawubaja-nga; kaya-kaya wabarr-ba wunana-y | horse water drink-NONPAST river-LOC; dog-REDUP shade-LOC lie.REDUP-NONPAST

yarraman bana nukal wawubaja kaya wabarr wunay


maral, bana daya babi-nda | girl(voc) water give.IMP granny-LOC


The children got frightened and ran home.

Karrkay-karrkay yinilmarin, bayanba warrin.

karrkay-karrkay yinil-ma-ri-ny, bayan-ba warri-ny | child-REDUP afraid-INCHO-PLS-PAST home-LOC run-PAST


Big brother speared two fish; little brother got none.

Yabangka kuyu jambul daman; yabajungku yamba-kari manin.

yaba-ngka kuyu jambul dama-ny; yabaju-ngku yamba-kari mani-ny | eB-ERG fish two spear-PAST; yB-ERG nothing get-PAST

yaba kuyu jambul damal yabaju yamba-kari manil

parallel contrast; yabaju-ngku u-harmony


wanyamba ngawa badi-y | who.POSS baby cry-NONPAST


juku wundi-∅, baya waju-nka | wood bring-IMP fire burn-PURP — [A 424] base


Jana kuyu yalbay bajaku dajin mukul dingkaranda.

jana kuyu yalbay-baja-ku daji-ny mukul dingkar-anda | 3pl fish big-very give-PAST old man-LOC

'biggest'→'very big' rendering; [A 272] recipient


The moon came up from behind the mountain.

kija wandi-ny manjal-muny | moon rise-PAST mountain-ABL — 'over'→'from' rendering

manjal-muny attested; fidelity note 'over→from'


ngana ngalkal-ba bunda-ri-ny, dawar nyaji-ny | 1pl.inc outside-LOC sit-PLS-PAST star see-PAST

-ri- licensed by ngana pl pronoun; chain


buyi juku-muny warri-ny | bird tree-ABL run/fly-PAST — warri covers 'fly' (dict 'to run, to fly')


junkurr-ku karrba-∅ | strength-ADV hold-IMP

elder 'junkurrku kujinka' adverbial VERBATIM base


bula jalbu balka-wa-ny | 3du woman speak-RECIP-PAST


yanyu bana buyun nuka-ji-y | this water bad eat-ITR-NONPAST — tastes-bad passive


kuku Kubirri-nka kalbay | story Kubirri-DAT:pt long — topic DAT


The children are learning the language at school.

Karrkay-karrkay kukuku binalmal schoolmunbu.

karrkay-karrkay kuku-ku binal-ma-l school-mun-bu | child-REDUP language-DAT learn-NONPAST school-mun-LOC — [A 591] + school-mun-bu VERBATIM

[A 591]; school-mun-bu attested — review harmony


Babindamundu kayangka nganangan wukurrin wawubajanga.

babi-ndamun-du kaya-ngka nganangan wukurri-ny wawubaja-nga | granny-POSS-ERG dog-ERG:pt 1pl.inc.ACC follow-PAST river-LOC — [A 515] agreement

POSS-ERG agreement [A 515]; ACC 1pl.inc = nganangan (Y) — review


ngayu ngayku bubu milbi-l yunu-ndu | 1sg.NOM 1sg.POSS country show-NONPAST 2sg-LOC


yuday kulji-nga bunda-y | frog stone-LOC sit-NONPAST


kaba-bu nganangan duna-bunga-ny | rain-ERG(neutral) 1pl.inc.ACC wet-CAUS-PAST — [A 241] inanimate neutral cause


The men built a shelter before the rain came.

Dingkar-dingkarangka bayan balkan, kaba kadanyjiku.

dingkar-dingkar-angka bayan balka-ny, kaba kada-nyjiku | man-REDUP-ERG shelter make-PAST rain come-SUCC

[A 455] no-common-NP SUCC; balkal 'make'


Everyone was happy — there was plenty of meat.

jana wubul-ku wawu-mini, minya jirray | 3pl all happy meat plenty


yundu jarramali milka-bu nyaji-ny | 2sg thunder ear-INST perceive-PAST — 'last night' trimmed


buyi-mu diburr juku-ngu | bird-POSS egg tree-LOC


The old man walked slowly up the mountain.

mukul dingkar manjal-ba daka-ny | old man mountain-LOC climb-PAST — 'slowly' trimmed (E-004)


We looked for the dog everywhere but couldn't find it.

Ngana kayanda nubi-nubijin, kari nyajin.

ngana kaya-nda nubi-nubi-ji-ny, kari nyaji-ny | 1pl.inc dog-LOC:pt search-REDUP-ITR-PAST NEG see-PAST — [A 368] VERBATIM base; nubil dict 'seek'

[A 368] 'nubi-nubi-ji-y' VERBATIM searching-around; O→? review case


Kalngangka nganya milbin, wukay bakanka.

kalnga-ngka nganya milbi-ny, wukay baka-nka | MB-ERG 1sg.ACC show-PAST yam dig-PURP

[A 415] O=A' jussive with milbil — review licensing


The women went out in the morning. They gathered pipis on the sand. Then they cooked them on the fire and everyone ate.

Wunkuwingku jalbu-jalbu dungan. Jana bulkiji bangkan jukara. Jana wayjun bayanga, jana wubulku nukanda.

wunkuwingku jalbu-jalbu dunga-ny. jana bulkiji bangka-ny jukar-a. jana waju-ny baya-nga, jana wubul-ku nuka-ny-da | 4-clause micro with -da close (surface ny+da → nda)

wunkuwingku jalbu dungay bulkiji bangkal jukar wayjul baya nukal


Little brother fell in the mud. Mum washed him in the river.

Yabaju kambal-kambalba daran. Ngamungku nyunguny julurrin wawubajanga.

yabaju kambal-kambal-ba dara-ny. ngamu-ngku nyunguny julurri-ny wawubaja-nga | yB mud-LOC fall-PAST. mother-ERG 3sg.ACC wash-PAST river-LOC

yabaju kambal-kambal daray ngamu julurril wawubaja


The dogs smelled the meat and came running.

