I take water just in case there is no water along the road.

Ngayu bana wundil, nganganjirrka bana kari baral-darr.

ngayu bana wundi-l, nganganjirrka bana kari baral-darr | I water take-NONPAST just.in.case water NEG road-PERL

ngayu bana wundil nganganjirrka kari baral

Patz 4.3.2 ex.397 explicitly allows kunka/nganganjirrka in this frame.


I take a spear; perhaps I will happen to see pigs.

Ngayu kalka wundil, nguba ngaykundu bikibiki nyaji-ji.

ngayu kalka wundi-l, nguba ngayku-ndu bikibiki nyaji-ji-y | I spear take-NONPAST perhaps my-LOC pig see-ITR-NONPAST

ngayu kalka wundil nguba ngayku bikibiki nyajiji

Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.503 recommends independent nguba clauses as a less cumbersome alternative to hypothetical reason.


I take a fishing line; perhaps the fish will bite.

Ngayu badur wundil, nguba kuyu-ngku baykal.

ngayu badur wundi-l, nguba kuyu-ngku bayka-l | I fishing.line take-NONPAST perhaps fish-ERG bite-NONPAST

Modeled on Patz ex.503: an independent nguba possibility can provide the reason in context.


We will stay at the camp; perhaps a friend will come.

Ngana bayan-ba bundanday, nguba jawun kaday.

ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y, nguba jawun kada-y | we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST perhaps friend come-NONPAST

Independent nguba possibility after a main action, following Patz's preferred discourse strategy.


Grandmother takes a billycan; perhaps water is there.

Babi-ngka jungkalu wundil, nguba bana yinyay.

babi-ngka jungkalu wundi-l, nguba bana yinyay | grandmother-ERG billycan take-NONPAST perhaps water there

Independent nguba possibility after a practical action, avoiding overuse of cumbersome kunka clauses.


I take water; perhaps there is no water along the road.

Ngayu bana wundil, nguba bana kari baral-darr.

ngayu bana wundi-l, nguba bana kari baral-darr | I water take-NONPAST perhaps water NEG road-PERL

Uses Patz 4.4.4.4's recommended nguba strategy for the same content as ex.397.


The child hides in the scrub; perhaps mother will see him.

Karrkay madja-nga ngaki-ji, nguba ngamu-ngku nyunguny nyajil.

karrkay madja-nga ngaki-ji-y, nguba ngamu-ngku nyunguny nyaji-l | child scrub-LOC hide-REF-NONPAST perhaps mother-ERG him see-NONPAST

karrkay madja ngakiji nguba ngamu nyunguny nyajil

Independent nguba possibility after a source-checked hiding clause.


I thought you meant to roast the fish, but you are boiling it in water.

Balu yundu kuyu dinda-nka, kari yundu bana-nga wajul.

balu yundu kuyu dinda-nka, kari yundu bana-nga waju-l | wrong you fish roast-PURP but you water-LOC cook-NONPAST

Patz 5.5.3 ex.658 gives the wrong-assumption plus kari correction frame; object varied from minya to kuyu.


I thought he had come back, but he is staying at the camp.

Balu nyulu kadan-baja, kari nyulu bayan-ba bundanday.

balu nyulu kada-ny-baja, kari nyulu bayan-ba bundanda-y | wrong he come-PAST-again but he camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

balu nyulu kaday baja kari bayan bundanday

Patz 5.5.3 ex.659 gives Balu nyulu kada-ny-baja; second clause makes the corrected alternative explicit.


I thought you were going to the water, but you are staying at the camp.

Balu yundu bana-ka dungay, kari yundu bayan-ba bundanday.

balu yundu bana-ka dunga-y, kari yundu bayan-ba bundanda-y | wrong you water-DAT go-NONPAST but you camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

balu yundu bana dungay kari bayan bundanday

Balu wrong-assumption discourse use, kept speaker-related as Patz 5.5.3 requires.


I thought rain was coming, but wind is coming.

balu kaba kada-y, kari muyar kada-y | wrong rain come-NONPAST but wind come-NONPAST

Balu marks a wrong assumption; kari introduces the corrected weather alternative.


I thought the child would sleep, but he wants to play.

Balu karrkay warngku-wunay, kari nyulu wawu kinka-n-kinka-nka.

balu karrkay warngku-wuna-y, kari nyulu wawu kinka-n-kinka-nka | wrong child sleep-lie-NONPAST but he want play-n-REDUP-PURP

balu karrkay warngku-wunay kari nyulu wawu kinkay

Wrong-assumption frame with a kari correction; play purposive follows Patz 4.9.1 ex.588.


I thought I broke the spear, but the dog broke the spear.

Balu ngayu kalka dumbarrin, kari kaya-ngka kalka dumbarrin.

balu ngayu kalka dumbarri-ny, kari kaya-ngka kalka dumbarri-ny | wrong I spear break-PAST but dog-ERG spear break-PAST

Balu is used as wrong assumption, not plain negation; the correction is explicit with kari.


Yes, if the rain comes, we will stay at the camp.

Yuwu, kaki kaba kaday, ngana bayan-ba bundanday.

yuwu, kaki kaba kada-y, ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y | yes if rain come-NONPAST we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

yuwu kaki kaba kaday ngana bayan bundanday

Patz 4.10 yuwu answer word plus Patz 4.3.2 non-past kaki conditional.


Kari, yundu kari dungay, kaba kada-nya-mun-ku.

kari, yundu kari dunga-y, kaba kada-nya-mun-ku | no you NEG go-NONPAST rain come-SUB-mun-DAT

Patz 4.10 answer kari plus Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.498 hypothetical-reason morphology.


Wait for me, I am taking water in case there is no water along the road.

Kaku, ngayu bana wundil, kunka bana kari baral-darr.

kaku, ngayu bana wundi-l, kunka bana kari baral-darr | wait.for.me I water take-NONPAST in.case water NEG road-PERL

Patz 4.10 kaku plus Patz 4.3.2 ex.397 in-case frame.


ngay, kari wangkar-muny ngayu kankada-ny | I.see but up-ABL I come.REDUP-PAST

Patz 5.5.3 ex.655 gives ngay plus kari collateral contrast.


Settled then, the house is small but clean.

yalada, bayan buban, yamba dayirr | settled.then house small but clean

Patz 4.10 yalada plus yamba state-qualification from Patz 4.3.2.


Nonsense, that is not true. That is a lie.

Juyuy, yinya kari manubaja. Yinya jurril.

juyuy, yinya kari manubaja, yinya jurril | nonsense that NEG true that lie

Patz 4.10 juyuy plus ordinary kari negation of manubaja.


Never mind, we will go again if the day is good.

Wumba, ngana baja dungay, kaki wungar ngulkurr.

wumba, ngana baja dunga-y, kaki wungar ngulkurr | never.mind we again go-NONPAST if day good

wumba ngana baja dungay kaki wungar ngulkurr

Patz 4.10 wumba plus second-position non-past kaki conditional.


kaki kaba kada-y, ngana bayan nanda-l | if rain come-NONPAST we house close-NONPAST

Kaba rain, kaday come, bayan house/camp, nandal close; non-past kaki guard from Patz 4.3.2.


We will stay at the camp if a strong wind comes.

Ngana bayan-ba bundanday, kaki muyar junkurrji kaday.

ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y, kaki muyar junkurr-ji kada-y | we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST if wind strength-COMIT come-NONPAST

ngana bayan bundanday kaki muyar junkurrji kaday

Second-position kaki after Patz 4.3.2; muyar and junkurrji source-checked.


I take firewood just in case cold comes.

Ngayu baya wundil, nganganjirrka kiway kada-nya-mun-ku.

ngayu baya wundi-l, nganganjirrka kiway kada-nya-mun-ku | I firewood take-NONPAST just.in.case cold come-SUB-mun-DAT

ngayu baya wundil nganganjirrka kiway kaday

Baya includes fire/firewood; kiway cold; nganganjirrka just-in-case plus source-shaped -nya-mun-ku.


I light a fire; perhaps the fire will be hot.

ngayu baya waju-l, nguba baya wumbul | I fire light-NONPAST perhaps fire hot

Waju-l cook/burn/light fire; nguba precedes the possibility per Patz 4.9.3.


If the sun is hot, the children stay in the house.

Kaki wungar wumbul, karrkay-karrkay bayan-ba bundanday.

kaki wungar wumbul, karrkay-karrkay bayan-ba bundanda-y | if sun hot children house-LOC stay-NONPAST

kaki wungar wumbul karrkay bayan bundanday

Wungar sun/day and wumbul hot are dictionary-checked; keeps kaki non-past/stative.


If the water is deep, you will not swim.

kaki bana bada, yundu kari maraji | if water deep you NEG swim

Practical water-depth contingency; varies Batch 154 water-depth row by subject.


If there is no water along the road, take the billycan.

Kaki bana kari baral-darr, jungkalu wundi.

kaki bana kari baral-darr, jungkalu wundi | if water NEG road-PERL billycan take.IMP

Builds on Patz ex.397/398 no-water-on-road lexicon with an imperative response.


If the road is good, we will go tomorrow.

Kaki baral ngulkurr, ngana wunkuny dungay.

kaki baral ngulkurr, ngana wunkuny dunga-y | if road good we tomorrow go-NONPAST

kaki baral ngulkurr ngana wunkuny dungay

Baral road and ngulkurr good are source-checked; wunkuny tomorrow from Rule 111/lexicon.


If the road is bad, we will stay at the camp.

Kaki baral buyun, ngana bayan-ba bundanday.

kaki baral buyun, ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y | if road bad we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

Buyun bad is source-checked; practical contingency for travel decisions.


ngayu bana wundi-l, nguba wungar wumbul | I water take-NONPAST perhaps sun hot

Independent nguba possibility as reason, per Patz 4.4.4.4 ex.503 strategy.


If the child is hungry, grandmother will cook food.

Kaki karrkay dakuy, babi-ngka mayi wajul.

kaki karrkay dakuy, babi-ngka mayi waju-l | if child hungry grandmother-ERG food cook-NONPAST

Dakuy is the common corpus/Patz surface for dictionary dakwuy hungry; source decision logged.


Ngayu mayi wajul, kunka ngayu dakuy-ma-nya-mun-ku.

ngayu mayi waju-l, kunka ngayu dakuy-ma-nya-mun-ku | I food cook-NONPAST in.case I hungry-INCHO-SUB-mun-DAT

Patz 4.4.4.4 lists dakuy-ma-nya-mun-ku 'in case I get hungry'.


If the child has a cold, grandmother gives green ants to the child.

Kaki karrkay ngiki-ji, babi-ngka yangka dajil karrkay-anda.

kaki karrkay ngiki-ji, babi-ngka yangka daji-l karrkay-anda | if child cold-COMIT grandmother-ERG green.ant give-NONPAST child-LOC:pt

Patz ex.545 gives grandmother, green ants, and child-with-cold frame.


If grandfather is sick, he takes medicinal root for the road.

Kaki ngaji bambay, nyulu bangkan wundil baral-ka.

kaki ngaji bambay, nyulu bangkan wundi-l baral-ka | if grandfather sick he medicinal.root take-NONPAST road-DAT

kaki ngaji bambay nyulu bangkan wundil baral

Bangkan medicinal root and Patz ex.500 medicine-for-road frame, avoiding English medicine.


If the child's body is tired, he sleeps.

Kaki karrkay bangkarr bajaburray, nyulu warngku-wunay.

kaki karrkay bangkarr bajaburray, nyulu warngku-wuna-y | if child body tired he sleep-lie-NONPAST

kaki karrkay bangkarr bajaburray nyulu warngku-wunay

Bangkarr bajaburray is source-shaped from Patz ex.395; subject varied from Batch 154.


I take medicinal root in case the child gets sick.

Ngayu bangkan wundil, kunka karrkay bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku.

ngayu bangkan wundi-l, kunka karrkay bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku | I medicinal.root take-NONPAST in.case child sick-INCHO-SUB-mun-DAT

ngayu bangkan wundil kunka karrkay bambay

Extends Patz ex.500 with the same bambay-ma-nya-mun-ku dependent form.


We will stay at the camp; perhaps the child is tired.

Ngana bayan-ba bundanday, nguba karrkay bajaburray.

ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y, nguba karrkay bajaburray | we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST perhaps child tired

ngana bayan bundanday nguba karrkay bajaburray

Nguba independent possibility supplies the reason without a cumbersome dependent clause.


I cook fish; perhaps the child is hungry.

ngayu kuyu waju-l, nguba karrkay dakuy | I fish cook-NONPAST perhaps child hungry

Practical food/hunger row using independent nguba possibility.


No, the child is not hungry; he is tired.

Kari, karrkay kari dakuy, nyulu bajaburray.

kari, karrkay kari dakuy, nyulu bajaburray | no child NEG hungry he tired

Answer-word kari plus ordinary negation; distinguishes hungry from tired.


kaki ngayu ngiki-kari, ngayu ngulkurr | if I cold-PRIV I good

Patz ex.556 gives ngiki-kari plus ngulkurr-ma-ny; this row keeps a conservative stative frame.


Kaki kaya-ngka karrkay baykal, nganya balka.

kaki kaya-ngka karrkay bayka-l, nganya balka | if dog-ERG child bite-NONPAST me.ACC tell.IMP

Dog-bites-child frame is Patz-attested; imperative tell-me response.


Do not touch the vicious dog, lest it bite the child.

Kari kaya kuli-ji karrba, karrkay bayka-nyji.

kari kaya kuli-ji karrba, karrkay bayka-nyji | NEG dog anger-COMIT touch.IMP child bite-PRECAUT

Patz ex.437 gives the vicious-dog precautionary frame; dog-bites-child is independently Patz-attested.


If you see a snake on the road, leave the road.

Kaki yundu jarba nyajil baral-ba, baral bawa.

kaki yundu jarba nyaji-l baral-ba, baral bawa | if you snake see-NONPAST road-LOC road leave.IMP

Jarba snake, baral road, and bawal leave are source-checked.


You take a spear just in case a pig comes.

Yundu kalka wundil, nganganjirrka bikibiki kada-nya-mun-ku.

yundu kalka wundi-l, nganganjirrka bikibiki kada-nya-mun-ku | you spear take-NONPAST just.in.case pig come-SUB-mun-DAT

yundu kalka wundil nganganjirrka bikibiki kaday

Varies the Batch 154 just-in-case pig row by subject; keeps source-shaped dependent form.


If the day is good, the young men go for pigs with a dog.

