dingkar-angka kalka wabarr-ba bawa-ny | man-ERG spear shade-LOC leave-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kalka spear object with no comitative/instrument morphology.


Mother took the hook and line from the ground.

ngamu-ngku badur bubu-muny mani-ny | mother-ERG hook.line ground-ABL get-PAST

Mani-l get/take plus bubu-muny ground ABL; common-noun A ERG.


nganjan-angka karra bubu-muny mani-ny | father-ERG rope ground-ABL get-PAST

Mani-l get/take with karra rope and bubu-muny source.


Grandmother took the fish net from the ground.

babi-ngka makarr bubu-muny mani-ny | grandmother-ERG fish.net ground-ABL get-PAST

Mani-l get/take with makarr fish net and bubu-muny source.


The child took the dilly bag from the ground.

karrkay-ngku ngunyin bubu-muny mani-ny | child-ERG dilly.bag ground-ABL get-PAST

Ngunyin selected as dilly bag only; bubu-muny source is controlled support.


jalbu-ngku warrbi bubu-muny mani-ny | woman-ERG axe ground-ABL get-PAST

Warrbi selected as axe only; common-noun A ERG.


The man took the shield from the ground.

dingkar-angka kunjuri bubu-muny mani-ny | man-ERG shield ground-ABL get-PAST

Kunjuri shield object with mani-l get/take and bubu-muny source.


Rule 138 consolidation of dictionary badur hook/line with already verified marral dry.


Rule 138 consolidation of dictionary karra rope/cord/string with ngulkurr good.


Rule 138 consolidation of makarr fish net with marral dry.


Rule 138 keeps ngunyin in the dilly-bag sense only and uses ngulkurr good.


Rule 138 keeps wangal as boomerang noun only and uses ngulkurr good.


Rule 138 keeps warrbi in the axe sense only and uses marral dry.


Rule 138 consolidation of kunjuri shield with ngulkurr good.


Rule 138 consolidation of kalka spear/fishing spear with ngulkurr good.


badur bubu-ngu wuna-ny | hook.line ground-LOC lie-PAST

Rule 138 rest-location row using wuna-y and source-backed bubu-ngu ground LOC.


makarr balji-nga wuna-ny | fish.net bag-LOC lie-PAST

Rule 138 rest-location row using Patz-sourced balji-nga as support-only bag LOC.


ngunyin bayan-ba wuna-ny | dilly.bag camp-LOC lie-PAST

Ngunyin selected as dilly bag only; bayan-ba camp/house LOC is controlled support.


wangal bayan-ba wuna-ny | boomerang camp-LOC lie-PAST

Wangal boomerang noun in rest-location frame with bayan-ba support.


warrbi balji-nga wuna-ny | axe bag-LOC lie-PAST

Warrbi selected as axe only; balji-nga support LOC does not make it an instrument.


kunjuri wabarr-ba wuna-ny | shield shade-LOC lie-PAST

Kunjuri shield rest row with source-backed wabarr-ba shade LOC.


kalka bubu-ngu wuna-ny | spear ground-LOC lie-PAST

Kalka spear rest row with bubu-ngu; no kalka case form.


badur balji-nga wuna-ny | hook.line bag-LOC lie-PAST

Badur hook/line as rest subject with balji-nga support LOC.


ngamu-ngku karra balji-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG rope bag-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; karra rope object plus balji-nga support LOC.


nganjan-angka makarr balji-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG fish.net bag-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; makarr fish net object plus balji-nga support LOC.


babi-ngka ngunyin bayan-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG dilly.bag camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngunyin dilly-bag sense only.


karrkay-ngku wangal balji-nga nyaji-ny | child-ERG boomerang bag-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; wangal boomerang noun only.


kami-ngka kunjuri balji-nga nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG shield bag-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kunjuri shield object remains bare.


jalbu-ngku kalka wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG spear shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kalka spear object plus shade LOC.


dingkar-angka warrbi wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG axe shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; warrbi axe sense only.


ngayu karra bayan-ba nyaji-ny | I rope camp-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; karra rope object with bayan-ba support LOC.


jana warrbi balji-nga nyaji-ny | they axe bag-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; warrbi axe object with bag LOC.


ngana kunjuri wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | we shield shade-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; kunjuri shield object with shade LOC.


ngamu-ngku wangal bayan-ba nyaji-ny | mother-ERG boomerang camp-LOC see-PAST


Father saw the hook and line on the ground.

nganjan-angka badur bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | father-ERG hook.line ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; badur hook/line object plus ground LOC.