Kaya-kayangka minya nyajin, warrin kadan.

kaya-kaya-ngka minya nyaji-ny, warri-ny kada-ny | dog-REDUP-ERG meat perceive-PAST run-PAST come-PAST

nyajil perception; serial motion in texts


Granny is minding the baby while the women dig yams.

Babingka ngawa kujil, jalbu-jalbungku wukay bakal.

babi-ngka ngawa kuji-l, jalbu-jalbu-ngku wukay baka-l | parallel clauses


He went up the mountain and looked at the country.

nyulu manjal-ba daka-ny, bubu nyaji-ny | 3sg mountain-LOC climb-PAST country see-PAST


The children are hungry — cook the fish quickly!

Karrkay-karrkay dakwuy — kuyu wayju jinbalku!

karrkay-karrkay dakwuy, kuyu waju-∅ jinbal-ku | child-REDUP hungry fish cook-IMP fast-ADV


yinya warru warri-ny buliman-andamuny | that young.man run-PAST police-ABL:pt


Granny told the children: don't go near the river!

Babingka karrkay-karrkay balkan: kari wawubajanga dungay!

babi-ngka karrkay-karrkay balka-ny: kari wawubaja-nga dunga-y | quoted prohibition

elder 'Nyulu jananda balkan, ...' quote style


Ngana mukul dingkar nyajin, wulngku badinya.

ngana mukul dingkar nyaji-ny, wulngku badi-nya | perception + simultaneous SUB


The girls picked up the bags and set off.

maral-maral-angka balji mani-ny, dunga-ny-da | girl-REDUP-ERG bag get-PAST go-PAST-then


bana jungkalu-ngu | water billycan-LOC — existential question


bana yilba-∅ baya-nga | water throw-IMP fire-LOC


Karrkay-karrkayangka baya nyajin yinyay.

karrkay-karrkay-angka baya nyaji-ny yinyay | child-REDUP-ERG fire see-PAST there


The old woman is grinding seeds on the stone.

wulbuman-angka diburr nyurrba-l kulji-nga | old.woman-ERG seed grind-NONPAST stone-LOC


ngayku bubu ngulkurr-baja-ku | 'beautiful'→'very good'


baya wumbul, ngawa-ngawa kuji-∅ | fire hot baby-REDUP mind-IMP


Uncle and Dad made a canoe from a big tree.

Kalngangka nganjanangka marrakan balkan jukumuny yalbaymuny.

kalnga-ngka nganjan-angka marrakan balka-ny juku-muny yalbay-muny | material ABL + NP agreement

kalnga nganjan marrakan balkal juku yalbay


jalbu-jalbu wawu-mini | woman-REDUP happy

dict wawu-mini; replaced laugh-itr (unverified)


Grandad gave me this boomerang long ago.

Ngadiku kamingka yanyu wangal dajin ngaykundu.

ngadiku kami-ngka yanyu wangal daji-ny ngayku-ndu | temporal + [A 272] recipient


The kids chased the chickens around the camp.

Karrkay-karrkayangka jukijuki kangan bayanba.

karrkay-karrkay-angka jukijuki kanga-ny bayan-ba | child-REDUP-ERG:pt chicken.ABS chase-PAST camp-LOC


Put the billycan on the fire — we'll drink tea.

Jungkalu yijarrika bayanga — ngana diyi nukal.

jungkalu yijarri-ka baya-nga, ngana diyi nuka-l | billycan put-IMP(-ka >2σ) fire-LOC 1pl.inc tea drink-NONPAST

[A 153] yijarri-ka VERBATIM; nuka-l l-conj


The old people showed us the good water.

Kamba-kambangka bana ngulkurr milbin ngananda.

kamba-kamba-ngka bana ngulkurr milbi-ny ngana-nda | elder-REDUP-ERG water good show-PAST 1pl.inc-LOC — recipient LOC pronoun


kaba kada-y, kana-nga kada-y | rain come-NONPAST inside-LOC come-IMP


jarba bubu-ngu wala-ny | snake ground-LOC enter-PAST


Big sister is looking after the little ones today.

nyiku babarr-da ngawa-ngawa kuji-l | today eZ-ERG(NEUTRAL kin, -dV after rr) baby-REDUP mind-NONPAST

§3.2.4 neutral kin (kangkal-da parallel); balarr-da rr-allomorph


Jana kalakalbay jilba dungan, baja-burraymarin.

jana kala-kalbay jilba dunga-ny, baja-burray-ma-ri-ny | 3pl far walk go-PAST tired-INCHO-PLS-PAST

kala-kalbay dict headword (hyphenated); INCHO+PLS per 006.12


Wash your face — we're going to see granny.

Walu julurrijika — ngana babinda dungay.

walu julurri-ji-ka, ngana babi-nda dunga-y | face wash-REFL-IMP 1pl.inc granny-LOC go-NONPAST


The wallaby heard us and ran into the scrub.

Kadarangka nganjinan nyajin, madjanga warrin.

kadar-angka nganjinan nyaji-ny, madja-nga warri-ny | wallaby-ERG:pt(perceiver=agency) 1pl.exc.ACC perceive-PAST scrub-LOC run-PAST

mid-animacy potent choice §4; nganjinan Table 3.6


There's honey in that tree — get the axe!

wunba yinya juku-ngu, waymbil mana | honey that tree-LOC axe get.IMP

waymbil dict 'axe' + [A 551]; suppletive mana


The two kids jumped into the water and played.

bula karrkay bana-nga jalama-ny, kinka-ny-da | 3du child water-LOC jump-PAST play-PAST-then


Father speared the fish; mother cooked it; the children ate it.

Nganjanangka kuyu daman; ngamungku wayjun; karrkay-karrkayangka nukan.

nganjan-angka kuyu dama-ny; ngamu-ngku waju-ny; karrkay-karrkay-angka nuka-ny | 3-clause O-ellipsis chain

nganjan kuyu damal ngamu wayjul karrkay nukal


Come and sit by the fire — it's cold outside.