Kaki wungar ngulkurr, warru-warru bikibiki-nga dungay kaya-nji.

kaki wungar ngulkurr, warru-warru bikibiki-nga dunga-y kaya-nji | if day good young.men pig-LOC go-NONPAST dog-COMIT

kaki wungar ngulkurr warru bikibiki dungay kaya

Patz ex.548 gives warru-warru bikibiki-nga dungay kaya-nji.


If the fish do not bite, I leave the fishing line.

Kaki kuyu-ngku kari baykal, ngayu badur bawal.

kaki kuyu-ngku kari bayka-l, ngayu badur bawa-l | if fish-ERG NEG bite-NONPAST I fishing.line leave-NONPAST

Dictionary bawal example has fish not biting and quitting fishing; adapted into non-past condition.


If a snake is close by, the children stay in the house.

Kaki jarba ngundu janay, karrkay-karrkay bayan-ba bundanday.

kaki jarba ngundu jana-y, karrkay-karrkay bayan-ba bundanda-y | if snake close.by stand/be-NONPAST children house-LOC stay-NONPAST

kaki jarba ngundu janay karrkay bayan bundanday

Ngundu janay is source-shaped from Patz locational examples; practical danger contingency.


I take a stick in case a dog bites the child.

Ngayu juku wundil, kunka kaya-ngka karrkay bayka-nya-mun-ku.

ngayu juku wundi-l, kunka kaya-ngka karrkay bayka-nya-mun-ku | I stick take-NONPAST in.case dog-ERG child bite-SUB-mun-DAT

ngayu juku wundil kunka kaya karrkay baykal

Patz ex.502 dog-bite hypothetical reason, with object varied from pronoun to child.


Perhaps a pig will come to the water; take a spear.

Nguba bikibiki bana-ka kaday, yundu kalka wundi.

nguba bikibiki bana-ka kada-y, yundu kalka wundi | perhaps pig water-DAT come-NONPAST you spear take.IMP

nguba bikibiki bana kaday yundu kalka wundil

Nguba precedes the possibility; practical response uses source-checked kalka/wundi.


Kaki jarba-bu nganya baykal, ngayu bambay.

kaki jarba-bu nganya bayka-l, ngayu bambay | if snake-ERG me.ACC bite-NONPAST I sick

Patz licenses jarba-bu for snake as biting A; bambay sick is dictionary/grammar checked.


If the road is bad, leave the billycan at the camp.

Kaki baral buyun, jungkalu bayan-ba bawa.

kaki baral buyun, jungkalu bayan-ba bawa | if road bad billycan camp-LOC leave.IMP

Combines road condition with source-checked billycan and leave verb.


I take the billycan with water in case there is no water along the road.

Ngayu jungkalu bana-ji wundil, kunka bana kari baral-darr.

ngayu jungkalu bana-ji wundi-l, kunka bana kari baral-darr | I billycan water-COMIT take-NONPAST in.case water NEG road-PERL

ngayu jungkalu bana wundil kunka kari baral

Uses the Patz ex.397 no-water road frame with a container lexeme.


If the house is bad, I sweep the ground and clean it.

Kaki bayan buyun, ngayu bubu kidal, dayirr-bungal.

kaki bayan buyun, ngayu bubu kida-l, dayirr-bunga-l | if house bad I ground sweep-NONPAST clean-CAUS-NONPAST

kaki bayan buyun ngayu bubu kidal dayirr-bungal

Patz ex.499 source-checks kidal plus dayirr-bungal as sweep/clean house work.


kaki balji buyun, jungkalu wundi | if bag bad billycan take.IMP

Balji bag/dillybag and jungkalu billycan are source-checked container nouns.


balji wundi, nguba mayi yinyay | bag take.IMP perhaps food there

Nguba independent possibility used as practical reason; mayi/yinyay source-checked.


If we stay at the camp, we close the house.

Kaki ngana bayan-ba bundanday, ngana bayan nandal.

kaki ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y, ngana bayan nanda-l | if we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST we house close-NONPAST

Bundanday stay and nandal close are source-checked practical camp verbs.


If the child hides in the scrub, mother sees him.

Kaki karrkay madja-nga ngaki-ji, ngamu-ngku nyunguny nyajil.

kaki karrkay madja-nga ngaki-ji-y, ngamu-ngku nyunguny nyaji-l | if child scrub-LOC hide-REF-NONPAST mother-ERG him see-NONPAST

kaki karrkay madja ngakiji ngamu nyunguny nyajil

Madja scrub and ngaki-ji hide are source-checked; varies Batch 154 nguba row into kaki condition.


If a friend comes, I cook food and sweep the house.

Kaki jawun kaday, ngayu mayi wajul, bayan kidal.

kaki jawun kada-y, ngayu mayi waju-l, bayan kida-l | if friend come-NONPAST I food cook-NONPAST house sweep-NONPAST

kaki jawun kaday ngayu mayi wajul bayan kidal

Jawun friend plus Patz ex.499 preparation vocabulary.


We stay at the water; perhaps the road is bad.

Ngana bana-nga bundanday, nguba baral buyun.

ngana bana-nga bundanda-y, nguba baral buyun | we water-LOC stay-NONPAST perhaps road bad

Independent nguba possibility supplies a reason for staying by water.


kaki yundu wunkuny dunga-y, bana wundi | if you tomorrow go-NONPAST water take.IMP

Simple lexical contingency with wunkuny tomorrow and water-taking.


kaki karrkay kiway-kiway, baya waju | if child cold fire light.IMP

Kiway-kiway cold and baya waju fire-lighting are source-checked.


If the sun is hot, take water for the road.

Kaki wungar wumbul, bana wundi baral-ka.

kaki wungar wumbul, bana wundi baral-ka | if sun hot water take.IMP road-DAT

Adds practical road-preparation lexicon without changing Rule 112 grammar.


If rain comes tomorrow, we leave the road and stay at the camp.

Kaki kaba wunkuny kaday, ngana baral bawal, bayan-ba bundanday.

kaki kaba wunkuny kada-y, ngana baral bawa-l, bayan-ba bundanda-y | if rain tomorrow come-NONPAST we road leave-NONPAST camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

kaki kaba wunkuny kaday ngana baral bawal bayan bundanday

Combines weather, road, leave, and camp-stay vocabulary.


You take a fishing line; perhaps the fish will bite.

Yundu badur wundil, nguba kuyu-ngku baykal.

yundu badur wundi-l, nguba kuyu-ngku bayka-l | you fishing.line take-NONPAST perhaps fish-ERG bite-NONPAST

Varies the Batch 154 badur/nguba/fish-bite row by subject.


kaki mayi yinyay, balji wundi | if food there bag take.IMP

Practical container choice with source-checked mayi/yinyay/balji.


If the child is hungry, mother gives food.

Kaki karrkay dakuy, ngamu-ngku mayi dajil.

kaki karrkay dakuy, ngamu-ngku mayi daji-l | if child hungry mother-ERG food give-NONPAST

Varies the Batch 154 grandmother-gives-food row by actor; keeps dakuy source note.


I sweep the house; perhaps a friend will come.

ngayu bayan kida-l, nguba jawun kada-y | I house sweep-NONPAST perhaps friend come-NONPAST

Preparation vocabulary with the preferred independent nguba possibility strategy.


Settled then, if the road is good, we will go.

Yalada, kaki baral ngulkurr, ngana dungay.

yalada, kaki baral ngulkurr, ngana dunga-y | settled.then if road good we go-NONPAST

Rule 111 interjection plus Rule 112 kaki frame; lexical focus is road condition.


Never mind, we will stay at the camp; perhaps rain is coming.

Wumba, ngana bayan-ba bundanday, nguba kaba kaday.

wumba, ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y, nguba kaba kada-y | never.mind we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST perhaps rain come-NONPAST

wumba ngana bayan bundanday nguba kaba kaday

Interjection plus weather possibility; nguba stays preposed.


Wait for me, take the billycan in case there is no water along the road.

Kaku, jungkalu wundi, kunka bana kari baral-darr.

kaku, jungkalu wundi, kunka bana kari baral-darr | wait.for.me billycan take.IMP in.case water NEG road-PERL

kaku jungkalu wundil kunka bana kari baral

Kaku interjection plus Patz ex.397 no-water-road in-case frame.


He does not bathe in deep water lest he drown.

Nyulu kari janji-l bana bada-nga, bujil-janji-nyji.

nyulu kari janji-l bana bada-nga, bujil-janji-nyji | he NEG bathe-NONPAST water deep-LOC nose-bathe-PRECAUT

nyulu kari janji-l bana bada bujil-janji-nyji

Patz ex.432 licenses janji-l plus bujil-janji-nyji; water/deep vocabulary reused from Rule 113.


Do not fool around with the spear lest you hit the child.

Kari kalka-ji nguju-wuri, yundu karrkay kuni-nyji.

kari kalka-ji nguju-wuri-y, yundu karrkay kuni-nyji | NEG spear-COMIT funny-dance-IMP you child hit-PRECAUT

kari kalka nguju-wuri-y yundu karrkay kunil

Patz ex.433 source frame; object varied from baby to child to avoid copying.


Do not walk through long grass lest a snake bite you.

Kari jikan-ba kalbay-mba dunga-n-dungay, jarba-bu yununy bayka-nyji.

kari jikan-ba kalbay-mba dunga-n-dunga-y, jarba-bu yununy bayka-nyji | NEG grass-LOC long-LOC go-REDUP-NONPAST snake-ERG you.ACC bite-PRECAUT

kari jikan kalbay dungay jarba yununy baykal

Patz ex.434 long-grass snake-bite frame; explicit second-person object retained.


kari kuyu waju, buyun-dama-nyji | NEG fish cook.IMP bad-CAUS-PRECAUT

Patz ex.436 gives mayi waju plus buyun-dama-nyji; object varied to fish.


Do not lift the billycan lest you drop it.

kari jungkalu kulba, dara-y-mani-nyji | NEG billycan lift.IMP fall-y-CAUS-PRECAUT

Patz ex.441 egg/drop frame; object varied to Rule 113 jungkalu.


Ngayu karrkay jarrakulba-l, banbadi-nyji.

ngayu karrkay jarrakulba-l, banbadi-nyji | I child carry-NONPAST cry.REDUP-PRECAUT

Patz ex.439 gives carry-baby lest cry; child object varies the source.


balji wundi, mayi dara-nyji | bag take.IMP food fall-PRECAUT

Precautionary no-common-NP pattern after Patz ex.443/444; practical container vocabulary.


bayan nanda, kaba wala-nyji | house close.IMP rain enter-PRECAUT

Wala-l enter is source-checked; no-common-NP precautionary warning.


baya wundi, kiway kada-nyji | firewood take.IMP cold come-PRECAUT

Modeled on Patz ex.443 cold-coming precaution, with take-firewood response.


mayi wundi, yundu dakuy-ma-nyji | food take.IMP you hungry-INCHO-PRECAUT

Patz table at ex.511 gives dakuy-ma-nyji 'lest I get hungry'; person varied.


Take medicinal root lest the child get sick.

bangkan wundi, karrkay bambay-ma-nyji | medicinal.root take.IMP child sick-INCHO-PRECAUT

Bambay-ma- is source-checked in Patz; Rule 113 remedy vocabulary supplies bangkan.


Do not touch the snake lest it bite you.

Kari jarba karrba, jarba-bu yununy bayka-nyji.

kari jarba karrba, jarba-bu yununy bayka-nyji | NEG snake touch.IMP snake-ERG you.ACC bite-PRECAUT

Patz ex.437 dog-touch frame and ex.434 snake-bite A marking combined conservatively.


Keep the child in the house lest the dog bite him.

Karrkay bayan-ba kuji, kaya-ngka nyunguny bayka-nyji.

karrkay bayan-ba kuji, kaya-ngka nyunguny bayka-nyji | child house-LOC keep.IMP dog-ERG him.ACC bite-PRECAUT

karrkay bayan kujil kaya nyunguny baykal

Explicit dog A and child O retained to avoid ambiguity, following Patz ex.438 caution.


Do not leave the food there lest the dog eat it.

Kari mayi yinyay bawa, kaya-ngka nuka-nyji.

kari mayi yinyay bawa, kaya-ngka nuka-nyji | NEG food there leave.IMP dog-ERG eat-PRECAUT

Common object food is recoverable in the precautionary clause; dog A retained.


Baya waju, karrkay kiway-kiway jana-nyji.

baya waju, karrkay kiway-kiway jana-nyji | fire light.IMP child cold be-PRECAUT

Rule 113 cold/fire lexicon in Patz ex.443 no-common-NP precautionary shape.


kari jalun-ba dunga-y, muyar kada-nyji | NEG sea-LOC go-NONPAST wind come-PRECAUT

No-common-NP precautionary with weather risk; keeps event as preventable bad outcome.


kalka wundi, bikibiki kada-nyji | spear take.IMP pig come-PRECAUT

Rule 113 animal-risk lexicon in -nyji construction, not kunka/nganganjirrka.


Do not leave the fishing line lest the fish bite.

kari badur bawa, kuyu-ngku bayka-nyji | NEG fishing.line leave.IMP fish-ERG bite-PRECAUT

Practical Rule 113 fishing vocabulary with Patz-style explicit A in risk clause.


Ngayu mayi wajul, karrkay-karrkay kada-nyjiku.

ngayu mayi waju-l, karrkay-karrkay kada-nyjiku | I food cook-NONPAST children come-SUCC

Successive -nyjiku marks the following event as timing point, after Patz ex.455.


ngana bayan nanda-l, kaba dara-nyjiku | we house close-NONPAST rain fall-SUCC

Patz ex.454 licenses rain falls with dara-nyjiku; main event is prior house-closing.


Grandmother cooks food before the child gets hungry.

Babi-ngka mayi wajul, karrkay dakuy-ma-nyjiku.

babi-ngka mayi waju-l, karrkay dakuy-ma-nyjiku | grandmother-ERG food cook-NONPAST child hungry-INCHO-SUCC

Contrasts successive dakuy-ma-nyjiku with Rule 113 in-case dakuy-ma-nya-mun-ku.


Yundu kalka wundil, bikibiki kada-nyjiku.

yundu kalka wundi-l, bikibiki kada-nyjiku | you spear take-NONPAST pig come-SUCC

Minimal pair with row 17: -nyjiku timing, not -nyji danger prevention.


I take the fishing line before the fish bites.

Ngayu badur wundil, kuyu-ngku bayka-nyjiku.

ngayu badur wundi-l, kuyu-ngku bayka-nyjiku | I fishing.line take-NONPAST fish-ERG bite-SUCC

Minimal pair with row 18 and Patz ex.445 bite-SUCC logic.


Ngana bayan-ba bundanday, muyar kada-nyjiku.

ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y, muyar kada-nyjiku | we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST wind come-SUCC

No-common-NP successive after Patz ex.455, with Rule 113 wind lexicon.


I sweep the ground before a friend comes.

ngayu bubu kida-l, jawun kada-nyjiku | I ground sweep-NONPAST friend come-SUCC

Preparation before following event; keeps -nyjiku temporal rather than hypothetical.


jana mayi nuka-ny, nganjan wandi-nyjiku | they food eat-PAST father wake.up-SUCC

Patz ex.165 source frame with simplified surface and same SUCC reference point.


ngana wunana-ny, jilba-dunga-nyjiku | we rest.REDUP-PAST walk-go-SUCC

Patz ex.446 source frame; subject varied from singular to plural.


Ngamu mara julurri-ji, mayi nuka-nyjiku.

ngamu mara julurri-ji-y, mayi nuka-nyjiku | mother hand wash-REF-NONPAST food eat-SUCC

Patz ex.447 hand-washing before kneading adapted to eating with source-checked nuka-l.


I sweep the ground before setting up camp.

ngayu bubu kida-l, bayan ngara-nyjiku | I ground sweep-NONPAST camp set.up-SUCC

Patz ex.449 source frame; person varied.


Grandmother roasts the zamia nut before pounding it.

babi-ngka marra dinda-l, duda-nyjiku | grandmother-ERG zamia.nut roast-NONPAST pound-SUCC

Patz ex.450 source frame with actor varied from women to grandmother.


Jana bikibiki nyajin, nyulu warri-nyjiku.

jana bikibiki nyaji-ny, nyulu warri-nyjiku | they pig see-PAST it run-SUCC

Patz ex.453 wallaby/run-away frame; object varied to pig.


dikal banbadi-y, kaba dara-nyjiku | bird cry.REDUP-NONPAST rain fall-SUCC

Patz ex.454 exact construction; retained as canonical source-shaped no-common-NP example if duplicate-clean.


We went along the road before wind came.

Ngana baral-darr dungan, muyar kada-nyjiku.

ngana baral-darr dunga-ny, muyar kada-nyjiku | we road-PERL go-PAST wind come-SUCC

Patz ex.455 'I went before wind came' with subject and path varied.


Karrkay warngku-wunan, wungar wandi-nyjiku.

karrkay warngku-wuna-ny, wungar wandi-nyjiku | child sleep-lie-PAST sun rise-SUCC

Simple successive timing row with source-checked wandi-nyjiku wake/rise.


Wawu-janji-nya-muny, jana bayan-ba wunana-y.

wawu-janji-nya-muny, jana bayan-ba wunana-y | TEMP4-bathe-SUB-ABL they camp-LOC rest.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.491 prior-event source form, with camp location added.


Mother saw the child after he had entered.

Ngamu-ngku karrkay nyajin, wawu-wala-nya-muny.

ngamu-ngku karrkay nyaji-ny, wawu-wala-nya-muny | mother-ERG child see-PAST TEMP4-enter-SUB-ABL

Patz ex.492 see-object after entering; actor/object varied.


The man killed the snake after it had bitten him.

Dingkar-angka jarba kunin, wawu-bayka-nya-muny.

dingkar-angka jarba kuni-ny, wawu-bayka-nya-muny | man-ERG snake kill-PAST TEMP4-bite-SUB-ABL

Patz ex.493 bite prior-event source form, with snake lexeme from Rule 113.


Grandmother rested after washing clothes.

babi wunana-ny, wawu-kambi-muny julurri-ny | grandmother rest.REDUP-PAST TEMP4-clothes-ABL wash-PAST

Patz ex.494 object-attracts-ablative prior-event pattern, subject varied.


She went for a walk after feeding the dog.

Nyulu jilba-dungan, wawu-kaya-muny mayi dajin.

nyulu jilba-dunga-ny, wawu-kaya-muny mayi daji-ny | she walk-go-PAST TEMP4-dog-ABL food give-PAST

nyulu jilba-dunga-y wawu-kaya-muny mayi dajil

Modeled on Patz ex.495 chicken-feeding row; recipient noun attracts ablative.


nyulu bana nuka-ny, wawu-jilba-muny | he water drink-PAST TEMP4-walk-ABL

Patz ex.497 says use wawu-jilba-muny rather than wawu-dunga-nya-muny.


wawu-mayi-muny, karrkay-karrkay warngku-wuna-y | TEMP4-food-ABL children sleep-lie-NONPAST

Patz 3.10.1 gives wawu-mayi-muny 'after the meal'.


Wawu-yinya-muny, ngana baral-darr dungay.

wawu-yinya-muny, ngana baral-darr dunga-y | TEMP4-that-ABL we road-PERL go-NONPAST

Patz 4.4.4.3 recommends wawu-yinya-muny for general after-that sequence.


The young man grabbed the dog after the barking.

Warru-ngku kaya karrban, wawu-ngangkurr-muny.

warru-ngku kaya karrba-ny, wawu-ngangkurr-muny | young.man-ERG dog grab-PAST TEMP4-barking.noise-ABL

Patz ex.496 says use barking noun wawu-ngangkurr-muny, not wawu-ngangkurri-nya-muny.


After the meal, grandmother stays at the camp.

Wawu-mayi-muny, babi bayan-ba bundanday.

wawu-mayi-muny, babi bayan-ba bundanda-y | TEMP4-food-ABL grandmother camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

Second wawu-mayi-muny row varies the main clause and reinforces nominal prior event.


wawu-yinya-muny, bana wundi | TEMP4-that-ABL water take.IMP

General after-that sequence plus imperative response.


wawu-janji-nya-muny, karrkay-karrkay warngku-wuna-y | TEMP4-bathe-SUB-ABL children sleep-lie-NONPAST

Patz ex.491 source prior-event form with new main clause.


We saw the man after he had entered the house.

Ngana dingkar nyajin, wawu-wala-nya-muny bayan-ka.

ngana dingkar nyaji-ny, wawu-wala-nya-muny bayan-ka | we man see-PAST TEMP4-enter-SUB-ABL house-DAT

ngana dingkar nyajil wawu-wala-nya-muny bayan

Varies prior Batch 84 woman-entered surface; retains Patz ex.492 construction.


The woman caught the dog after the barking.

Jalbu-ngku kaya karrban, wawu-ngangkurr-muny.

jalbu-ngku kaya karrba-ny, wawu-ngangkurr-muny | woman-ERG dog grab-PAST TEMP4-barking.noise-ABL

Patz ex.496 nominal prior-event pattern, actor varied.


ngayu bana nuka-ny, wawu-mayi-muny | I water drink-PAST TEMP4-food-ABL

Simple wawu-mayi-muny nominal prior-event row.


wawu-yinya-muny, ngana bayan nanda-l | TEMP4-that-ABL we house close-NONPAST

General after-that sequence closes the batch and contrasts with -nyjiku timing rows.


wawu-warngku-muny, jana dunga-ny-baja | TEMP4-sleep-ABL they go-PAST-again

Patz ex.635 gives wawu-warngku-muny plus dunga-ny-baja; row retains the source shape.


After the meal, mother washes her hands.

wawu-mayi-muny, ngamu mara julurri-ji-y | TEMP4-food-ABL mother hand wash-REF-NONPAST

Patz 3.10.1 sources wawu-mayi-muny; julurri-ji elder surface follows Rule 114 correction.


After the walk, the children drink water.

Wawu-jilba-muny, karrkay-karrkay bana nukal.

wawu-jilba-muny, karrkay-karrkay bana nuka-l | TEMP4-walk-ABL children water drink-NONPAST

Patz ex.497 prefers nominal wawu-jilba-muny for after the walk.


After the barking, father closes the house.

Wawu-ngangkurr-muny, nganjan-angka bayan nandal.

wawu-ngangkurr-muny, nganjan-angka bayan nanda-l | TEMP4-barking.noise-ABL father-ERG house close-NONPAST

wawu-ngangkurr-muny nganjan bayan nandal

Patz ex.496 requires the barking noun ngangkurr in ablative rather than a forced bark-verb form.


Mother went to camp after washing clothes.

Ngamu bayan-ka dungan, wawu-kambi-muny julurrin.

ngamu bayan-ka dunga-ny, wawu-kambi-muny julurri-ny | mother camp-DAT go-PAST TEMP4-clothes-ABL wash-PAST

ngamu bayan dungay wawu-kambi-muny julurril

Patz ex.494 object-ablative prior-event pattern with kambi-muny and wash predicate.


They stayed at the house after feeding chickens.

Jana bayan-ba bundan, wawu-jukijuki-muny mayi dajin.

jana bayan-ba bunda-ny, wawu-jukijuki-muny mayi daji-ny | they house-LOC stay-PAST TEMP4-chicken-ABL food give-PAST

jana bayan bundanday wawu-jukijuki-muny mayi dajil

Patz ex.495 sources wawu-jukijuki-muny mayi daji-ny as the prior feeding event.


Wawu-janji-nya-muny, babi-ngka mayi wajun.

wawu-janji-nya-muny, babi-ngka mayi waju-ny | TEMP4-bathe-SUB-ABL grandmother-ERG food cook-PAST

Patz ex.491 supplies the restricted verb prior-event form wawu-janji-nya-muny.


wawu-wala-nya-muny, dingkar bunda-ny | TEMP4-enter-SUB-ABL man sit-PAST

Patz ex.492 supplies the restricted verb prior-event form wawu-wala-nya-muny.


wawu-yinya-muny, ngana baya waju-l | TEMP4-that-ABL we fire light-NONPAST

Patz ex.636 sources wawu-yinya-muny as the general after-that temporal bridge.


wawu-yinya-muny, karrkay yalbay-ma-ny | TEMP4-that-ABL child big-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.636 has wawu-yinya-muny plus yalbay-ma-ny; subject varied to avoid copying.


After the sleep, the children came back.

wawu-warngku-muny, karrkay-karrkay kada-ny-baja | TEMP4-sleep-ABL children come-PAST-again

Second wawu-warngku-muny row varies the main predicate and keeps the nominal ablative.


After the meal, the old people sang a song.

Wawu-mayi-muny, mukul-bama wulngku badin.

wawu-mayi-muny, mukul-bama wulngku badi-ny | TEMP4-food-ABL old-people song sing-PAST

Combines sourced wawu-mayi-muny with dictionary-backed wulngku badi 'sing'.


nyiku ngana bayan-ba bundanda-y | today we camp-LOC stay-NONPAST

Patz §3.4 lists nyiku as now/today; uninflected time words can set temporal reference.


wunkuny ngayu babi nyaji-nka dunga-y | tomorrow I grandmother see-PURP go-NONPAST

Patz ex.114 gives wunkuny plus dunga-y ... nyaji-nka; object varied to grandmother.


yilayku karrkay bambay-ma-ny | yesterday child sick-INCHO-PAST

Patz ex.113 gives yilayku with bambay-ma-ny; subject varied.


During the night long ago, people sang songs.

wujurr-bu ngadiku bama wulngku badi-ny | night-LOC long.ago people song sing-PAST

Patz note gives wujurr-bu ngadiku; wulngku badi is dictionary-backed.


muduwaju-ny nganjan bana-ka dunga-ny | daybreak-TIME father water-DAT go-PAST

Dictionary and Patz §5.2.2 source muduwajuny as at daybreak.


wunkuwingku ngamu-ngku bana wundi-ny | morning mother-ERG water take-PAST

Dictionary sources wunkuwingku 'morning'; simple transitive row with sourced take-water lexicon.


yilay-yilay jawun kada-ny | late.afternoon friend come-PAST

Patz §3.4 and dictionary source yilay-yilay as late afternoon.


kunarangkal kaba dara-ny | middle.of.night rain fall-PAST

Dictionary sources kunarangkal 'middle of the night'; rain-fall frame is already sourced.


During the night the child heard barking.

Wujurr-bu karrkay-ngku ngangkurr nyajin.

wujurr-bu karrkay-ngku ngangkurr nyaji-ny | night-LOC child-ERG barking.noise hear-PAST

Patz §3.4 gives wujurr-bu; dictionary/Patz source ngangkurr as barking noise.


wunkuny ngana jilba-dunga-ny-baja | next.day we walk-go-PAST-again

Patz §3.4 lists wunkuny as next day/tomorrow; jilba-dunga-y is source-backed walk-go.


yilayku jana bayan-ba bunda-ny | yesterday they camp-LOC stay-PAST

Yilayku is sourced as yesterday; camp-stay frame is common and source-backed.


muduwaju-ny kaya-ngka jina wukurri-ny | daybreak-TIME dog-ERG track follow-PAST

Muduwajuny daybreak plus dictionary-backed track/follow vocabulary.


wunkuwingku babi-ngka mayi waju-ny | morning grandmother-ERG food cook-PAST

Wunkuwingku 'morning' with source-backed mayi waju-l food-cooking frame.


yilay-yilay ngana kada-ny-baja | late.afternoon we come-PAST-again

Second yilay-yilay row varies the predicate and reinforces the time word.


wungar dakal, jana dunga-ny | sun sunrise they go-PAST

Dictionary and Patz source wungar dakal as sunrise.


At midday the children rested in the shade.

Wungar wangkar-wangkar, karrkay-karrkay wabarr-ba wunanan.

wungar wangkar-wangkar, karrkay-karrkay wabarr-ba wunana-ny | sun above-REDUP children shade-LOC rest-PAST

wungar wangkar-wangkar
karrkay
wabarr
wunana

Patz describes wungar wangkar-wangkar as mid-morning to early afternoon; shade/rest vocabulary is sourced.


wungar daray, ngana bayan-ka kada-ny | sun sunset we camp-DAT come-PAST

Dictionary sources wungar daray as sunset; camp-return frame varies earlier rows.


In the hot season people stay near water.

Wungar-iji bama bana ngundu-ba bundanday.

wungar-iji bama bana ngundu-ba bundanda-y | sun-COMIT people water close-LOC stay-NONPAST

Patz §3.4 lists wungar-iji as hot season; ngundu-ba close/near location is sourced.


bulur-iji baya ngulkurr | cold.season fire good

Patz §3.4 lists bulur-iji as cold season; baya and ngulkurr are stable lexemes.


Patz §3.4 restricts kija to moon/month semantics; row keeps the moon sense explicit.


Patz §3.4 gives kija as moon/month; English and gloss keep the month sense explicit.


muduwaju-ny wungar wandi-ny | daybreak-TIME sun rise-PAST

Muduwajuny is sourced as daybreak; wungar wandi- is already used for sun-rise timing.


Wungar wangkar-wangkar, ngana bana nukal.

wungar wangkar-wangkar, ngana bana nuka-l | midday we water drink-NONPAST

Avoids duplicating the bare wungar wangkar-wangkar row by adding a sourced main clause.