Grandmother put the hook and line on the ground.

babi-ngka badur bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG hook.line ground-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with common-noun A ERG and badur bare object.


karrkay-ngku karra balji-nga yijarri-ny | child-ERG rope bag-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with karra rope and balji-nga support LOC.


Grandfather put the fish net in the bag.

kami-ngka makarr balji-nga yijarri-ny | grandfather-ERG fish.net bag-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with makarr fish net and bag LOC.


jalbu-ngku ngunyin bayan-ba yijarri-ny | woman-ERG dilly.bag camp-LOC put-PAST

Ngunyin selected as dilly bag only; yijarri-l plus bayan-ba support.


Dingkar-angka wangal balji-nga yijarrin.

dingkar-angka wangal balji-nga yijarri-ny | man-ERG boomerang bag-LOC put-PAST

Wangal boomerang noun only; common-noun A ERG.


ngamu-ngku warrbi balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG axe bag-LOC put-PAST

Warrbi axe object with balji-nga support; no instrument morphology.


Nganjan-angka kunjuri bubu-ngu yijarrin.

nganjan-angka kunjuri bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | father-ERG shield ground-LOC put-PAST

Kunjuri shield bare object; common-noun A ERG.


babi-ngka kalka wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG spear shade-LOC put-PAST

Kalka spear bare object with shade LOC; no kalka case form.


ngayu karra wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | I rope shade-LOC put-PAST

Pronoun A bare; karra rope object plus shade LOC.


jana warrbi bayan-ba yijarri-ny | they axe camp-LOC put-PAST

Pronoun A bare; warrbi axe object plus camp LOC.


ngamu-ngku karra balji-nga bawa-ny | mother-ERG rope bag-LOC leave-PAST

Bawa-l leave with common-noun A ERG and karra bare object.


nganjan-angka makarr bubu-ngu bawa-ny | father-ERG fish.net ground-LOC leave-PAST

Bawa-l leave with makarr fish net and bubu-ngu support.


Grandmother left the boomerang in the bag.

babi-ngka wangal balji-nga bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG boomerang bag-LOC leave-PAST

Wangal boomerang noun only; bawa-l leave with bag LOC.


karrkay-ngku warrbi balji-nga bawa-ny | child-ERG axe bag-LOC leave-PAST

Warrbi axe object; no instrument morphology.


kami-ngka kunjuri balji-nga bawa-ny | grandfather-ERG shield bag-LOC leave-PAST

Kunjuri shield bare object with balji-nga support LOC.


jalbu-ngku kalka bubu-ngu bawa-ny | woman-ERG spear ground-LOC leave-PAST

Kalka spear object plus ground LOC; no kalka case form.


dingkar-angka badur bayan-ba bawa-ny | man-ERG hook.line camp-LOC leave-PAST

Badur hook/line object with camp LOC; common-noun A ERG.


ngayu makarr wabarr-ba bawa-ny | I fish.net shade-LOC leave-PAST

Pronoun A bare; makarr fish net object with shade LOC.


Mother took the boomerang from the ground.

ngamu-ngku wangal bubu-muny mani-ny | mother-ERG boomerang ground-ABL get-PAST

Mani-l get/take with bubu-muny source and common-noun A ERG.


nganjan-angka kalka bubu-muny mani-ny | father-ERG spear ground-ABL get-PAST

Kalka spear object with bubu-muny source; no target case form.


Grandmother took the axe from the ground.

babi-ngka warrbi bubu-muny mani-ny | grandmother-ERG axe ground-ABL get-PAST

Warrbi axe object with mani-l get/take and ground ABL.


We took the hook and line from the ground.

ngana badur bubu-muny mani-ny | we hook.line ground-ABL get-PAST

Pronoun A bare; badur hook/line object with bubu-muny source.


Rule 139 lexical expansion: dictionary jimal fire stick with verified ngulkurr good.


Dictionary jimal fire stick; marral dry is previously verified for practical material states.


Dictionary dumbul bark/hard covering; selected here as bark with marral dry.


Dictionary buyku paperbark; grammar Text 51 has paperbark in earth-oven context.


Dictionary jikan grass; ngulkurr good state avoids duplicate Jikan marral.


Dictionary and grammar allow baya fire/firewood; English selects firewood for dry material state.


Dictionary kubu smoke; yalbay big is a previously verified size predicate.