Kaday, bayanga bunday — ngalkalba kiway-kiway.

kada-y, baya-nga bunda-y, ngalkal-ba kiway-kiway | IMP chain + verbless


The two men carried the wallaby back to camp.

Bula dingkarangka kadar jarra-kulban bayanba.

bula dingkar-angka kadar jarrakulba-ny bayan-ba | 3du man-ERG wallaby carry-PAST camp-LOC


I know that story — granny told it long ago.

Ngayu binal kukuku — ngadiku babingka balkan.

ngayu binal kuku-ku, ngadiku babi-ngka balka-ny | know story-DAT; O-ellipsis


walkarr-angka jukar baka-ny | goanna-ERG sand dig-PAST


kalka karrba-∅ yala-ku | spear hold-IMP like.this-ADV


The stars are out — time to sleep, little ones.

Dawar wubul — warngku wunay, ngawa-ngawa!

dawar wubul, warngku wuna-y, ngawa-ngawa | star many sleep lie-IMP baby-REDUP(voc)


jana kuyu dama-l-dama-ny wawubaja-nga | 3pl fish spear-REDUP(-l- link)-PAST river-LOC

§10c l-conj redup link -l- (dinda-l-dinda-l pattern)


Nyiku kami murruji kalakalbay jilba dungay.

nyiku kami murruji kala-kalbay jilba dunga-y | murruji + finite (E-011)


Jalbu-jalbu wulngku badin, dingkar-dingkar wurin.

jalbu-jalbu wulngku badi-ny, dingkar-dingkar wuri-ny | parallel clauses


karrkay-karrkay-angka damba nuka-ny-arrku | eat-PAST-TOTAL; intonation Q


Ngamungku kambi jirakal balkan ngawanka.

ngamu-ngku kambi jirakal balka-ny ngawa-nka | mother-ERG clothes new make-PAST baby-DAT:pt — beneficiary

[A 253] beneficiary DAT; ngawa-nka attested [A 258]


Ngayku kalka kadaban — ngayu jirakal balkal.

ngayku kalka kadaba-ny, ngayu jirakal balka-l | spear break(itr)-PAST; new make-NONPAST

[A 5167] 'jirakal balka-nka' VERBATIM base


yanyu mayi wundi-∅ kamba-kamba-nda | this food take-IMP elder-REDUP-LOC


kaya-ngka bayan kuji-l | dog-ERG camp mind-NONPAST


When the rain has gone, we'll go out for fish.

kaki kaba dunga-ny, ngana kuyu-ngu dunga-y | when rain go-PAST 1pl.inc fish-LOC go-NONPAST

kaki 'if/when'; English aligned to 'gone'


Granny sat down, drank her tea, and then told a story.

babi bunda-ny, diyi nuka-ny, kuku balka-ny-da | granny sit-PAST tea drink-PAST story tell-PAST-then


The sun went down. The old people told stories and the children fell asleep listening.

Wungar dungan. Kamba-kambangka kuku balkan, karrkay-karrkay warngku wunan, milka-jananya.

wungar dunga-ny. kamba-kamba-ngka kuku balka-ny, karrkay-karrkay warngku wuna-ny, milka-jana-nya | sun go-PAST. elder-REDUP-ERG story tell-PAST child-REDUP sleep-PAST listen-SUB

wungar dungay kamba kuku balkal karrkay warngku wunay milka


The big grey kangaroo stood up and looked at us.

Julmbanu yalbay warndin, nganjinan nyajin.

julmbanu yalbay warndi-ny, nganjinan nyaji-ny | grey.kangaroo big get.up-PAST 1pl.exc.ACC see-PAST


Nganjanangka kubarr yalbay karrban wawubajanga.

nganjan-angka kubarr yalbay karrba-ny wawubaja-nga | father-ERG eel big catch-PAST river-LOC


We got mullet and perch with the fishing line.

ngana ngalkun bayil mani-ny badur-ubu | 1pl.inc mullet perch get-PAST line-INST — Patz badur-ubu VERBATIM


The echidna dug into the ground and hid.

ngangkin-angka bubu baka-ny, ngaki-ji-ny | echidna-ERG:pt ground dig-PAST hide-REFL-PAST


diwan-amu diburr yalbay | turkey-POSS egg big


babi-ngka milkul balka-ny ngalkun-muny | granny-ERG soup make-PAST mullet-ABL


milkul nuka-∅, wumbul | soup eat-IMP hot


ngurrku yirrka-ny kunarangkal | mopoke call-PAST midnight


Ngana ngurrku nyajin, yirrkan-yirrkanya.

ngana ngurrku nyaji-ny, yirrka-n-yirrka-nya | perception + REDUP-SUB


The bandicoot came out at night and the dog chased it.

Kulngu wandin kunarangkal, kayangka kangan.

kulngu wandi-ny kunarangkal, kaya-ngka kanga-ny | chain


Uncle speared a tree kangaroo in the scrub.

kalnga-ngka murral dama-ny madja-nga | MB-ERG tree.kangaroo spear-PAST scrub-LOC


wabul-wabul warri-ny juku-muny yalbay-muny | ABL agreement


Get the fish spear — I can see fish in the water!

yinba mana, kuyu bana-nga | spear get.IMP fish water-LOC


He speared three fish with the fish spear.

nyulu kuyu kulur dama-ny yinba-bu | [A 242] VERBATIM


Wungariji ngana ngalkalba warngku wunay.

wungar-iji ngana ngalkal-ba warngku wuna-y | hot.season


bulur-iji ngana baya-nga bundanda-y | cold.season


The children found a turtle on the sand. They put it back in the sea.

Karrkay-karrkayangka ngawiya nyajin jukara. Jana yijarrin baja jalunbu.

karrkay-karrkay-angka ngawiya nyaji-ny jukar-a. jana yijarri-ny-baja jalun-bu | micro

karrkay ngawiya nyajil jukar yijarril jalun


Big brother went fishing with a hook and line. He sat on the rock all day. He caught nothing.