At sunset grandmother stayed at the camp.

wungar daray, babi bayan-ba bunda-ny | sunset grandmother camp-LOC stay-PAST

Second sunset row varies participant and predicate while preserving the time phrase.


Karrkay-ngku wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyajin.

karrkay-ngku wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyaji-ny | child-ERG song far-ABL hear-PAST

Grammar source has wulngku heard from far away; subject varied.


wunkuwingku babi-ngka wulngku badi-ny | morning grandmother-ERG song sing-PAST

Dictionary sources wulngku badi 'sing'; wunkuwingku supplies a sourced time setting.


karrkay mayi-ka badi-ny | child food-DAT cry-PAST

Dictionary example gives child crying for food with badi-ny and mayi-ka.


karrkay-karrkay wujurr-bu banbadi-y | children night-LOC cry.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz §3.4 gives wujurr-bu; banbadi elder surface drops final -y after i.


A big thunderstorm came in the middle of the night.

kunarangkal jarramali yalbay kada-ny | middle.of.night thunderstorm big come-PAST

Dictionary sources jarramali as thunder/thunderstorm and kunarangkal as middle of the night.


wunkuwingku kaba dara-ny | morning rain fall-PAST

Dictionary sources kaba 'rain'; Patz examples source kaba dara-ny 'rain fell'.


muyar jalun-muny kada-ny | wind sea-ABL come-PAST

Dictionary sources muyar 'wind'; ablative source phrase uses regular nominal case.


muyar yalbay kada-ny | wind big come-PAST

Simple weather noun row varying prior strong-wind surfaces.


ngamu-ngku kuku mukul-bama-nka yunga-ny | mother-ERG news old-people-DAT send-PAST

Dictionary sources kuku as news/talk/language; yunga-l send is source-backed.


ngayu babi-mu kuku nyaji-ny | I grandmother-GEN words hear-PAST

Kuku is dictionary-backed as talk/language/news; hearing uses sourced nyaji-l perception verb.


karrkay wulngku-ku babaji-ny | child song-DAT ask-PAST

Wulngku-ku about the song follows earlier source-shaped ask-about rows.


mukul-bama wulngku wubul binal | old-people song many know

Dictionary-backed wulngku plus stable binal/wubul lexicon.


ngangkurr bayan-mundu kada-ny | barking.noise house-ABL come-PAST

Dictionary and Patz source ngangkurr as barking sound; ablative source phrase avoids a bark-verb nominalization.


The thunderstorm did not come; only wind came.

Jarramali kari kadan, muyar nganga kadan.

jarramali kari kada-ny, muyar nganga kada-ny | thunderstorm NEG come-PAST wind only come-PAST

Weather contrast using sourced jarramali and muyar; no new weather verb is invented.


Mother took water, cooked food, and then rested.

Ngamu-ngku bana wundin, mayi wajun, wunanan-da.

ngamu-ngku bana wundi-ny, mayi waju-ny, wunana-ny-da | mother-ERG water take-PAST food cook-PAST rest-PAST-TEMP1

Patz ex.631 uses -da on the closing event of a sequence; everyday predicates vary the source.


Grandmother got firewood, lit a fire, and then cooked fish.

Babi-ngka baya manin, baya wajun, kuyu wajun-da.

babi-ngka baya mani-ny, baya waju-ny, kuyu waju-ny-da | grandmother-ERG firewood get-PAST fire light-PAST fish cook-PAST-TEMP1

TEMP1 closes the preparation sequence after two unmarked past events.


The child came to camp, drank water, and then slept.

Karrkay bayan-ka kadan, bana nukan, warngku wunan-da.

karrkay bayan-ka kada-ny, bana nuka-ny, warngku wuna-ny-da | child camp-DAT come-PAST water drink-PAST sleep lie-PAST-TEMP1

karrkay bayan kaday bana nukal warngku-wunay

Varies Batch 132 sleep-close rows with water-drinking as the middle event.


They walked, came to the water, and then sat down.

Jana jilba-dungan, bana-ka kadan, bundan-da.

jana jilba-dunga-ny, bana-ka kada-ny, bunda-ny-da | they walk-go-PAST water-DAT come-PAST sit-PAST-TEMP1

Keeps -da on the final seated/rest state after ordered movement events.


I washed my hands, ate food, and then went.

Ngayu mara julurri-jin, mayi nukan, dungan-da.

ngayu mara julurri-ji-ny, mayi nuka-ny, dunga-ny-da | I hand wash-REF-PAST food eat-PAST go-PAST-TEMP1

Elder surface drops -iy in julurri-ji; TEMP1 closes the sequence.


Father got a spear, saw a pig, and then went.

Nganjan-angka kalka manin, bikibiki nyajin, dungan-da.

nganjan-angka kalka mani-ny, bikibiki nyaji-ny, dunga-ny-da | father-ERG spear get-PAST pig see-PAST go-PAST-TEMP1

nganjan kalka manil bikibiki nyajil dungay

Simple three-event narrative with final movement marked TEMP1.


The children played, ate food, and then lay down.

Karrkay-karrkay kinkan, mayi nukan, wunan-da.

karrkay-karrkay kinka-ny, mayi nuka-ny, wuna-ny-da | children play-PAST food eat-PAST lie-PAST-TEMP1

TEMP1 closes a compact child activity sequence.


We came to the house, closed the house, and then slept.

Ngana bayan-ka kadan, bayan nandan, warngku wunan-da.

ngana bayan-ka kada-ny, bayan nanda-ny, warngku wuna-ny-da | we house-DAT come-PAST house close-PAST sleep lie-PAST-TEMP1

Final sleep event takes TEMP1 after arrival and closure.


The old people sang, talked, and then rested.

Mukul-bama wulngku badin, kuku balkan, wunanan-da.

mukul-bama wulngku badi-ny, kuku balka-ny, wunana-ny-da | old-people song sing-PAST words speak-PAST rest-PAST-TEMP1

mukul-bama wulngku badi kuku balkal wunana

Rule 115 speech/song lexicon reused in TEMP1 sequence-close grammar.


Rain fell, the water rose, and then wind came.

Kaba daran, bana yalbayman, muyar kadan-da.

kaba dara-ny, bana yalbay-ma-ny, muyar kada-ny-da | rain fall-PAST water big-INCHO-PAST wind come-PAST-TEMP1

Weather sequence keeps TEMP1 on the final following event.


The young man got fish, cooked it, and then gave it to grandmother.

Warru-ngku kuyu manin, wajun, babi-nda dajin-da.

warru-ngku kuyu mani-ny, waju-ny, babi-nda daji-ny-da | young.man-ERG fish get-PAST cook-PAST grandmother-DAT give-PAST-TEMP1

Ordered get-cook-give sequence with TEMP1 on the transfer close.


We got water, filled the billycan, and then went.

Ngana bana manin, jungkalu warmban, dungan-da.

ngana bana mani-ny, jungkalu warmba-ny, dunga-ny-da | we water get-PAST billycan fill-PAST go-PAST-TEMP1

ngana bana manil jungkalu warmbal dungay

Practical preparation sequence; final departure is marked TEMP1.


Barking came, the child cried, and then mother came.

Ngangkurr kadan, karrkay banbadi, ngamu kadan-da.

ngangkurr kada-ny, karrkay banbadi-y, ngamu kada-ny-da | barking.noise come-PAST child cry.REDUP-NONPAST mother come-PAST-TEMP1

Sound-response sequence; banbadi surface follows -iy drop.


Grandfather asked, the child answered, and then they laughed.

Kami babajin, karrkay balkan, bula yajarrin-da.

kami babaji-ny, karrkay balka-ny, bula yajarri-ny-da | grandfather ask-PAST child speak/answer-PAST they.two laugh-PAST-TEMP1

kami babajil karrkay balkal bula yajarril

Speech-response sequence with TEMP1 on the final reaction.


The two came, saw the food, and then ate.

bula kada-ny, mayi nyaji-ny, nuka-ny-da | they.two come-PAST food see-PAST eat-PAST-TEMP1

Compact sequence varies Batch 132 food-get examples with see-food before eating.


ngayu mayi waju-l-urr wundi-l-da | I food cook-NONPAST-TEMP3 take-NONPAST-TEMP1

Patz ex.633 source frame with food replacing fish to avoid exact duplicate.


Mother got water first and then cooked food.

Ngamu-ngku bana-ngarr manin, mayi wajun-da.

ngamu-ngku bana-ngarr mani-ny, mayi waju-ny-da | mother-ERG water-TEMP3 get-PAST food cook-PAST-TEMP1

TEMP3 on the first object in a sequence, modeled on kuyu-ngurr/mayi-ngarr source shapes.


The child ate food first and then drank water.

Karrkay mayi-ngarr nukan, bana nukan-da.

karrkay mayi-ngarr nuka-ny, bana nuka-ny-da | child food-TEMP3 eat-PAST water drink-PAST-TEMP1

Source-shaped mayi-ngarr marks the first consumed item.


Nganjan-angka nyulu-ngurr bikibiki nyajin.

nganjan-angka nyulu-ngurr bikibiki nyaji-ny | father-ERG he-TEMP3 pig see-PAST

Patz ex.634 source shape nyulu-ngurr for first participant; actor/object varied.


babi-ngka nyulu-ngurr mayi waju-ny | grandmother-ERG she-TEMP3 food cook-PAST

First-participant TEMP3 row with everyday food-cooking predicate.


ngayu-ngurr dunga-ny, ngamu kada-ny-da | I-TEMP3 go-PAST mother come-PAST-TEMP1

Varies Batch 132 first-person row by replacing the following participant.


You sit first, and then the children eat.

Yundu-ngurr bunda-y, karrkay-karrkay mayi nuka-l-da.

yundu-ngurr bunda-y, karrkay-karrkay mayi nuka-l-da | you-TEMP3 sit-IMP children food eat-NONPAST-TEMP1

TEMP3 on addressee as first participant; TEMP1 closes the following action.


Imperative -rr follows source daya-rr; object varied from meat to food.


jungkalu julurri-ka-rr | billycan wash-IMP-TEMP3

Imperative -ka-rr follows source julurri-ka-rr, with object varied from clothes/hands.


Imperative nuka-ngarr source shape with object varied from food/meat.


bayan-ka kada-y-arr | camp-DAT come-IMP-TEMP3

Kadayarr source shape retained, with camp destination added to avoid exact copy.


babi-nda babaji-ka-rr | grandmother-LOC/DAT ask-IMP-TEMP3

Patz/source ask-first imperative shape varied from old man to grandmother.


bana-ngarr wundi, dunga-y-da | water-TEMP3 take.IMP go-IMP-TEMP1

Noun-host TEMP3 plus imperative sequence close; modeled on mayi-ngarr nuka and dungay-da.


jana kuyu-ngurr mani-ny, kada-ny-da | they fish-TEMP3 get-PAST come-PAST-TEMP1

Patz ex.210 has kuyu-ngurr mani-ny followed by another event; following event varied.


The child was the first to find the track.

Karrkay-ngku nyulu-ngurr jina warrmba-bungan.

karrkay-ngku nyulu-ngurr jina warrmba-bunga-ny | child-ERG he-TEMP3 track find-CAUS-PAST

First-participant source shape with a track-finding predicate.


Mother cooked food; meanwhile grandmother washed clothes.

Ngamu-ngku mayi wajun, babi-ngka kambi julurrin-kuda.

ngamu-ngku mayi waju-ny, babi-ngka kambi julurri-ny-kuda | mother-ERG food cook-PAST grandmother-ERG clothes wash-PAST-TEMP2

TEMP2 -kuda used only for overlapping meanwhile action, following Patz §5.2.2 caution.


The children played; meanwhile father sat near the fire.

Karrkay-karrkay kinkan, nganjan baya ngundu-ba bundan-kuda.

karrkay-karrkay kinka-ny, nganjan baya ngundu-ba bunda-ny-kuda | children play-PAST father fire close-LOC sit-PAST-TEMP2

karrkay kinkal nganjan baya ngundu bundanday

Overlapping background action with TEMP2 on the father-sitting clause.


We walked along the road; meanwhile rain fell.

Ngana baral-darr dungan, kaba daran-kuda.

ngana baral-darr dunga-ny, kaba dara-ny-kuda | we road-PERL go-PAST rain fall-PAST-TEMP2

Weather overlap row; -kuda stays meanwhile, not definite/for-sure.


Barking came; meanwhile the child slept.

Ngangkurr kadan, karrkay warngku wunan-kuda.

ngangkurr kada-ny, karrkay warngku wuna-ny-kuda | barking.noise come-PAST child sleep lie-PAST-TEMP2

Sound event plus overlapping sleep state.


They wanted to go; meanwhile wind was coming.

jana wawu dunga-nka, muyar kada-ny-kuda | they want go-PURP wind come-PAST-TEMP2

Varies Patz text dunga-nka plus -kuda pattern without copying Batch 132.


Grandmother sang; meanwhile the children listened.

Babi-ngka wulngku badin, karrkay-karrkay nyajin-kuda.

babi-ngka wulngku badi-ny, karrkay-karrkay nyaji-ny-kuda | grandmother-ERG song sing-PAST children hear-PAST-TEMP2

Overlapping song/listening frame reuses Rule 115 lexicon.


ngayu bana-nga-kuda kuyu nyaji-ny | I water-LOC-TEMP2 fish see-PAST

Patz ex.630 sources bana-nga-kuda as a nominal-host TEMP2 form; predicate varied.


bula yarra-kuda warri-ny | they.two that.way-TEMP2 run-PAST

Patz text line sources yarra-kuda; row keeps the overlap/direction function minimal.


Father built the camp; meanwhile we gathered firewood.

Nganjan-angka bayan ngaran, ngana baya manin-kuda.

nganjan-angka bayan ngara-ny, ngana baya mani-ny-kuda | father-ERG camp set.up-PAST we firewood get-PAST-TEMP2

Two simultaneous camp tasks; -kuda marks the backgrounded overlapping action.


ngana bayan-ba bunda-ny, kaba dara-ny-kuda | we camp-LOC stay-PAST rain fall-PAST-TEMP2

Second weather-overlap row varies the main event and keeps -kuda cautious.


They ate food and then lay down. The next day they went again.

Jana mayi nukan, wunan-da. Wunkuny jana dungan-baja.

jana mayi nuka-ny, wuna-ny-da. wunkuny jana dunga-ny-baja | they food eat-PAST lie-PAST-TEMP1 next.day they go-PAST-again

Patz says time gaps require explicit temporal reference; wunkuny bridges the next-day gap.