Dictionary nganjirr grass tree; grammar ex.65 confirms simple root nganjirr.


jimal bubu-ngu wuna-ny | fire.stick ground-LOC lie-PAST

Jimal fire stick in rest-location frame with source-backed bubu-ngu ground LOC.


jimal wabarr-ba wuna-ny | fire.stick shade-LOC lie-PAST

Jimal fire stick with wabarr-ba shade LOC and wuna-y past.


ngunjil bubu-ngu wuna-ny | charcoal ground-LOC lie-PAST

Dictionary ngunjil charcoal/hot coals; selected as charcoal in ground-location frame.


ngunjil bayan-ba wuna-ny | charcoal camp-LOC lie-PAST

Ngunjil selected as charcoal; bayan-ba camp/house LOC is support only.


dumbul bayan-ba wuna-ny | bark camp-LOC lie-PAST

Dumbul bark with bayan-ba support LOC; no shell/crust sense intended.


buyku bayan-ba wuna-ny | paperbark camp-LOC lie-PAST

Buyku paperbark as rest subject with bayan-ba camp LOC.


jikan bayan-ba wuna-ny | grass camp-LOC lie-PAST

Jikan grass as bare subject; bayan-ba is support location, not target morphology.


Nganjirr kept as grass tree; state frame avoids treating it as a portable object.


Mother saw the fire stick on the ground.

ngamu-ngku jimal bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | mother-ERG fire.stick ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jimal fire stick object plus bubu-ngu support LOC.


nganjan-angka ngunjil bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | father-ERG charcoal ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngunjil selected as charcoal/hot-coals noun.


babi-ngka dumbul bayan-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG bark camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; dumbul selected as bark.


The child saw the paperbark on the ground.

karrkay-ngku buyku bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | child-ERG paperbark ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; buyku paperbark with ground LOC.


kami-ngka jikan wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG grass shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jikan remains bare grass object, wabarr-ba is support LOC.


jalbu-ngku baya nyaji-ny | woman-ERG fire see-PAST

Grammar text has baya as seen fire; common-noun A is ERG-marked.


kami-ngka kubu nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG smoke see-PAST

Dictionary kubu smoke and grammar has baya kubu nyaji-nka 'see smoke'.


ngayu nganjirr nyaji-ny | I grass.tree see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; nganjirr selected as grass tree.


jana baya bayan-ba nyaji-ny | they fire camp-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; baya selected as fire, bayan-ba support LOC.


ngana kubu bayan-ba nyaji-ny | we smoke camp-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; kubu smoke with bayan-ba camp LOC.


ngamu-ngku dumbul balji-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG bark bag-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; dumbul bark with Patz-sourced balji-nga bag LOC.


nganjan-angka buyku wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | father-ERG paperbark shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; buyku paperbark plus wabarr-ba support LOC.


Grandmother put the fire stick on the ground.

babi-ngka jimal bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG fire.stick ground-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with common-noun A ERG and jimal bare object.


The child put the charcoal on the ground.

karrkay-ngku ngunjil bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | child-ERG charcoal ground-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with ngunjil selected as charcoal, not ash residue.


kami-ngka dumbul bayan-ba yijarri-ny | grandfather-ERG bark camp-LOC put-PAST

Dumbul bark bare object; bayan-ba support LOC.


The woman put the paperbark in the shade.

jalbu-ngku buyku wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | woman-ERG paperbark shade-LOC put-PAST

Buyku paperbark bare object in placement frame.


dingkar-angka jikan bayan-ba yijarri-ny | man-ERG grass camp-LOC put-PAST

Jikan grass bare object; no jikan locative target form.


ngamu-ngku jimal balji-nga yijarri-ny | mother-ERG fire.stick bag-LOC put-PAST

Jimal portable object in bag-location frame; balji remains support-only.


Nganjan-angka dumbul wabarr-ba yijarrin.

nganjan-angka dumbul wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | father-ERG bark shade-LOC put-PAST

Dumbul selected as bark; wabarr-ba shade LOC support.


jana buyku bubu-ngu yijarri-ny | they paperbark ground-LOC put-PAST

Pronoun A bare; buyku paperbark object plus bubu-ngu.


Mother left the fire stick in the shade.

ngamu-ngku jimal wabarr-ba bawa-ny | mother-ERG fire.stick shade-LOC leave-PAST

Bawa-l leave with jimal fire stick object and shade LOC.


nganjan-angka ngunjil bubu-ngu bawa-ny | father-ERG charcoal ground-LOC leave-PAST

Ngunjil selected as charcoal; bawa-l leave with ground LOC.


babi-ngka dumbul bayan-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG bark camp-LOC leave-PAST

Dumbul bark bare object in leave-location frame.