Yaba dungan baduriji. Nyulu kuljinga bundandan. Nyulu yamba-kari manin.

yaba dunga-ny badur-iji. nyulu kulji-nga bundanda-ny. nyulu yamba-kari mani-ny | COMIT -iji/r-; 'all day' trimmed

yaba dungay badur kulji bunday yamba-kari manil


kaya yirrka-ny julmbanu-nda | 'barked'→called.out; addressee LOC


ngamu-ngku bana waju-ny diyi-ka | purpose DAT


They lit a big fire on the beach and cooked the fish there.

Jana baya yalbay wajun jukara, kuyu wayjunda yinyay.

jana baya yalbay waju-ny jukar-a, kuyu waju-ny-da yinyay | -da chain


Grandad told us a story from the old days. We listened by the fire.

Kamingka kuku balkan ngadikumuny. Ngana milka-janan bayanga.

kami-ngka kuku balka-ny ngadiku-muny. ngana milka-jana-ny baya-nga | time-ABL


The women swept the camp and put everything away.

Jalbu-jalbungku bayan kidan, yambayamba yijarrinda.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku bayan kida-ny, yambayamba yijarri-ny-da | -da


The little girl is minding the chickens.

maral-angka jukijuki kuji-l | girl-ERG chicken mind-NONPAST


The old man made a fishing line from bark.

Mukulungku dingkarangka badur balkan dubalmuny.

mukul-ungku dingkar-angka badur balka-ny dubal-muny | material ABL


jarramali-ngka juku dalbarri-ny | storm-ERG:pt tree strike-PAST


The girls are grinding seeds for damper.

Maral-maralangka diburr nyurrbal dambaka.

maral-maral-angka diburr nyurrba-l damba-ka | purpose DAT


He climbed the tree and got honey for them.

Nyulu jukungu dakan, wunba manin jananka.

nyulu juku-ngu daka-ny, wunba mani-ny jana-nka | beneficiary DAT


The kids played on the sand until the sun went down.

Karrkay-karrkay jukara kinkan. Wungar dungan, jana bayanba kadanda.

karrkay-karrkay jukar-a kinka-ny. wungar dunga-ny, jana bayan-ba kada-ny-da | sequence

karrkay jukar kinkay wungar dungay bayan kaday


Auntie is carrying the baby on her back.

bimay-ngka ngawa jarrakulba-l muku-ngu | body-LOC


The old people are cold — bring them blankets.

Kamba-kamba kiway-kiway — kararr wundi jananda!

kamba-kamba kiway-kiway, kararr wundi-∅ jana-nda | 3pl-LOC


The crocodile is lying in the mud near the river.

Bilngkumu kambal-kambalba wunay, wawubajanga ngundu.

bilngkumu kambal-kambal-ba wuna-y, wawubaja-nga ngundu | [A 279] ngundu

bilngkumu kambal-kambal wunay wawubaja ngundu


Don't swim there — the crocodile is watching!

Kari yinyay marajika — bilngkumungku nyajil!

kari yinyay maraji-ka, bilngkumu-ngku nyaji-l | E-015 IMP -ka


The men burned the grass in the cold season.

Dingkar-dingkarangka jikan wajun buluriji.

dingkar-dingkar-angka jikan waju-ny bulur-iji | seasons


jikan jirakal wandi-ny wawu-baya-muny | wawu-N-ABL


We followed the wallaby's tracks to the water.

ngana kadar-amu jina wukurri-ny bana-nga | track=jina note


It's going to rain — look at those clouds.

kaba kada-y, ngurrban nyaka | weather + IMP


The river is running fast after the rain.

wawubaja jinbal-ku warri-y wawu-kaba-muny | E-017


babi binal bubu-ku wukay-ka | know place-DAT yam-DAT — DAT NP apposition

[A 255] multi-DAT VERBATIM pattern (kuku-ku mayi-ka...)


karrkay-karrkay wundi-∅ bada jukar-a | directional bada


Everyone worked hard and the camp looked good.

Jana wubulku kirrajin, bayan ngulkurr nyajijin.

jana wubul-ku kirraji-ny, bayan ngulkurr nyaji-ji-ny | [A 360] base


ngangkin-angka bubu baka-l biri-bu | claw-INST; biri elder-attested


Waymbil wundi ngaykundu — yanyu juku dandi.

waymbil wundi-∅ ngayku-ndu, yanyu juku dandi | chain


bula wulbuman kuku balka-l-balka-ny | REDUP -l- link


jalun-du juku yalbay wundi-ny | sea-ERG neutral


Grandad woke up at dawn. He lit the fire and boiled the billycan. Granny was still sleeping.

Muduwajuny kami wandin. Nyulu baya wajun, jungkalu wayjunda. Babi warngku wunanay.

muduwaju-ny kami wandi-ny. nyulu baya waju-ny, jungkalu waju-ny-da. babi warngku wunana-y | dawn grandad rise-PAST. 3sg fire burn-PAST billycan cook-PAST-then. granny sleep lie.REDUP-NONPAST(still)

muduwajuny kami wandil baya wayjul jungkalu babi warngku wunay

'still' via REDUP progressive; -da chain


The children took the dog down to the river. The dog jumped in the water. Everyone got wet.

Karrkay-karrkayangka kaya wundin bada wawubajanga. Kaya bananga jalaman. Jana wubulku dunamarin.

karrkay-karrkay-angka kaya wundi-ny bada wawubaja-nga. kaya bana-nga jalama-ny. jana wubul-ku duna-ma-ri-ny | take-PAST down river-LOC. dog water-LOC jump-PAST. 3pl all wet-INCHO-PLS-PAST

karrkay kaya wundil wawubaja bana jalamal duna


Auntie found scrub-hen eggs. She cooked them in the ashes. The children ate them all.

Bimayngka jarruka nyajin. Nyulu wayjun nulungu. Karrkay-karrkayangka nukanyarrku.

bimay-ngka jarruka nyaji-ny. nyulu waju-ny nulu-ngu. karrkay-karrkay-angka nuka-ny-arrku | FZ-ERG scrub.hen(eggs) find-PAST. 3sg cook-PAST ashes-LOC. child-REDUP-ERG eat-PAST-TOTAL

bimay jarruka nyajil wayjul nulu karrkay nukal

DB gold 'wayjun nulungu' VERBATIM (ashes-LOC); [A 211] -nyarrku


The old man sharpened his spear with a stone.