We came to camp and rested. At daybreak we got up.

Ngana bayan-ka kadan, wunanan-da. Muduwajuny ngana wandin.

ngana bayan-ka kada-ny, wunana-ny-da. muduwaju-ny ngana wandi-ny | we camp-DAT come-PAST rest-PAST-TEMP1 daybreak-TIME we rise-PAST

Muduwajuny supplies the explicit daybreak bridge after sequence close.


Grandmother cooked food and then slept. After that she went to the river.

Babi-ngka mayi wajun, warngku wunan-da. Wawu-yinya-muny, nyulu wawubaja-nga dungan.

babi-ngka mayi waju-ny, warngku wuna-ny-da. wawu-yinya-muny, nyulu wawubaja-nga dunga-ny | grandmother-ERG food cook-PAST sleep lie-PAST-TEMP1 TEMP4-that-ABL she river-LOC go-PAST

babi mayi wajul warngku-wunay wawu-yinya-muny wawubaja dungay

Wawu-yinya-muny bridges the later event without inventing a new prior-event verb.


The children played and then slept. In the morning they drank water.

Karrkay-karrkay kinkan, warngku wunan-da. Wunkuwingku jana bana nukan.

karrkay-karrkay kinka-ny, warngku wuna-ny-da. wunkuwingku jana bana nuka-ny | children play-PAST sleep lie-PAST-TEMP1 morning they water drink-PAST

karrkay kinkal warngku-wunay wunkuwingku jana bana nukal

Wunkuwingku bridges from night sleep to morning action.


The old people talked and then rested. The next day they sang.

Mukul-bama balkan, wunanan-da. Wunkuny jana wulngku badin.

mukul-bama balka-ny, wunana-ny-da. wunkuny jana wulngku badi-ny | old-people speak-PAST rest-PAST-TEMP1 next.day they song sing-PAST

mukul-bama balkal wunana wunkuny jana wulngku badi

Next-day temporal bridge plus Rule 115 song lexicon.


We closed the house and then sat down. The next day we kept some food.

Ngana bayan nandan, bundan-da. Wunkuny ngana mayi kanbal kujil.

ngana bayan nanda-ny, bunda-ny-da. wunkuny ngana mayi kanbal kuji-l | we house close-PAST sit-PAST-TEMP1 next.day we food some keep-NONPAST

ngana bayan nandal bundanday wunkuny mayi kanbal kujil

Wunkuny prevents the following action from floating after a sequence close.


Rain came and then stopped. After that, the ground was dry.

Kaba kadan, wulan-da. Wawu-yinya-muny, bubu marral.

kaba kada-ny, wula-ny-da. wawu-yinya-muny, bubu marral | rain come-PAST stop/die-PAST-TEMP1 TEMP4-that-ABL ground dry

kaba kaday wulay wawu-yinya-muny bubu marral

After-that bridge separates completed rain sequence from resulting dry ground.


The man went, caught fish, and then came to camp. After that he cooked it.

Dingkar dungan, kuyu manin, bayan-ka kadan-da. Wawu-yinya-muny, nyulu wajun.

dingkar dunga-ny, kuyu mani-ny, bayan-ka kada-ny-da. wawu-yinya-muny, nyulu waju-ny | man go-PAST fish get-PAST camp-DAT come-PAST-TEMP1 TEMP4-that-ABL he cook-PAST

dingkar dungay kuyu manil bayan kaday wawu-yinya-muny wajul

TEMP1 closes the travel/catch sequence; wawu-yinya-muny opens the later cooking event.


The children slept. At daybreak mother woke them.

Karrkay-karrkay warngku wunan. Muduwajuny ngamu-ngku jana kulbul-manin.

karrkay-karrkay warngku wuna-ny. muduwaju-ny ngamu-ngku jana kulbul-mani-ny | children sleep lie-PAST daybreak-TIME mother-ERG them wake-CAUS-PAST

karrkay warngku-wunay muduwaju ngamu jana kulbul-manil

Muduwajuny explicitly bridges sleep to the waking event.


They stayed at the camp for a long time. The next day they went.

Ngadi-ngka jana bayan-ba bundan. Wunkuny jana dungan.

ngadi-ngka jana bayan-ba bunda-ny. wunkuny jana dunga-ny | long.time-DAT they camp-LOC stay-PAST next.day they go-PAST

ngadi jana bayan bundanday wunkuny dungay

Patz §3.4 gives ngadi-ngka for a long time; wunkuny bridges the following event.


wunkuny ngana wawubaja-nga dunga-y | tomorrow we river-LOC go-NONPAST

Patz ex.114 has wunkuny with dunga-y; river locative is a recurring sourced frame.


Yesterday the children came back to camp.

Yilayku karrkay-karrkay bayan-ka kadan-baja.

yilayku karrkay-karrkay bayan-ka kada-ny-baja | yesterday children camp-DAT come-PAST-again

Patz text sources kada-ny-baja; subject and temporal word vary prior rows.


I went along the road, and father followed me.

Ngayu baral-darr dungan, nganjan-angka nganya wukurrin.

ngayu baral-darr dunga-ny, nganjan-angka nganya wukurri-ny | I road-PERL go-PAST father-ERG me follow-PAST

ngayu baral dungay nganjan nganya wukurril

Patz ex.111 sources wukurri-ny follow; baral-darr travel frame is already source-backed.


The dog followed the children from behind.

Kaya-ngka karrkay-karrkay wukurrin kudamundu.

kaya-ngka karrkay-karrkay wukurri-ny kudamundu | dog-ERG children follow-PAST behind.LOC

Patz ex.111 has wukurri-ny kudamundu; actor/object changed.


Wulbuman-angka kaya bawan wangkarwangkar.

wulbuman-angka kaya bawa-ny wangkarwangkar | old.woman-ERG dog leave-PAST up.there

Dictionary bawal 'leave/quit'; Patz text lines source bawa-ny with wangkarwangkar.


ngayu bayan bawa-ny, wawubaja-nga dunga-ny | I camp leave-PAST river-LOC go-PAST

Dictionary bawal example has leave-place plus go-place; places varied from the source.


kaba kada-ny, ngana nyunba-ny | rain come-PAST we turn.back-PAST

Dictionary nyunbay 'return/go back'; Patz text line has ngana nyunba-y-baja after heavy rain.


jawun jalun-muny kada-ny | friend sea-ABL come-PAST

Ablative source frame varies Batch 157 wind-from-sea row with a human subject.


ngamu-ngku karrkay bayan-ka wundi-ny | mother-ERG child house-DAT bring-PAST

Dictionary wundil 'bring/take'; Patz examples use wundi-ny for taking/bringing people and objects.


bula ngadi-ngka jilba-dunga-ny | they.two long.time-DAT walk-go-PAST

Patz sources ngadi-ngka 'for a long time' and jilba dunga-y 'go for a walk'.


In the morning grandmother got firewood.

wunkuwingku babi-ngka baya mani-ny | morning grandmother-ERG firewood get-PAST

Dictionary manil/get and Patz firewood/food-get narrative frames; temporal varies prior cooking rows.


ngana bana wundi-ny baral-ka | we water take-PAST road-DAT

Patz examples 397-398 source bana wundi-l for road-water preparation.


nganjan-angka jungkalu warmba-ny bana-ji | father-ERG billycan fill-PAST water-COMIT

Dictionary/prior source-backed warmbal 'fill'; comitative water frame follows established rows.


The young man put the spear in the house.

warru-ngku kalka yijarri-ny bayan-ba | young.man-ERG spear put-PAST house-LOC

Dictionary yijarril 'put'; Patz ex.200 and text lines source yijarri-ny place frames.


ngana bayan ngara-ny wawubaja ngundu-ba | we camp set.up-PAST river close-LOC

Patz ex.234 and text lines source bayan ngara-ny 'set up camp'.


karrkay-ngku bubu kida-ny bayan-ka | child-ERG ground sweep-PAST camp-DAT

Dictionary kidal 'sweep/remove/wipe'; Patz ex.499 and 5439 source bubu kida-l camp-prep frames.


In the late afternoon mother closed the house.

yilay-yilay ngamu-ngku bayan nanda-ny | late.afternoon mother-ERG house close-PAST

Dictionary nandal 'close/shut/bury'; time word avoids exact prior house-close rows.


kami-ngka kuyu waju-ny bayan-ba | grandfather-ERG fish cook-PAST camp-LOC

Dictionary waju-l cook/burn and Patz food/fire cooking examples.


karrkay-karrkay mayi nuka-ny wabarr-ba | children food eat-PAST shade-LOC

Dictionary nukal eat/drink; locative shade frame varies earlier food rows.


bana daya babi-nda | water give.IMP grandmother-DAT

Dictionary/Patz command form daya for daji-l give; object varied to water.


Nyiku karrkay-karrkay bayan-ba bundanday.

nyiku karrkay-karrkay bayan-ba bundanda-y | today children camp-LOC stay.REDUP-NONPAST

Patz posture section sources bundanda-y as stay/live/sit-state; dictionary is secondary here.


nganjan baya ngundu-ba wunana-ny | father fire close-LOC lie.REDUP-PAST

Patz ex.228 has Nganjan wunana-y 'Father is resting'; row adds sourced location frame.


mukul-bama wabarr-ba bunda-ny | old-people shade-LOC sit-PAST

Patz posture examples source bunda-ny/bundanda-y; shade locative from prior source-backed rows.


ngawa kararr-kari warngku wuna-ny | baby blanket-PRIV sleep lie-PAST

Patz ex.563 has baby sleep without blanket; tense varied to past surface.


muduwaju-ny babi wandi-ny | daybreak-TIME grandmother get.up-PAST

Dictionary wandil 'get up/come out'; Patz table gives wandi-l wake up.


In the morning the child came out of the house.

wunkuwingku karrkay bayan-muny wandi-ny | morning child house-ABL come.out-PAST

Patz text line Wunkuny-ku nyulu wandi-ny, dunga-ny sources wandi-ny as emerge/come out.


dingkar baja-burray, warngku wuna-ny | man tired sleep lie-PAST

Patz ex.395/396 links tired/exhausted state with warngku-wuna-y sleep.


ngana bayan-ba wuna-ny | we house-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary wunay and Patz posture section source wuna-ny as lie down.


karrkay ngamu ngundu-ba warngku wuna-ny | child mother close-LOC sleep lie-PAST

Warngku wunay dictionary/Patz sleep compound; ngundu-ba close-locative frame is source-backed.


wungar daray, kaba wula-ny | sun fall.NP rain stop/die-PAST

Dictionary wulay 'die'; prior source-backed extension uses rain stopping after rain sequence.


karrkay-ngku babi-nda mayi-ka babaji-ny | child-ERG grandmother-DAT food-DAT ask-PAST

Dictionary babaji ask and Patz ask examples; mayi-ku about-food repeats a prior source-backed case frame.


Babi-ngka karrkay-anda balkan bunda-nka.

babi-ngka karrkay-anda balka-ny bunda-nka | grandmother-ERG child-DAT tell-PAST sit-PURP

Dictionary balkal tell/make; Patz ex.415 sources balka-ny plus purposive complement.


ngana wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyaji-l | we song far.away-ABESS hear-NONPAST

Patz ex.109 sources wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyaji-l; subject varied.


wunkuwingku karrkay-karrkay milka-jana-ny | morning children ear-stand-PAST

Dictionary milka-janay listen/obey; Patz notes milka-jana-y 'listen'.


ngamu-ngku kuku nganjan-anda yunga-ny | mother-ERG word/message father-DAT send-PAST

Dictionary yungal send and Patz ex.274 Maja-ngka kuku yunga-ny buliman-anda.


warru-ngku kaykay-anka yajarri-ny | young.man-ERG children-DAT laugh-PAST

Dictionary yajarril laugh; Patz text line has yajarri-ny kaykay-anka.


wujurr-bu kami yirrka-ny | night-LOC grandfather call.out-PAST

Patz examples source yirrka-ny 'called/sang out'; night locative from prior source-backed rows.


The old people sang, and the children listened.

Mukul-bama wulngku badin, karrkay-karrkay milka-janan.

mukul-bama wulngku badi-ny, karrkay-karrkay milka-jana-ny | old-people song sing-PAST children listen-PAST

mukul-bama wulngku badi karrkay milka-janay

Badi/wulngku from Rule 115 source pass; milka-janay listen from dictionary and Patz note.


ngayu baral-ba jina nyaji-ny | I road-LOC track see-PAST

Dictionary nyajil see/hear; track/road frame is source-backed in movement batches.


Nganjan-angka jina wubul warrmba-bungan.

nganjan-angka jina wubul warrmba-bunga-ny | father-ERG track many find-CAUS-PAST

Dictionary warrmba-bungal find; Patz ex.142 has jarruka wubul warrmba-bunga-ny.


muduwaju-ny kaba dara-ny | daybreak-TIME rain fall-PAST

Dictionary daray fall; temporal word varies Batch 157 rain rows.


In the late afternoon, wind came from the sea.

yilay-yilay muyar jalun-muny kada-ny | late.afternoon wind sea-ABL come-PAST

Reuses sourced muyar/jalun-muny/kada-ny frame with a new temporal anchor.


jarramali jalun-muny kada-ny | thunderstorm sea-ABL come-PAST

Rule 115 source pass verified jarramali thunderstorm and weather-event kada-y.


wunkuwingku kaba wula-ny | morning rain stop/die-PAST

Dictionary wulay die/stop; temporal anchor avoids copying Batch 158 rain-stop sequence.


kaba-muny bana yalbay-ma-ny | rain-ABL water big-INCHO-PAST

Rule 115/116 source-backed bana yalbay-ma-ny for water rising; ablative marks rain as source/cause.


Marral dry and bubu ground from prior source-backed weather/property batches.


At daybreak the sun came out over the scrub.

muduwaju-ny wungar maja-nga wandi-ny | daybreak-TIME sun scrub-LOC emerge-PAST

Patz text sources wandi-ny emerge; Batch 157 sunrise row varied with scrub locative.


wungar daray, bama bayan-ka kada-ny | sun fall.NP people camp-DAT come-PAST

Wungar daray sunset and bayan-ka kadan camp-arrival are source-backed; subject varied.


kunarangkal muyar kada-ny | middle.of.night wind come-PAST

Kunarangkal temporal and muyar/kaday weather-event frame from Rule 115 source inventory.


Tomorrow perhaps a thunderstorm will come.

wunkuny nguba jarramali kada-y | tomorrow perhaps thunderstorm come-NONPAST

Uses source-backed nguba perhaps and jarramali/kada-y weather event; avoids copied rain-perhaps row.