The child left the paperbark in the shade.

karrkay-ngku buyku wabarr-ba bawa-ny | child-ERG paperbark shade-LOC leave-PAST

Buyku paperbark object with wabarr-ba support LOC.


kami-ngka jikan bayan-ba bawa-ny | grandfather-ERG grass camp-LOC leave-PAST

Jikan grass bare object; no target local case.


The woman left the fire stick in the bag.

jalbu-ngku jimal balji-nga bawa-ny | woman-ERG fire.stick bag-LOC leave-PAST

Jimal fire stick in balji-nga bag support frame.


dingkar-angka ngunjil wabarr-ba bawa-ny | man-ERG charcoal shade-LOC leave-PAST

Ngunjil charcoal with wabarr-ba; no ash-residue head used.


ngayu dumbul bayan-ba bawa-ny | I bark camp-LOC leave-PAST

Pronoun A bare; dumbul bark object plus bayan-ba support LOC.


Mother took the fire stick from the ground.

ngamu-ngku jimal bubu-muny mani-ny | mother-ERG fire.stick ground-ABL get-PAST

Mani-l get/take with jimal fire stick and bubu-muny source.


nganjan-angka dumbul bubu-muny mani-ny | father-ERG bark ground-ABL get-PAST

Dumbul bark object with bubu-muny source.


Grandmother took the paperbark from the ground.

babi-ngka buyku bubu-muny mani-ny | grandmother-ERG paperbark ground-ABL get-PAST

Buyku paperbark object with bubu-muny source.


The child took the grass from the ground.

karrkay-ngku jikan bubu-muny mani-ny | child-ERG grass ground-ABL get-PAST

Jikan grass object with bubu-muny source; no jikan target case.


ngayu ngunjil bubu-muny mani-ny | I charcoal ground-ABL get-PAST

Pronoun A bare; ngunjil selected as charcoal, not bajar ash tree.


They took the fire stick from the ground.

jana jimal bubu-muny mani-ny | they fire.stick ground-ABL get-PAST

Pronoun A bare; jimal fire stick object plus bubu-muny source.


Rule 140 consolidation of Rule 139 ngunjil charcoal/hot coals with ngulkurr good.


Dumbul remains selected as bark, with the verified state predicate ngulkurr good.


Buyku paperbark in a simple state frame.


Jikan grass with yalbay big; no jikan target case form.


Baya selected as fire; state frame avoids portable-object treatment.


Nganjirr selected as grass tree; state frame only.


Baya fire in a simple state frame; no firewood handling row.


jimal bayan-ba wuna-ny | fire.stick camp-LOC lie-PAST

Jimal fire stick with bayan-ba camp/house LOC.


jimal balji-nga wuna-ny | fire.stick bag-LOC lie-PAST

Jimal fire stick with balji-nga support-only bag LOC.


ngunjil wabarr-ba wuna-ny | charcoal shade-LOC lie-PAST

Ngunjil charcoal with wabarr-ba shade LOC; no ash-residue wording.


ngunjil balji-nga wuna-ny | charcoal bag-LOC lie-PAST

Ngunjil selected as charcoal; balji-nga remains support location.


dumbul ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | bark outside-LOC lie-PAST

Dumbul bark with source-backed ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


buyku balji-nga wuna-ny | paperbark bag-LOC lie-PAST

Buyku paperbark with balji-nga support LOC.


jikan ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | grass outside-LOC lie-PAST

Jikan grass bare subject; ngalkal-ba support LOC.


jimal ngalkal-ba wuna-ny | fire.stick outside-LOC lie-PAST

Jimal fire stick with ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


ngamu-ngku jimal bayan-ba nyaji-ny | mother-ERG fire.stick camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jimal object plus bayan-ba support LOC.


nganjan-angka ngunjil wabarr-ba nyaji-ny | father-ERG charcoal shade-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngunjil selected as charcoal.


babi-ngka dumbul ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG bark outside-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; dumbul bark with ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


karrkay-ngku buyku bayan-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG paperbark camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; buyku paperbark with bayan-ba support.


kami-ngka jikan ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG grass outside-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jikan grass object remains bare.


jalbu-ngku baya bayan-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG fire camp-LOC see-PAST

Baya selected as fire in perception frame; common-noun A ERG.


dingkar-angka kubu bayan-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG smoke camp-LOC see-PAST

Kubu smoke in perception frame; common-noun A ERG.


ngamu-ngku nganjirr nyaji-ny | mother-ERG grass.tree see-PAST

Nganjirr grass tree in perception frame only.


jana kubu nyaji-ny | they smoke see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; kubu smoke selected sense.


babi-ngka nganjirr nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG grass.tree see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; nganjirr selected as grass tree.


karrkay-ngku kubu nyaji-ny | child-ERG smoke see-PAST


ngamu-ngku jimal bayan-ba yijarri-ny | mother-ERG fire.stick camp-LOC put-PAST

Yijarri-l put/place with jimal fire stick and bayan-ba support LOC.