Mukulungku dingkarangka nyungu kalka nyurrban kuljibu.

mukul-ungku dingkar-angka nyungu kalka nyurrba-ny kulji-bu | sharpen-PAST stone-INST

[A 471] VERBATIM 'kulji-bu kida-l-kida-nya nyurrba-l'


The women are talking about the children.

jalbu-jalbu balka-wa-y karrkay-anka | woman-REDUP chat-NONPAST child-DAT:pt — topic DAT


Little sister is afraid of the mopoke's call.

jinkurr yinil ngurrku-nku | yZ afraid mopoke-DAT:pt

ngurrku-ngku attested ERG:pt → potent: should be -nku! FIX at review


Ngana kuyu ngulkurr bajaku dajin kamba-kambanda.

ngana kuyu ngulkurr-baja-ku daji-ny kamba-kamba-nda | 'best'→'very good'; recipient LOC


muyar-abu kambi dalbarri-ny | wind-ERG(neutral -Vbu/r) clothes strike-PAST

muyar-abu attested anchor §3.2.1; [A 325] wind-agent frame


muyar-abu ngawa yararri-mani-l | wind-ERG baby shiver-CAUS-NONPAST

[A 325] VERBATIM 'Muyar-abu nganya yararri-mani-l'


mayi nanda-∅, kamu-kamu kada-y | food cover-IMP mosquito-REDUP(=insects) come-NONPAST — 'flies'→'mosquitoes' note

nandal 'close/cover' dict; rendering note


kuyu warri-ny ngayku badur-iji | fish run-PAST 1sg.POSS hook-COMIT — got away with my hook


Grandad is telling a story about the big water.

kami-ngka kuku balka-l bana-ka yalbay-ka | grandad-ERG story tell-NONPAST water-DAT big-DAT — topic-DAT NP agreement ([A 264] 'bayan-ka jirakal-ka' VERBATIM pattern)


kija yalbay nyiku | moon big today — 'full'→'big'


We'll sleep outside — the house is too hot.

Ngana ngalkalba warngku wunay — bayan wumbul bajaku.

ngana ngalkal-ba warngku wuna-y, bayan wumbul-baja-ku | 'too hot'→'very hot'


maral-maral wulngku badi-y ngawa-nda | girl-REDUP sing-NONPAST baby-LOC — addressee LOC


The baby went to sleep listening to the song.

ngawa warngku wuna-ny, milka-jana-nya | baby sleep-PAST listen-SUB


kalnga binal marrakan balka-nka | MB know canoe make-PURP


They crossed the river where the water is shallow.

Jana wawubajanga marijin, bana buban yinyay.

jana wawubaja-nga mariji-ny, bana buban yinyay | 3pl river-LOC cross-PAST water little there — 'shallow'→'little water'


ngawa karrba-∅, ngayu mayi waju-l | baby hold-IMP 1sg food cook-NONPAST


The dogs found an echidna under the log.

Kaya-kayangka ngangkin nyajin, juku bada-bada.

kaya-kaya-ngka ngangkin nyaji-ny, juku bada-bada | dog-REDUP-ERG echidna find-PAST log down.under — locword + N ([A 278] frame)

[A 278] 'badabada juku-ngu' frame adapted


Put more wood on the fire — the night will be cold.

Juku yijarrika bayanga — kunarangkal kiway-kiway.

juku yijarri-ka baya-nga, kunarangkal kiway-kiway | wood put-IMP fire-LOC midnight cold — 'more' trimmed

juku yijarril baya kunarangkal kiway-kiway


wulbuman bijarr nyaji-ny ngamu-nku | old.woman dream see-PAST mother-DAT:pt — dream-of DAT (006.89 pattern)


My hands are cold — I'll sit by the fire.

Ngayku mara kiway-kiway — ngayu bayanga bunday.

ngayku mara kiway-kiway, ngayu baya-nga bunda-y | hands cold; fire-LOC sit-NONPAST


The turkey ran into the scrub and hid in the grass.

Diwan madjanga warrin, jikanba ngakijinda.

diwan madja-nga warri-ny, jikan-ba ngaki-ji-ny-da | turkey scrub-LOC run-PAST grass-LOC hide-REFL-PAST-then


yanyu jina wanyamba jukar-a | this foot/track who.POSS sand-LOC


kubarr julbarr-warri-ny ngayku mara-muny | eel slippery-run-PAST 1sg.POSS hand-ABL

Text 3.17 'julbarr-warri-ny' VERBATIM (motorcar slipped); [A] julbarr-warriy 'slip' §2.2.1


ngana kubarr waju-ny kurrma-nga | 1pl.inc eel cook-PAST oven-LOC


Kamba-kambangka nganangan binal-bungan, wulngku badinka.

kamba-kamba-ngka nganangan binal-bunga-ny, wulngku badi-nka | elder-REDUP-ERG 1pl.inc.ACC teach-PAST sing-PURP — 'the songs'→'to sing'


babi-ngka wunba mumba-ny balji-nga | granny-ERG honey put.in-PAST bag-LOC


yundu baja-burray? bunda-y, wunana-y | 2sg tired? sit-IMP rest-IMP


julmbanu jalama-ny | kangaroo jump-PAST — 'over the fence' trimmed (no 'fence')


The little ones are playing with the puppy.

ngawa-ngawa kinka-y kaya-nji | baby-REDUP play-NONPAST dog-COMIT:pt — 'puppy'→'dog'


kalnga kungkarr dunga-ny, yaba nyaji-nka | MB north go-PAST eB see-PURP


The women collected firewood before the rain.

Jalbu-jalbungku baya bangkan, kaba kadanyjiku.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku baya bangka-ny, kaba kada-nyjiku | firewood gather-PAST rain come-SUCC


yanyu minya kulngu kima, ngulkurr | this meat bandicoot soft good — generic+specific [A]


Grandad watched the young men making spears.