Grandmother followed the child along the road.

babi-ngka karrkay wukurri-ny baral-darr | grandmother-ERG child follow-PAST road-PERL

Patz ex.111 controls wukurri-ny with a followee; baral-darr road-PERL is source-backed.


Nganjan-angka nganya wukurrin kudamundu.

nganjan-angka nganya wukurri-ny kudamundu | father-ERG me follow-PAST behind.LOC

Patz ex.111 controls followee plus kudamundu; object is varied to first-person ACC.


kaya-ngka nganya wukurri-ny kudamundu | dog-ERG me follow-PAST behind.LOC

Same source frame as ex.111; animal A keeps overt followee.


The old woman left the bag in the house.

wulbuman-angka balji bawa-ny bayan-ba | old.woman-ERG bag leave-PAST house-LOC

Dictionary bawal 'leave'; Patz ex.127 contrasts bawa-nyaku with a location.


dingkar-angka baral bawa-ny | man-ERG road leave-PAST

Bawal can take a place as the object left; baral road entry verified against dictionary/grammar.


ngamu-ngku mayi bawa-ny ngalkal-ba | mother-ERG food leave-PAST outside-LOC

Patz ex.127 supports ngalkal-ba in the leave-outside contrast.


ngana bana-muny nyunba-ny | we water-ABL turn.back-PAST

Patz Text 3 sources ngana nyunba-y-baja and source ABL is regular.


karrkay-karrkay baral-ba nyunba-ny | children road-LOC turn.back-PAST

Text 3 has road-location plus turn-back context; row keeps intransitive S unmarked.


The friend came from the house and turned back.

jawun bayan-muny kada-ny, nyunba-ny | friend house-ABL come-PAST turn.back-PAST

Patz Text 3 sources came-from plus turned-back narrative sequence.


jana karrkay bayan-ka wundi-ny | they child camp-DAT take-PAST

Patz ex.106 and ex.421-423 require overt taken object; DAT goal is explicit.


babi-ngka mayi daji-ny karrkay-anda | grandmother-ERG food give-PAST child-LOC:pt

Patz ex.123 and ex.545 source LOC:pt recipients for give.


bana daya kami-nda | water give.IMP grandfather-LOC:pt

Patz ex.123 gives command daya plus LOC:pt recipient; recipient varied from father.


babi-ngka kuku ngamu-ndu yunga-ny | grandmother-ERG message mother-LOC:pt send.with-PAST

Patz ex.273-274 control yunga-l with a LOC:pt intermediary: send food/message with someone.


ngayu mayi yunga-l ngamu-ndu | I food send.with-NONPAST mother-LOC:pt

Patz ex.273 directly sources mayi yunga-l with ngamu-ndu as an intermediary frame.


babi-ngka karrkay-anda balka-ny | grandmother-ERG child-LOC:pt speak-PAST

Patz ex.7191 and direct-speech rows source balka-ny with LOC:pt addressee.


ngayu nganjan-anda balka-ny | I father-LOC:pt speak-PAST

Patz ex.7191 Ngayu Chris-anda balka-ny controls the frame.


karrkay nganjan-anda bana-ka babaji-ny | child father-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Patz ex.264/note 13: person asked is LOC:pt and inanimate topic is DAT; asker left ABS/S.


Grandmother asked mother about the house.

babi ngamu-ndu bayan-ka babaji-ny | grandmother mother-LOC:pt house-DAT ask-PAST

Same ask-about source frame; no ergative on the fixed intransitive asker.


jalbu-ngku balji balka-ny jikan-muny | woman-ERG bag make-PAST grass-ABL

Patz ex.413 has bag-making; ex.283/284 support ABL material-source in making/weaving.


dingkar-angka kalka balka-ny juku-muny | man-ERG spear make-PAST wood-ABL

Patz ex.284 controls make-from material source; kalka and juku are verified lexical heads.


ngayu bikibiki nyaji-ny madja-nga | I pig see-PAST scrub-LOC

Dictionary bikibiki and madja; nyaji-l perception object is overt.


Karrkay-ngku ngangkurr bayan-muny nyajin.

karrkay-ngku ngangkurr bayan-muny nyaji-ny | child-ERG barking.noise house-ABL hear-PAST

Dictionary ngangkurr barking-noise; common-noun perceiver is marked ERG and ABL source is explicit.


Karrkay-ngku wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyajil.

karrkay-ngku wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyaji-l | child-ERG song far.away-ABESS hear-NONPAST

Patz ex.109 directly controls wulngku kalakalbay-mundu nyaji-l; common-noun A is marked ERG.


ngayu babi nyaji-ny baya ngundu-ba | I grandmother see-PAST fire near-LOC

Nyaji-l object is overt; baya ngundu-ba near-fire location is source-backed.


mukul-bama bayan-ba milka-jana-ny | old-people house-LOC listen-PAST

Dictionary/Patz source milka-janay listen; no object invented.


warru nganjan-anka yajarri-ny | young.man father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Patz Text 3 sources yajarri-ny with DAT:pt laugh targets such as kaykay-anka; subject left ABS/S.


babi kaykay-anka yajarri-ny | grandmother children-LOC:pt laugh-PAST

Patz Text 3 has yajarri-ny kaykay-anka; subject varied.


Nganjan-angka baral-ba jina warrmba-bungan.

nganjan-angka baral-ba jina warrmba-bunga-ny | father-ERG road-LOC track find-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.142 and text lines source warrmba-bunga-ny find with an overt object.


bula wawubaja-nga kuyu warrmba-bunga-ny | they.two river-LOC fish find-CAUS-PAST

Appendix text has Bula ... mayi warrmba-bunga-ny; object/location varied.


Jalbu-ngku balji warrmba-bungan bayan-ba.

jalbu-ngku balji warrmba-bunga-ny bayan-ba | woman-ERG bag find-CAUS-PAST house-LOC

Find verb kept transitive with overt object and locative search place.


muduwaju-ny karrkay wandi-ny | daybreak-TIME child get.up-PAST

Dictionary wandil and Patz text line source get up/come out.


jalbu bayan-muny wandi-ny | woman house-ABL come.out-PAST

Patz text line Wunkuny-ku nyulu wandi-ny sources emerge/come out; source ABL explicit.


mukul-bama bayan-ba bunda-ny | old-people camp-LOC sit/stay-PAST

Patz posture section sources bunda-ny/bundanda-y; locative camp is overt.


ngana baya ngundu-ba warngku wuna-ny | we fire near-LOC sleep lie-PAST

Warngku wuna-y sleep compound; near-fire location is source-backed.


kaba baral-ba dara-ny | rain road-LOC fall-PAST

Weather subject is inanimate ABS; road locative is explicit.


muyar manjal-muny kada-ny | wind mountain-ABL come-PAST

Weather-event kada-y with ABL source; muyar and manjal verified.


wunkuwingku jarramali kada-ny | morning thunderstorm come-PAST

Patz ex.164 and weather rows source jarramali plus kada-y.


wawubaja-nga bana yalbay-ma-ny | river-LOC water big-INCHO-PAST

Prior source-backed bana yalbay-ma-ny water-rise frame; locative river added.


yilay-yilay kaba wula-ny | late.afternoon rain stop/die-PAST

Wula-y stop/die for rain-stop is already source-controlled; time word varied.


Patz Text 3 has bubu marral; temporal position varied.


The child asked grandmother about water.

karrkay babi-nda bana-ka babaji-ny | child grandmother-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about contrast row: person LOC:pt, topic DAT, no ergative asker.


babi-ngka bana daji-ny karrkay-anda | grandmother-ERG water give-PAST child-LOC:pt

Give contrast row: transitive A marked ERG, object ABS, recipient LOC:pt.


ngamu-ngku kuku babi-nda yunga-ny | mother-ERG message grandmother-LOC:pt send.with-PAST

Send contrast row from Patz ex.273-274; intermediary is in LOC:pt.


ngayu kami-nda balka-ny | I grandfather-LOC:pt speak-PAST

Balka-l addressee frame; kami-nda already source-backed in prior direct-speech rows.


ngayu nganjan-anda bayan-ka babaji-ny | I father-LOC:pt camp-DAT ask-PAST

Directly parallels Patz ex.264 with father and camp topic.


The child took the billycan from the house.

Karrkay-ngku jungkalu bayan-muny wundin.

karrkay-ngku jungkalu bayan-muny wundi-ny | child-ERG billycan house-ABL take-PAST

Wundi-l object plus source; jungkalu and bayan-muny are source-backed.


nganjan-angka bana baral-ka wundi-ny | father-ERG water road-DAT take-PAST

Patz ex.500 has take medicine road-DAT; object varied to water.


jalbu-ngku balji bawa-ny ngalkal-ba | woman-ERG bag leave-PAST outside-LOC

Bawa-l object plus outside location; modeled on Patz ex.127 contrast.


ngana bayan-muny baya kubu nyaji-ny | we camp-ABL fire smoke see-PAST

Patz text has baya kubu nyaji-nka; ABL source makes camp source explicit.


The old people followed the children to the water.

Mukul-bama-ngka karrkay-karrkay bana-ka wukurrin.

mukul-bama-ngka karrkay-karrkay bana-ka wukurri-ny | old-people-ERG children water-DAT follow-PAST

Followee is overt and goal is explicit; avoids bare intransitive follow.


maral-angka kaya nyaji-ny bayan-ba | girl-ERG dog see-PAST house-LOC

Dictionary has maral/kaya/bayan; Patz ex.26 and case tables source maral A and nyaji-l perception.


warru-ngku kuyu mani-ny wawubaja-nga | young.man-ERG fish get-PAST river-LOC

Warru/kuyu/wawubaja dictionary-backed; Patz ex.38/135 source fish-getting by the river.


ngamu-ngku mayi waju-ny bayan-ba | mother-ERG food cook-PAST camp-LOC

Patz ex.97 and narrative food rows source mayi waju-l; camp/house LOC is established.


Nganjan-angka minya nukan baya ngundu-ba.

nganjan-angka minya nuka-ny baya ngundu-ba | father-ERG meat eat-PAST fire near-LOC

Minya/nuka-l and baya/ngundu are grammar-backed; father as A takes ERG.


kaya-ngka minya nuka-ny ngalkal-ba | dog-ERG meat eat-PAST outside-LOC

Patz ex.5/28 controls dog eating meat; ngalkal-ba outside is source-backed.


bilngkumu wawubaja-muny kada-ny | crocodile river-ABL come-PAST

Bilngkumu dictionary/grammar; wawubaja-muny ABL and kada-y are sourced.


jarba badabada juku-ngu wuna-n-wuna-y | snake underneath tree-LOC lie-n-REDUP-NONPAST

Patz ex.278 directly sources jarba badabada juku-ngu wunana-y.


kadar baral-ba kada-ny | wallaby road-LOC come-PAST

Kadar and baral are source-backed; LOC goal with kada-y follows Patz route examples.


babi-ngka balji mani-ny bayan-muny | grandmother-ERG bag get-PAST house-ABL

Balji/bayan source-backed; mani-l get with overt object and ABL source.


karrkay-ngku kulji yijarri-ny baral-ba | child-ERG stone put-PAST road-LOC

Patz ex.117/143 source kulji plus yijarri-l; baral-ba road location is established.


Jalbu-ngku juku yijarrin baya ngundu-ba.

jalbu-ngku juku yijarri-ny baya ngundu-ba | woman-ERG wood put-PAST fire near-LOC

Juku as wood/tree and baya ngundu-ba near-fire are source-backed; object remains overt.


wulbuman-angka bayan nanda-ny | old.woman-ERG house close-PAST

Dictionary nanda-l close; wulbuman and bayan checked.


dingkar-angka bubu kida-ny bayan-ba | man-ERG ground sweep-PAST camp-LOC

Kida-l sweep/remove/wipe and bubu ground are source-backed.


karrkay-karrkay wujurr-bu yirrka-ny | children night-LOC call.out-PAST

Patz Text 8 and ex.152 source yirrka-y; wujurr-bu is night LOC.


kami-ngka karrkay-anda balka-ny | grandfather-ERG child-LOC:pt speak-PAST

Balka-l speech addressee frame from Rule 118; kami/karrkay case forms source-backed.


The child asked elder brother about food.

karrkay yaba-nda mayi-ka babaji-ny | child elder.brother-LOC:pt food-DAT ask-PAST

Patz ex.101 sources yaba-nda with babaji-y; mayi-ka DAT topic follows Rule 118.


maral ngamu-ndu balji-ka babaji-ny | girl mother-LOC:pt bag-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y fixed-intransitive frame: asker ABS/S, person LOC:pt, topic DAT.


jana kambi daji-ny karrkay-anda | they clothes give-PAST child-LOC:pt

Patz ex.59 source jana kambi daji-ny with LOC:pt recipient.


jana mayi bayan-muny wundi-ny | they food house-ABL bring-PAST

Wundi-l object plus ABL source follows Rule 118 and Patz wundi frames.


jana kuyu bayan-ka wundi-ny | they fish camp-DAT take-PAST

Wundi-l object plus DAT goal; kuyu/bayan source-backed.


warru-ngku kalka balka-ny juku-muny | young.man-ERG spear make-PAST wood-ABL

Rule 118 material-source frame with a new source-backed participant.


wulbuman-angka balji balka-ny jikan-muny | old.woman-ERG bag make-PAST grass-ABL

Balji/jikan material-source frame; participant varied from Rule 118.


The child heard thunder from the mountain.

Karrkay-ngku jarramali manjal-muny nyajin.

karrkay-ngku jarramali manjal-muny nyaji-ny | child-ERG thunder mountain-ABL hear-PAST

Jarramali/manjal source-backed; common-noun perceiver marked ERG.


ngayu kaya bayan-muny nyaji-ny | I dog house-ABL hear-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; nyaji-l object plus ABL source follows Rule 118.


ngana wulngku wujurr-bu nyaji-ny | we song night-LOC hear-PAST

Wulngku and wujurr-bu are source-backed; pronoun A stays unmarked.


mukul-bama baya ngundu-ba milka-jana-ny | old.people fire near-LOC listen-PAST

Concrete listen only; no ngara-l semantic drift.


nganjan karrkay-anka yajarri-ny | father child-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Rule 118 DAT:pt laugh target retained; subject ABS/S.


babi nganjan-anka yajarri-ny | grandmother father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

DAT:pt father target `nganjan-anka` follows Batch 160 correction.