Kamingka warru-warru nyajin, kalka balkal-balkanya.

kami-ngka warru-warru nyaji-ny, kalka balka-l-balka-nya | grandad-ERG young.men watch-PAST spear make-REDUP-SUB

[A 458] VERBATIM frame (watched digging)


The mud is deep near the swamp — walk around it!

Kambal-kambal walngkanga ngundu — walku dungay!

kambal-kambal walngka-nga ngundu, walku dunga-y | mud swamp-LOC close.by, past go-IMP — walku 'past' adverbial particle


Everyone is happy — there's plenty of fish and honey.

Jana wubulku wawu-mini — kuyu wunba jirray.

jana wubul-ku wawu-mini, kuyu wunba jirray | all happy fish honey plenty


yundu murral nyaji-ny wangkar-wangkar | 2sg tree.kangaroo see-PAST up.there


The story of Kubirri is long — sit down and listen.

Kuku Kubirrinka kalbay — bunday, milka-janay!

kuku Kubirri-nka kalbay, bunda-y, milka-jana-y | story Kubirri-DAT long sit-IMP listen-IMP


kamu-kamu buyun wungar-iji | insect-REDUP bad hot.season


Grandad's boomerang came back to his hand.

Kamimu wangal kadan baja nyungu maranga.

kami-mu wangal kada-ny-baja nyungu mara-nga | grandad-POSS boomerang come-PAST-again 3sg.POSS hand-LOC


jana bayan-ba maku-jana-ny, wujurr-ma-ny-da | 3pl camp-LOC wait-PAST dark-INCHO-PAST-then — 'until dark'='then it got dark'

wujurr-mal productive INCHO; sequence rendering


warru-warru-ngku kuyu dama-ny kunarangkal | young.men-ERG fish spear-PAST midnight — 'by torchlight'→'at night'


Wash the billycan in the river and bring it back.

Jungkalu julurrika wawubajanga, wundi baja!

jungkalu julurri-ka wawubaja-nga, wundi-∅ baja | billycan wash-IMP river-LOC bring-IMP again


karrkay-karrkay jinbal-ku yalbay-ma-l | child-REDUP fast-ADV grow-NONPAST


That woman knows all the good water places.

yinya jalbu binal bana-ka bubu-ku | that woman know water-DAT place-DAT — multi-DAT [A 255]


The dog slept by the fire all night. At dawn it followed grandad to the river.

Kaya bayanga warngku wunan. Muduwajuny kamimu jina wukurrin wawubajanga.

kaya baya-nga warngku wuna-ny. muduwaju-ny kami-mu jina wukurri-ny wawubaja-nga | dog fire-LOC sleep-PAST. dawn grandad-POSS track follow-PAST river-LOC — 'followed grandad'→'followed grandad's tracks'

kaya baya warngku wunay muduwajuny kami jina wukurril wawubaja

'all night' trimmed; track-following per 008.40


The rain stopped. The children ran outside. The whole camp was wet.

Kaba dungan. Karrkay-karrkay ngalkalba warrin. Bayan dunamanyarrku.

kaba dunga-ny. karrkay-karrkay ngalkal-ba warri-ny. bayan duna-ma-ny-arrku | rain go-PAST. child-REDUP outside-LOC run-PAST. camp wet-INCHO-PAST-TOTAL

kaba dungay karrkay ngalkal warri bayan duna


Granny cooked damper in the ashes. The children smelled it and came running. She gave them all a piece.

Babingka damba wayjun nulungu. Karrkay-karrkayangka nyajin, warrin kadanda. Nyulu jananda dajinyarrku.

babi-ngka damba waju-ny nulu-ngu. karrkay-karrkay-angka nyaji-ny, warri-ny kada-ny-da. nyulu jana-nda daji-ny-arrku | granny-ERG damper cook-PAST ashes-LOC. child-REDUP-ERG sense-PAST run-PAST come-PAST-then. 3sg 3pl-LOC give-PAST-TOTAL('gave to all of them')

babi damba wayjul nulu karrkay nyajil warri kaday dajil

DB gold 'damba wayjun nulungu' VERBATIM; -da + -nyarrku


juku ngakun nganka-ji | tree flame.tree flower-COMIT

[A 303] VERBATIM 'Juku ngakun nganka-ji'


The flowers are out — the bees are coming.

nganka wubul, wunba kada-y | flower many honey(bee) come-NONPAST — 'red' trimmed; wunba 'bee/honey'

Patz §2.1.1 wunba 'English bee'; E-004 trim


dingkar-dingkar-angka dili nyanda-ny | man-REDUP-ERG corkwood chop-PAST

nyandal dict 'chop' (§2.1.1 minimal pair); dili anchor (diliy-nja)


kami-ngka buyku yaka-ny juku-muny | grandad-ERG paperbark cut-PAST tree-ABL


The women made a shelter from paperbark.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku bayan balka-ny buyku-muny | woman-REDUP-ERG shelter make-PAST paperbark-ABL


The children collected flowers for granny.

Karrkay-karrkayangka nganka mujan babinka.

karrkay-karrkay-angka nganka muja-ny babi-nka | child-REDUP-ERG flower collect-PAST granny-DAT:pt

mujal dict 'collect' ([A 483] muja-l firewood); beneficiary DAT


He pinched his little brother and ran away.

nyulu yabaju jubi-ny, warri-ny-da | 3sg yB pinch-PAST run-PAST-then

jubil dict ([A] jubi-ji-y reflexive attested)


Uncle hooked a big fish with the hook spear.

kalnga-ngka kuyu yalbay kayi-ny | MB-ERG fish big hook-PAST


My whole body is sore — I worked all day.

ngayu bangkarr kaka, ngayu kirraji-ny | 1sg body sore 1sg work-PAST — 'whole/all day' trimmed

elder 'nyungu bangkarr' VERBATIM; [A 483] frame; E-004


mula kada-ny bujil-muny | blood come-PAST nose-ABL


The baby's tooth is sore — it keeps crying.

ngawa-mu dirra kaka, ngawa banbadi-y | baby-POSS tooth sore baby cry.REDUP-NONPAST — E-017


kawar ngulkurr-baja-ku | honey.bread good-very — 'sweet' folded


The old woman is sitting at the base of the tree.

kamba bunda-y dingal-ba | old.woman sit-NONPAST tree.base-LOC


The children buried the ashes in the sand.

Karrkay-karrkayangka nulu nandan jukara.

karrkay-karrkay-angka nulu nanda-ny jukar-a | child-REDUP-ERG ashes bury-PAST sand-LOC

nandal 'close/shut/bury' dict; nulu 'ashes'


Granny cooked the yams in the hot ashes. They tasted good.

Babingka wukay wayjun nulungu wumbulngu. Ngulkurr nukajin.

babi-ngka wukay waju-ny nulu-ngu wumbul-ngu. ngulkurr nuka-ji-ny | granny-ERG yam cook-PAST ashes-LOC hot-LOC. good eat-ITR-PAST — LOC NP agreement

babi wukay wayjul nulu wumbul ngulkurr nukal

DB nulungu; [A 361] nukaji; LOC agreement [A 237-style]


The liver is good meat — give it to the old people.

Jiba minya ngulkurr — daya kamba-kambanda!

jiba minya ngulkurr, daya kamba-kamba-nda | liver meat good give.IMP elder-REDUP-LOC


Dad chopped wood all morning. Mum kept the fire going. The camp was warm.

Nganjanangka juku nyandalnyandan. Ngamungku baya wajulwajun. Bayan wumbul.

nganjan-angka juku nyanda-l-nyanda-ny. ngamu-ngku baya waju-l-waju-ny. bayan wumbul | father-ERG wood chop-REDUP-PAST. mother-ERG fire burn-REDUP-PAST. camp warm — 'all morning' via REDUP continuous

nganjan juku nyandal ngamu baya wayjul bayan wumbul

§10c -l- link redup; [A 443] wajul-waju base


The girls collected honey bread from the scrub.

maral-maral-angka kawar muja-ny madja-muny | girl-REDUP-ERG honey.bread collect-PAST scrub-ABL


mula julurri-ka mara-muny | blood wash-IMP hand-ABL


ngawa-ngka kulji mumba-ny ngandal-ba | baby-ERG stone put.in-PAST mouth-LOC

ngandal dict 'mouth' (§2.1.1); [A 579] mumbal


kulji mana, jinbal-ku | stone get.IMP fast-ADV


The old man burned the grass. New shoots came up. The wallabies came to eat them.

Mukulungku dingkarangka jikan wajun. Jikan jirakal wandin. Kadar-kadar kadan, nukanka.

mukul-ungku dingkar-angka jikan waju-ny. jikan jirakal wandi-ny. kadar-kadar kada-ny, nuka-nka | old-ERG man-ERG grass burn-PAST. grass new rise-PAST. wallaby-REDUP come-PAST eat-PURP

mukul dingkar jikan wayjul jirakal wandil kadar kaday nukal


kambi duna-ma-ny-arrku | clothes wet-INCHO-PAST-TOTAL


The women are pounding zamia nuts on the flat stone.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku marra duda-l kulji-nga | woman-REDUP-ERG zamia pound-NONPAST stone-LOC

[A 450] duda- 'pound' VERBATIM; 'flat' trimmed


marra yijarri-ka-rr bana-nga | zamia put-IMP-first water-LOC — 'soak'→'put in water first'


The men speared mullet in the shallow water.

Dingkar-dingkarangka ngalkun daman bananga bubanba.

dingkar-dingkar-angka ngalkun dama-ny bana-nga buban-ba | man-REDUP-ERG mullet spear-PAST water-LOC little-LOC — 'shallow'='little' agreement


That's granny's dilly bag — put it back!

yinya babi-mu balji, yijarri-ka baja | that granny-POSS bag put-IMP again


ngana baya nyaji-ny kala-kalbay-muny | 1pl.inc fire see-PAST far-ABL (§3.3 locword ABL)


kaya-ngka karrkay walu bija-ny | dog-ERG child face lick-PAST — whole+part ABS [A 520]; bijal from bija-wa-y [A 332]

bija-wa-y attested → bija-l; [A 520] frame — GREP bijal at review


karrkay-karrkay-angka kaya yajarri-ny | child-REDUP-ERG dog laugh.at-PAST


Grandad is weaving a bag from loya cane.

kami-ngka balji wukurri-l yibuy-muny | grandad-ERG bag weave-NONPAST cane-ABL — yibuy dict + yibuy-ngku anchor


The flowers fell from the flame tree into the water.

nganka dara-ny ngakun-muny bana-nga | flower fall-PAST flame.tree-ABL water-LOC


Auntie knows which plants are good medicine.

bimay binal juku-ku ngulkurr-ku | FZ know plant-DAT good-DAT — 'medicine' folded; DAT agreement


kari yinya mayi nuka-∅, buyun-baja-ku | NEG that fruit eat-IMP bad-very — 'poison'→'very bad' (elder 'ngulkurr-kari' alt)

elder story rendering 'poisonous'≈ngulkurr-kari/buyun


yawa-ngka nganka nuka-l kunarangkal | possum-ERG flower eat-NONPAST midnight


ngana nyaji-ny, juku dara-nya madja-nga | 1pl.inc perceive-PAST tree fall-SUB scrub-LOC


dubal yanyu juku-ngu murrumurru | bark this tree-LOC rough — inanimate possessor LOC [A 524]

[A 524] VERBATIM frame 'Birra juku-ngu'; [A] dubal murrumurru VERBATIM collocation


ngamu-ngku wunba mumba-ny bana-nga | mother-ERG honey put.in-PAST water-LOC


The kids are throwing stones in the swamp.