Dingkar-angka mukirr wawubaja-nga warrmba-bungan.

dingkar-angka mukirr wawubaja-nga warrmba-bunga-ny | man-ERG mussel river-LOC find-CAUS-PAST

Patz Text 8 sources mukirr and warrmba-bunga-l find with overt object.


ngayu kulji yinyay-mba warrmba-bunga-ny | I rock there-LOC find-CAUS-PAST

Patz ex.142/143 source yinyay-mba and kulji; found object remains overt.


karrkay-ngku kulji mani-ny yinyay-mba | child-ERG rock get-PAST there-LOC

Mani-l get with overt object; yinyay-mba there-LOC source-backed.


wulbuman badabada-mundu kada-ny | old.woman down.there-ABESS come-PAST

Patz ex.110 sources badabada-mundu as a source expression.


dingkar wangkarwangkar dunga-ny | man up.there go-PAST

Patz location section and Text 12 source wangkarwangkar with movement/location.


karrkay-karrkay badabada | children down.there

Patz ex.297 has Jana karrkay -- badabada; lexical variation keeps the locational predicate.


nyiku kaba yalbay | today rain big/heavy

Patz Text 14 has Kaba yalbay; nyiku today is source-backed.


yilayku jarramali kada-ny | yesterday thunderstorm come-PAST

Jarramali kada-y and yilayku are grammar-backed.


Tomorrow wind will come from the mountain.

wunkuny muyar manjal-muny kada-y | tomorrow wind mountain-ABL come-NONPAST

Patz notes future with wunkuny plus nonpast; muyar/manjal source frame follows Rule 118.


Patz time section sources wungar wangkarwangkar as a sun/time phrase.


ngayu kija nyaji-ny wujurr-bu | I moon see-PAST night-LOC

Kija is moon/month only; gloss keeps moon sense explicit.


ngayu dawar nyaji-ny wujurr-bu | I star see-PAST night-LOC

Dawar star is dictionary-backed; wujurr-bu and nyaji-l are source-backed.


ngawa bayan-ba warngku wuna-ny | baby house-LOC sleep lie-PAST

Ngawa, bayan, and warngku wuna-y are source-backed.


muduwaju-ny ngawa wandi-ny | daybreak-TIME baby wake-PAST

Wandi-l wake/emerge and muduwajuny daybreak are source-backed.


ngamu nganjan wuna-n-wuna-ny | mother father lie-n-REDUP-PAST

Patz Text 8 sources ngamu nganjan wunana-ny.


jawun bayan-ba bunda-n-bunda-y | friend camp-LOC sit-n-REDUP-NONPAST

Jawun and bundanda-y stay/sit-state are source-backed.


maral bayan-muny kada-ny | girl house-ABL come-PAST

Patz ex.49 has came from a house with maral/yaba possessive source; simplified frame keeps sourced heads.


karrkay bayan-ba dunga-ny | child house-LOC go-PAST

Patz ex.45 sources dunga-y bayan-ba; past surface follows corpus convention.


kami nganjan-anji dunga-ny | grandfather father-COMIT:pt go-PAST

Patz comitative table sources nganjan-anji; dunga-y frame is basic movement.


ngayu jawun-unji dunga-y | I friend-COMIT:pt go-NONPAST

Patz ex.163 directly sources Ngayu jawun-unji dunga-y.


karrkay-ngku mayi kaya-nga wundi-ny | child-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS take-PAST

Patz possessive table sources mayi kaya-nga; wundi-l keeps moved object overt.


Kaya-ngka jarba nyajin badabada juku-ngu.

kaya-ngka jarba nyaji-ny badabada juku-ngu | dog-ERG snake see-PAST underneath tree-LOC

Patz ex.10 has seeing a snake; ex.278 sources badabada juku-ngu.


kaya badabada dunga-ny | dog down.there go-PAST

Patz location section and Text 12 source solid badabada with motion; no hyphenation.


jalbu badabada-mundu kada-ny | woman down.there-ABESS come-PAST

Patz ex.110 sources badabada-mundu as a source expression.


bama yirrka-ny badabada-mundu | people call.out-PAST down.there-ABESS

Patz ex.110 has people shouting from badabada-mundu; tense varied to past.


karrkay badabada bunda-ny | child down.there sit-PAST

Solid badabada as location; intransitive posture subject unmarked.


mukul-bama wangkarwangkar bundanda-ny | old.people up.there stay-PAST

Patz Text 12 sources wangkarwangkar with sitting/staying; solid locational.


Dingkar-angka kaya bawan wangkarwangkar.

dingkar-angka kaya bawa-ny wangkarwangkar | man-ERG dog leave-PAST up.there

Patz Text 11 has dog left up there; A/object varied and kept overt.


warru wangkarwangkar dunga-ny | young.man up.there go-PAST

Warru plus solid wangkarwangkar motion; no productive reduplication.


Karrkay-ngku babi nyajin wangkarwangkar.

karrkay-ngku babi nyaji-ny wangkarwangkar | child-ERG grandmother see-PAST up.there

Common-noun perceiver marked ERG; perception location is solid wangkarwangkar.


Ngayu kulji wangkarwangkar warrmba-bungan.

ngayu kulji wangkarwangkar warrmba-bunga-ny | I stone up.there find-CAUS-PAST

ngayu kulji wangkarwangkar warrmba-bungal

Pronoun A unmarked; found object overt; solid locational.


ngana yinyay-mba bunda-ny | we there-LOC sit-PAST

Patz ex.142-143 source yinyay-mba; posture S unmarked.


Jalbu-ngku mukirr yinyay-mba warrmba-bungan.

jalbu-ngku mukirr yinyay-mba warrmba-bunga-ny | woman-ERG mussels there-LOC find-CAUS-PAST

Yinyay-mba location plus overt found object; mukirr source-backed.


karrkay-ngku balji yijarri-ny yinyay-mba | child-ERG bag put-PAST there-LOC

Patz ex.117/143 support put plus yinyay-mba; object remains overt.


babi wujurr-bu warngku wuna-ny | grandmother night-LOC sleep lie-PAST

Wujurr-bu is sourced as at/during night; warngku wuna-y sleep compound.


bama wujurr-bu yirrka-ny | people night-LOC call.out-PAST

Wujurr-bu time placement; yirrka-y call out.


karrkay-ngku kija nyaji-ny wujurr-bu | child-ERG moon see-PAST night-LOC

Kija is moon/month only; common-noun perceiver marked ERG.


karrkay-ngku dawar nyaji-ny wujurr-bu | child-ERG star see-PAST night-LOC

Dawar is the safe star lexeme; common-noun perceiver marked ERG.


babi bayan-muny kada-ny | grandmother house-ABL come-PAST

Patz case table and ex.49/124 source bayan-muny as house/camp ABL; participant varied to avoid an exact duplicate.


maral bayan-ba dunga-ny | girl house-LOC go-PAST

Patz ex.45 sources dunga-y bayan-ba; participant varied.


kami wawubaja-muny kada-ny | grandfather river-ABL come-PAST

Patz case table sources wawubaja-muny; motion S unmarked and participant varied to avoid an exact duplicate.


karrkay wawubaja-nga kada-ny | child river-LOC come-PAST

Wawubaja-nga is recurrent source-backed river LOC/goal.


jawun manjal-muny kada-ny | friend mountain-ABL come-PAST

Patz case table sources manjal-muny; motion S unmarked.


wulbuman wujurr-bu bayan-ba dunga-ny | old.woman night-LOC camp-LOC go-PAST

Combines sourced wujurr-bu time with dunga-y bayan-ba goal frame.


ngayu nganjan-anji dunga-ny | I father-COMIT:pt go-PAST

Patz comitative table sources nganjan-anji.


kami jawun-unji dunga-ny | grandfather friend-COMIT:pt go-PAST

Patz comitative table and ex.163 source jawun-unji.


dingkar kadar-anji kada-ny | man wallaby-COMIT:pt come-PAST

Patz comitative table sources kadar-anji.


wulbuman juku-ji dunga-ny | old.woman stick-COMIT go-PAST


ngamu kambi-ji kada-ny | mother clothes-COMIT come-PAST

Patz ex.87 and comitative discussion source kambi-ji.


karrkay wujurr-bu nganjan-anji dunga-ny | child night-LOC father-COMIT:pt go-PAST

Combines sourced wujurr-bu and nganjan-anji; S unmarked.


ngana jawun-unji wawubaja-nga dunga-ny | we friend-COMIT:pt river-LOC go-PAST

Patz ex.163 jawun-unji plus river LOC/goal.


The young man came with a stick from the house.

warru juku-ji bayan-muny kada-ny | young.man stick-COMIT house-ABL come-PAST

Sourced juku-ji and bayan-muny source in one clause.


ngamu-ngku mayi kaya-nga mani-ny | mother-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS get-PAST

Patz possessive table sources mayi kaya-nga; object NP remains overt.


karrkay-ngku mayi kaya-nga nuka-ny | child-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS eat-PAST

Same sourced possessive NP in a transitive eating frame.


karrkay-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu wundi-ny | child-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS take-PAST

Patz possessive table sources kambi ngamu-ngu.


Grandmother gave mother's clothes to the child.

Babi-ngka kambi ngamu-ngu dajin karrkay-anda.

babi-ngka kambi ngamu-ngu daji-ny karrkay-anda | grandmother-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS give-PAST child-LOC:pt

Sourced possessive object plus Rule 118 LOC:pt recipient.


ngamu-ngku maral-andamun-bu kuyu mani-ny | mother-ERG girl-POSS-ERG fish get-PAST

Patz ex.46 directly sources girl's-mother ERG plus fish-getting.


ngamu-ngku maral-andamun-bu mayi waju-ny | mother-ERG girl-POSS-ERG food cook-PAST

Same sourced possessive subject frame with food-cooking predicate.


dingkar-amu ngamu-mu bayan yalbay | man-POSS.ABS mother-POSS.ABS house big

Patz ex.48 directly sources nested possessive NP plus big house.


He came from the girl's elder brother's house.

Nyulu kadan maral-andamun-muny yaba-ndamun-muny bayan-muny.

nyulu kada-ny maral-andamun-muny yaba-ndamun-muny bayan-muny | he come-PAST girl-POSS-ABL elder.brother-POSS-ABL house-ABL

Patz ex.49 directly sources possessive-ABL nested source phrase.


kami-ngka kambi ngamu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS see-PAST

Common-noun perceiver ERG; sourced kambi ngamu-ngu possessive object.


ngayu mayi kaya-nga bayan-ka wundi-ny | I food dog-POSS.ABS camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A with sourced possessive object plus DAT goal.


The child heard barking from down there.

Karrkay-ngku ngangkurr badabada-mundu nyajin.

karrkay-ngku ngangkurr badabada-mundu nyaji-ny | child-ERG barking.noise down.there-ABESS hear-PAST

Common-noun perceiver ERG; source is sourced badabada-mundu.


Ngayu wulngku wangkarwangkar-mundu nyajin.

ngayu wulngku wangkarwangkar-mundu nyaji-ny | I song up.there-ABESS hear-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; Patz Text 12 sources wangkarwangkar-mundu as from up there.


Karrkay-ngku kaya nyajin badabada juku-ngu.

karrkay-ngku kaya nyaji-ny badabada juku-ngu | child-ERG dog see-PAST underneath tree-LOC

Patz ex.278 sources badabada juku-ngu; common-noun perceiver ERG.


kaya-ngka karrkay nyaji-ny badabada | dog-ERG child see-PAST down.there

Animal common-noun A marked ERG; solid badabada location.


Ngayu karrkay-karrkay nyajin wangkarwangkar.

ngayu karrkay-karrkay nyaji-ny wangkarwangkar | I children see-PAST up.there

Pronoun A unmarked; plural object plus solid location.


Karrkay-ngku jarramali wujurr-bu nyajin.

karrkay-ngku jarramali wujurr-bu nyaji-ny | child-ERG thunder night-LOC hear-PAST

Jarramali used in thunder sense; common-noun perceiver ERG.


ngana wujurr-bu milka-jana-ny | we night-LOC listen-PAST

Concrete listening with sourced wujurr-bu; no ngara-l semantic drift.


mukul-bama yinyay-mba wunana-ny | old.people there-LOC rest-PAST

Yinyay-mba location plus source-controlled rest form.


ngawa baya ngundu-ba warngku wuna-ny | baby fire near-LOC sleep lie-PAST

Baya ngundu-ba near-fire location plus warngku wuna-y.


jawun badabada bundanda-y | friend down.there stay-NONPAST


bama jalun-bu bundanda-ny | people sea-LOC stay-PAST

Dictionary bama/jalun; Patz direction and text examples source jalun-bu sea-LOC; bundanda-y stay from posture/rest rules.


karrkay-karrkay jalun-bu yirrka-ny | children sea-LOC call.out-PAST

Karrkay and yirrka-y are source-backed; jalun-bu is sea-LOC.


jalbu jalun-muny kada-ny | woman sea-ABL come-PAST

Patz ex.299/Rule 127 source jalun-muny as sea-ABL; jalbu and kada-y checked.


warru baral-ba bunda-ny | young.man road-LOC sit-PAST

Baral road/path and baral-ba road-LOC are Patz-backed; posture subject unmarked.


ngamu baral-ba kada-ny | mother road-LOC come-PAST

Ngamu dictionary entry; baral-ba and kada-y motion frame source-backed.


kaya ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | dog outside-LOC lie-PAST

Ngalkal-ba outside-LOC is source-backed; kaya and wuna-y checked.


ngawa wabarr-ba warngku wuna-ny | baby shade-LOC sleep lie-PAST

Ngawa baby and wabarr shade checked; warngku wuna-y sleep compound from Patz/posture rules.


babi bubu-ngu bunda-ny | grandmother ground-LOC sit-PAST

Bubu-ngu neutral LOC is source-backed; babi/bunda-y checked.


jarba jikan-ba wuna-n-wuna-y | snake grass-LOC lie-REDUP-NONPAST

Jarba and jikan checked; Patz source shape supports snake lying in/under vegetation with wuna-n-wuna-y.


kadar jikan-ba kada-ny | wallaby grass-LOC come-PAST

Kadar and jikan source-backed; LOC goal with kada-y follows recent motion case frames.


dingkar-angka kalka baral-ba yijarri-ny | man-ERG spear road-LOC put-PAST

Kalka spear, baral-ba road-LOC, and yijarri-l put are source-backed; common-noun A takes ERG.


jalbu-ngku balji ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | woman-ERG bag outside-LOC leave-PAST

Balji bag and ngalkal-ba outside are source-backed; bawa-l keeps the left object overt.


The child put the billycan in the shade.

Karrkay-ngku jungkalu wabarr-ba yijarrin.

karrkay-ngku jungkalu wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | child-ERG billycan shade-LOC put-PAST

Jungkalu and wabarr-ba are verified; transitive put frame retains the object.


babi-ngka mayi balji-nga yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG food bag-LOC put-PAST

Mayi and balji-nga are source-backed; Babi-ngka marks common-noun A.


dingkar-angka kuyu jalun-bu mani-ny | man-ERG fish sea-LOC get-PAST

Kuyu/jalun source-backed; mani-l get with overt object and location.


jalbu-ngku mukirr wawubaja-nga mani-ny | woman-ERG mussels river-LOC get-PAST

Mukirr and wawubaja-nga are source-backed; common-noun A takes ERG.


kaya-ngka minya jikan-ba nuka-ny | dog-ERG meat grass-LOC eat-PAST

Kaya/minya/jikan checked; animal A takes ERG with nuka-l.


babi-ngka mayi bayan-ba waju-ny | grandmother-ERG food camp-LOC cook-PAST

Mayi waju-l cooking rows and bayan-ba camp LOC are established; A marked ERG.


The young man brought firewood from the scrub.

warru-ngku baya madja-muny wundi-ny | young.man-ERG firewood scrub-ABL bring-PAST

Baya includes firewood; madja-muny scrub-ABL and wundi-l bring/take are source-backed.


ngamu-ngku kambi wabarr-ba bawa-ny | mother-ERG clothes shade-LOC leave-PAST

Kambi clothing sense and wabarr-ba are source-backed; bawa-l keeps object overt.


The woman saw the crocodile in the river.

Jalbu-ngku bilngkumu wawubaja-nga nyajin.

jalbu-ngku bilngkumu wawubaja-nga nyaji-ny | woman-ERG crocodile river-LOC see-PAST

Bilngkumu and wawubaja-nga checked; common-noun perceiver marked ERG.


The young man saw the snake in the grass.

warru-ngku jarba jikan-ba nyaji-ny | young.man-ERG snake grass-LOC see-PAST

Jarba/jikan source-backed; common-noun perceiver marked ERG.


babi-ngka kaya ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG dog outside-LOC see-PAST

Kaya/ngalkal-ba checked; Babi-ngka marks common-noun perceiver.


ngayu ngangkurr bayan-muny nyaji-ny | I barking.noise house-ABL hear-PAST

Ngangkurr barking sound and bayan-muny source are verified; pronoun A unmarked.


ngana wulngku jalun-muny nyaji-ny | we song sea-ABL hear-PAST

Wulngku song and jalun-muny source are checked; pronoun A unmarked.


kami-ngka mayi daji-ny karrkay-anda | grandfather-ERG food give-PAST child-LOC:pt

Daji-l plus LOC:pt recipient frame is established; common-noun A marked ERG.


jalbu-ngku bana daji-ny babi-nda | woman-ERG water give-PAST grandmother-LOC:pt

Bana/daji-l and LOC:pt recipient are source-backed; A marked ERG.


ngayu balji bayan-muny wundi-ny | I bag house-ABL bring-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; wundi-l object plus ABL source follows Rule 118.


ngamu-ngku kambi bayan-ka wundi-ny | mother-ERG clothes camp-DAT take-PAST

Kambi clothing sense; bayan-ka DAT goal and wundi-l are source-backed.


The child took the stone from the river.

Karrkay-ngku kulji wawubaja-muny wundin.

karrkay-ngku kulji wawubaja-muny wundi-ny | child-ERG stone river-ABL take-PAST

Kulji and wawubaja-muny are checked; transitive object remains overt.


maral nganjan-anda mayi-ka babaji-ny | girl father-LOC:pt food-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y fixed-intransitive ask frame; no ergative asker; mayi-ka sourced DAT topic.


The young man asked mother about the spear.

warru ngamu-ndu kalka-ka babaji-ny | young.man mother-LOC:pt spear-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about frame keeps ABS/S asker, LOC:pt person, DAT topic; kalka-ka is sourced.


The child asked grandfather about water.

karrkay kami-nda bana-ka babaji-ny | child grandfather-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y fixed-intransitive; bana-ka topic follows Rule 118.


jawun karrkay-anka yajarri-ny | friend child-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Yajarri-l laugh target takes DAT:pt; subject is intransitive S.


mukul-bama nganjan-anka yajarri-ny | old.people father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Nganjan-anka laugh target is sourced from Rule 118/120 corrections.


wunkuny muyar jalun-muny kada-y | tomorrow wind sea-ABL come-NONPAST

Wunkuny future with nonpast kada-y; muyar and jalun-muny are source-backed.


jarramali manjal-muny kada-ny | thunderstorm mountain-ABL come-PAST

Jarramali thunderstorm sense; manjal-muny ABL source from case table/rules.


kaba ngalkal-ba dara-ny | rain outside-LOC fall-PAST

Kaba dara-y rain-fall frame; ngalkal-ba outside location checked.


dawar wujurr-bu yinyay | star night-LOC there

Dawar is the safe star lexeme; wujurr-bu and yinyay are source-backed.


kija wujurr-bu yinyay | moon night-LOC there

Kija restricted to moon/month; wujurr-bu time location checked.


The woman is staying in the house with the baby.

jalbu bayan-ba bunda-n-bunda-y ngawa-nji | woman house-LOC stay-REDUP-NONPAST baby-COMIT:pt

Patz ex.549 directly sources house-LOC stay with ngawa-nji 'with baby'.


Grandmother went to the sea with a friend.

babi jawun-unji jalun-bu dunga-ny | grandmother friend-COMIT:pt sea-LOC go-PAST

Jawun-unji is sourced comitative; jalun-bu and dunga-y checked.


karrkay nganjan-anji baral-ba dunga-ny | child father-COMIT:pt road-LOC go-PAST

Nganjan-anji is sourced comitative; baral-ba road location checked.


The old woman came from the scrub with a stick.

wulbuman juku-ji madja-muny kada-ny | old.woman stick-COMIT scrub-ABL come-PAST

Juku-ji sourced comitative; madja-muny scrub-ABL and kada-y checked.


ngamu kambi-ji ngalkal-ba kada-ny | mother clothes-COMIT outside-LOC come-PAST

Kambi-ji is sourced comitative; ngalkal-ba outside and kada-y checked.


Grandmother left the dog's food at camp.

babi-ngka mayi kaya-nga bayan-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG food dog-POSS.ABS camp-LOC leave-PAST

Patz table sources mayi kaya-nga; bawa-l object plus bayan-ba location is established.


Grandmother left mother's clothes in the shade.

Babi-ngka kambi ngamu-ngu wabarr-ba bawan.

babi-ngka kambi ngamu-ngu wabarr-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS shade-LOC leave-PAST

Patz table sources kambi ngamu-ngu; location and bawa-l frame checked.


ngayu mayi kaya-nga ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I food dog-POSS.ABS outside-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; possessive object is Patz-backed; ngalkal-ba checked.


The child put mother's clothes in the bag.

Karrkay-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu balji-nga yijarrin.

karrkay-ngku kambi ngamu-ngu balji-nga yijarri-ny | child-ERG clothes mother-POSS.ABS bag-LOC put-PAST

Patz-backed possessive object plus balji-nga and yijarri-l put frame.


ngana mayi kaya-nga bayan-ka wundi-ny | we food dog-POSS.ABS camp-DAT take-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; mayi kaya-nga and bayan-ka goal are sourced; object remains overt.


mukul-bama jalun-bu bundanda-ny | old-people sea-LOC stay-PAST

Dictionary mukul/bama/jalun; Patz-backed jalun-bu sea-LOC; bundanda-y stay/posture frame.


bama jalun-muny kada-ny | people sea-ABL come-PAST

Patz ex.299/Rule source table backs jalun-muny sea-ABL; bama and kada-y dictionary checked.


babi baral-ba bunda-ny | grandmother road-LOC sit-PAST

Dictionary babi/baral; baral-ba road-LOC and bunda-y posture frame are source-backed.


warru baral-ba kada-ny | young.man road-LOC come-PAST

Warru dictionary entry; baral-ba used as place/goal with kada-y in the established motion frame.


ngamu ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | mother outside-LOC lie-PAST

Ngamu dictionary entry; ngalkal-ba outside-LOC and wuna-y posture frame are source-backed.


karrkay-karrkay wabarr-ba bunda-ny | children shade-LOC sit-PAST

Karrkay reduplication for children; wabarr-ba shade-LOC and bunda-y checked.


dingkar bubu-ngu bunda-ny | man ground-LOC sit-PAST

Dingkar and bubu dictionary checked; bubu-ngu neutral LOC sourced in Patz/corpus lexemes.


jarba jikan-ba wuna-ny | snake grass-LOC lie-PAST

Jarba and jikan dictionary checked; jikan-ba grass-LOC and wuna-y are source-backed.


karrkay madja-muny kada-ny | child scrub-ABL come-PAST

Karrkay/madja/kada-y checked; madja-muny scrub ABL retained from prior source logging.


ngawa bayan-muny kada-ny | baby house-ABL come-PAST

Ngawa and bayan dictionary checked; bayan-muny house/camp ABL backed by Patz examples.


dingkar-angka balji baral-ba yijarri-ny | man-ERG bag road-LOC put-PAST

Balji/baral/yijarri-l checked; common-noun A dingkar-angka carries ERG; object remains overt.


babi-ngka jungkalu ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG billycan outside-LOC leave-PAST

Jungkalu and ngalkal-ba checked; bawa-l leave frame keeps object overt and A is ERG-marked.


karrkay-ngku kalka wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | child-ERG spear shade-LOC put-PAST

Kalka/wabarr/yijarri-l checked; karrkay-ngku marks transitive A.


jalbu-ngku mayi bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | woman-ERG food ground-LOC put-PAST

Mayi/bubu/yijarri-l checked; bubu-ngu neutral LOC retained; common-noun A marked ERG.


warru-ngku kuyu jalun-bu mani-ny | young.man-ERG fish sea-LOC get-PAST

Kuyu/jalun/mani-l checked; jalun-bu place contrasts with jalun-muny source rows.


Dingkar-angka mukirr wawubaja-nga manin.

dingkar-angka mukirr wawubaja-nga mani-ny | man-ERG mussels river-LOC get-PAST

Mukirr/wawubaja/mani-l checked; wawubaja-nga LOC kept distinct from wawubaja-muny ABL.


nganjan-angka minya jikan-ba nuka-ny | father-ERG meat grass-LOC eat-PAST

Nganjan/minya/jikan/nuka-l checked; common-noun A marked ERG.


ngamu-ngku mayi wabarr-ba waju-ny | mother-ERG food shade-LOC cook-PAST

Mayi/wabarr/waju-l checked; ngamu-ngku marks transitive A in the cooking frame.


The old woman brought firewood from the scrub.

wulbuman-angka baya madja-muny wundi-ny | old.woman-ERG firewood scrub-ABL bring-PAST

Baya fire/firewood sense, madja-muny ABL, and wundi-l bring/take are source-backed.


Grandfather brought clothes from the house.

kami-ngka kambi bayan-muny wundi-ny | grandfather-ERG clothes house-ABL bring-PAST

Kambi clothing sense and bayan-muny ABL checked; kami-ngka marks common-noun A.


The child saw the crocodile in the river.

Karrkay-ngku bilngkumu wawubaja-nga nyajin.

karrkay-ngku bilngkumu wawubaja-nga nyaji-ny | child-ERG crocodile river-LOC see-PAST

Bilngkumu/wawubaja/nyaji-l checked; common-noun perceiver is ERG-marked.


ngayu bilngkumu wawubaja-nga nyaji-ny | I crocodile river-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; object and location match row 21 for contrast.


maral-angka jarba jikan-ba nyaji-ny | girl-ERG snake grass-LOC see-PAST

Maral/jarba/jikan/nyaji-l checked; common-noun perceiver is ERG-marked.


ngana jarba jikan-ba nyaji-ny | we snake grass-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A remains unmarked; object and location match row 23 for contrast.


Dingkar-angka ngangkurr bayan-muny nyajin.

dingkar-angka ngangkurr bayan-muny nyaji-ny | man-ERG barking.noise house-ABL hear-PAST

Ngangkurr barking sound and bayan-muny source checked; nyaji-l hear sense retained.


ngayu ngangkurr ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I barking.noise outside-LOC hear-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; ngangkurr and ngalkal-ba checked.


babi-ngka wulngku jalun-muny nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG song sea-ABL hear-PAST

Wulngku song and jalun-muny source checked; common-noun perceiver is ERG-marked.


ngana wulngku bayan-muny nyaji-ny | we song house-ABL hear-PAST

Pronoun A unmarked; wulngku and bayan-muny checked.


karrkay-ngku dawar wujurr-bu nyaji-ny | child-ERG star night-LOC see-PAST

Dawar is the safe star lexeme; wujurr-bu night LOC and common-noun ERG perceiver checked.


ngayu kija wujurr-bu nyaji-ny | I moon night-LOC see-PAST

Kija is restricted here to moon/month; pronoun A unmarked; wujurr-bu checked.


maral babi-nda mayi-ka babaji-ny | girl grandmother-LOC:pt food-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y fixed intransitive ask-about frame; no ERG on asker; LOC:pt person and DAT topic.


The young man asked grandfather about water.

warru kami-nda bana-ka babaji-ny | young.man grandfather-LOC:pt water-DAT ask-PAST

Ask-about frame keeps ABS/S asker, kami-nda person asked, and bana-ka DAT topic.


jalbu nganjan-anda kalka-ka babaji-ny | woman father-LOC:pt spear-DAT ask-PAST

Babaji-y ask-about frame; kalka-ka DAT topic; asker remains ABS/S.


The friend asked mother about the house.

jawun ngamu-ndu bayan-ka babaji-ny | friend mother-LOC:pt house-DAT ask-PAST

Ngamu-ndu and bayan-ka are sourced case forms; no ergative drift on asker.


karrkay maral-anda balji-ka babaji-ny | child girl-LOC:pt bag-DAT ask-PAST

Maral-anda person asked plus balji-ka DAT topic; ABS/S asker retained.


warru karrkay-anka yajarri-ny | young.man child-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Yajarri-l target frame; karrkay-anka DAT:pt target and intransitive S laugher.


babi kami-nda yajarri-ny | grandmother grandfather-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Kami-nda target follows sourced potent-person target pattern; subject remains ABS/S.


jalbu nganjan-anka yajarri-ny | woman father-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Nganjan-anka laugh target retained from sourced Rule 120/121 pattern.


jawun warru-ndu yajarri-ny | friend young.man-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Patz example supports warru-ndu with laugh/ask target frames; subject is intransitive S.


karrkay jalbu-ndu yajarri-ny | child woman-DAT:pt laugh-PAST

Jalbu-ndu DAT:pt target follows sourced potent-person allomorphy; no ERG on laugher.