Karrkay-karrkayangka kulji yilbal walngkanga.

karrkay-karrkay-angka kulji yilba-l walngka-nga | child-REDUP-ERG stone throw-NONPAST swamp-LOC


yaba-ngka kubarr jambul karrba-ny | eB-ERG eel two catch-PAST — 'in the trap' trimmed


kamba-kamba binal ngujakura-ku | elder-REDUP know law/custom-DAT — ngujakura elder-attested 'culture/law'

elder gold 'ngujakura' VERBATIM ('jananga ngujakura') — GREP dict at review


Keep the fire burning — the night is cold.

Baya wajulwaju — kunarangkal kiway-kiway!

baya waju-l-waju, kunarangkal kiway-kiway | fire burn-REDUP-IMP midnight cold


ngawiya-ngka diburr yijarri-ny jukar-a | turtle-ERG egg put-PAST sand-LOC — 'laid'→'put'


We found turtle eggs and cooked them in the ashes.

Ngana ngawiyamu diburr nyajin, nulungu wayjunda.

ngana ngawiya-mu diburr nyaji-ny, nulu-ngu waju-ny-da | 1pl.inc turtle-POSS egg find-PAST ashes-LOC cook-PAST-then


Warru-warru wurin. Muduwajuny jana wunanda.

warru-warru wuri-ny. muduwaju-ny jana wuna-ny-da | young.man-REDUP dance-PAST. dawn 3pl lie-PAST-then


kami wulngku badi-ny warrma-nga | grandad.ABS sing-PAST corroboree-LOC


The women ground the seeds and made damper. Everyone ate by the fire.

Jalbu-jalbungku diburr nyurrban, damba balkanda. Jana wubulku nukan bayanga.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku diburr nyurrba-ny, damba balka-ny-da. jana wubul-ku nuka-ny baya-nga | grind-PAST damper make-PAST-then. all eat-PAST fire-LOC

jalbu diburr nyurrbal damba balkal nukal baya


My head hurts — I'll lie down in the shade.

Ngayu dukul kaka — ngayu wabarrba wunay.

ngayu dukul kaka, ngayu wabarr-ba wuna-y | head sore shade-LOC lie-NONPAST


The eel is fat — good for the earth oven.

kubarr yalbay, ngulkurr kurrma-ka | eel big good oven-DAT — 'fat'→'big'


Granny showed the girls how to find yams. They dug there. They put the yams in the dilly bags.

Babingka maral-maral binal-bungan, wukay nyajinka. Jana bakan yinyay. Jana wukay mumban baljinga.

babi-ngka maral-maral binal-bunga-ny, wukay nyaji-nka. jana baka-ny yinyay. jana wukay mumba-ny balji-nga | teach-PAST find-PURP. dig-PAST there. put.in-PAST bag-LOC

babi maral binal wukay bakal balji jambul


Grandad wove a big dilly bag from loya cane. It took a long time. Granny filled it with yams.

Kamingka balji yalbay wukurrin yibuymuny. Babingka wukay mumbanda baljinga.

kami-ngka balji yalbay wukurri-ny yibuy-muny. babi-ngka wukay mumba-ny-da balji-nga | grandad-ERG bag big weave-PAST cane-ABL. granny-ERG yam put.in-PAST-then bag-LOC — middle sentence folded

kami balji yalbay wukurril yibuy babi wukay mumbal

yibuy dict + Patz yibuy-ngku anchor; DB 'balji wukurrin' VERBATIM


The dog licked the baby's face and the baby laughed.

Kayangka ngawa walu bijan, ngawangka kaya yajarrinda.

kaya-ngka ngawa walu bija-ny, ngawa-ngka kaya yajarri-ny-da | dog-ERG baby face lick-PAST baby-ERG dog laugh.at-PAST-then


The old people told the dreamtime stories by the fire.

Kamba-kambangka ngujakura balkan bayanga.

kamba-kamba-ngka ngujakura balka-ny baya-nga | elder-REDUP-ERG dreamtime.stories tell-PAST fire-LOC

ngujakura dict 'the dreamtime stories'; elder gold VERBATIM word


The children listened to the dreamtime stories.

karrkay-karrkay milka-jana-ny ngujakura-ka | child-REDUP listen-PAST stories-DAT — topic DAT


The young men painted themselves for the dance.

warru-warru julngka-ji-y warrma-ka | young.man-REDUP paint-REFL-NONPAST dance-DAT — E-017 surface

[A] julngka-ji-y VERBATIM 'paints himself'; julngkal dict (errata #19 retype)


Auntie knows the remedy for that sickness.

bimay binal kalbal-ka | FZ know remedy-DAT — 'for that sickness' folded


They camped in the open place near the river.

Jana bundandan ngunnganga, wawubajanga ngundu.

jana bundanda-ny ngunnga-nga, wawubaja-nga ngundu | 3pl camp-PAST open.place-LOC river-LOC close.by


kija wandi-ny ngunnga-muny | moon rise-PAST open.place-ABL — second clause trimmed ('white' unverified)


Granny boiled the remedy in the billycan.

babi-ngka kalbal waju-ny jungkalu-ngu | granny-ERG remedy cook-PAST billycan-LOC


yanyu nuka-∅, yundu ngulkurr-ma-l | this drink-IMP 2sg good-INCHO-NONPAST

[A 410] ngulkurr-ma- 'get better' VERBATIM


The sick child got better after granny's remedy.

Karrkay bambay ngulkurrman wawu-kalbalmuny.

karrkay bambay ngulkurr-ma-ny wawu-kalbal-muny | child sick good-INCHO-PAST after-remedy-ABL


The women are weaving dilly bags under the shade tree.

Jalbu-jalbungku balji wukurril wabarrba.

jalbu-jalbu-ngku balji wukurri-l wabarr-ba | woman-REDUP-ERG bag weave-NONPAST shade-LOC


My little brother can swim across the big river now.

nyiku ngayku yabaju wawubaja-nga maraji-y | now 1sg.POSS yB river-LOC swim-NONPAST — 'can/big' trimmed


jalun-du kuyu bawa-ny jukar-a | sea-ERG(neutral) fish leave-PAST sand-LOC — 'pools' folded


kuyu mana, buyi-buyi kada-nyjiku | fish get.IMP bird-REDUP come-SUCC