Nganjan-angka ngunjil wabarr-ba yijarrin.

nganjan-angka ngunjil wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | father-ERG charcoal shade-LOC put-PAST

Ngunjil charcoal in placement frame; no ash-residue head.


babi-ngka dumbul ngalkal-ba yijarri-ny | grandmother-ERG bark outside-LOC put-PAST

Dumbul bark object plus ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


karrkay-ngku buyku bayan-ba yijarri-ny | child-ERG paperbark camp-LOC put-PAST

Buyku paperbark object with bayan-ba support LOC.


kami-ngka jikan ngalkal-ba yijarri-ny | grandfather-ERG grass outside-LOC put-PAST

Jikan grass object; no target case morphology.


jalbu-ngku jimal ngalkal-ba yijarri-ny | woman-ERG fire.stick outside-LOC put-PAST

Jimal fire stick with source-backed ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


Dingkar-angka dumbul balji-nga yijarrin.

dingkar-angka dumbul balji-nga yijarri-ny | man-ERG bark bag-LOC put-PAST

Dumbul bark object; balji-nga support-only bag LOC.


ngayu buyku wabarr-ba yijarri-ny | I paperbark shade-LOC put-PAST

Pronoun A bare; buyku paperbark object plus shade LOC.


ngamu-ngku jimal bayan-ba bawa-ny | mother-ERG fire.stick camp-LOC leave-PAST

Bawa-l leave with jimal fire stick and bayan-ba support.


nganjan-angka ngunjil wabarr-ba bawa-ny | father-ERG charcoal shade-LOC leave-PAST

Ngunjil charcoal in leave-location frame.


babi-ngka dumbul ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | grandmother-ERG bark outside-LOC leave-PAST

Dumbul bark with ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


karrkay-ngku buyku bayan-ba bawa-ny | child-ERG paperbark camp-LOC leave-PAST


kami-ngka jikan ngalkal-ba bawa-ny | grandfather-ERG grass outside-LOC leave-PAST

Jikan grass object remains bare; ngalkal-ba is support LOC.


The woman left the fire stick on the ground.

jalbu-ngku jimal bubu-ngu bawa-ny | woman-ERG fire.stick ground-LOC leave-PAST

Jimal fire stick object with bubu-ngu ground LOC.


dingkar-angka ngunjil balji-nga bawa-ny | man-ERG charcoal bag-LOC leave-PAST

Ngunjil charcoal with balji-nga support LOC.


ngayu buyku wabarr-ba bawa-ny | I paperbark shade-LOC leave-PAST


The woman took the fire stick from the ground.

jalbu-ngku jimal bubu-muny mani-ny | woman-ERG fire.stick ground-ABL get-PAST

Mani-l get/take with jimal fire stick and bubu-muny source.


dingkar-angka dumbul bubu-muny mani-ny | man-ERG bark ground-ABL get-PAST

Dumbul bark object with bubu-muny source.


Grandfather took the paperbark from the ground.

kami-ngka buyku bubu-muny mani-ny | grandfather-ERG paperbark ground-ABL get-PAST

Buyku paperbark object with bubu-muny source.


ngamu-ngku jikan bubu-muny mani-ny | mother-ERG grass ground-ABL get-PAST

Jikan grass object with bubu-muny source.


Father took the charcoal from the ground.

nganjan-angka ngunjil bubu-muny mani-ny | father-ERG charcoal ground-ABL get-PAST

Ngunjil charcoal object with bubu-muny source; no bajar residue-ash row.


ngana jimal bubu-muny mani-ny | we fire.stick ground-ABL get-PAST

Pronoun A bare; jimal fire stick object plus bubu-muny source.


Dictionary: babajaka species of bloodwood tree; state predicate yalbay big already verified.


Dictionary: bajar is Moreton Bay ash / white gum tree, not residue ash; yalbay big.


baril-baril yalbay | Moreton.Bay.fig.tree big

Dictionary: baril-baril Moreton Bay fig tree; reduplicated lexical head retained whole.


Dictionary: baway black bean tree; ngulkurr good.


Dictionary: bilar candle nut / candlenut tree; no nut-use row opened.


Dictionary and Patz Text 51 support kabal Leichhardt tree/fruit; tree sense selected.


Dictionary: mili stinging tree; jellyfish extension and burn frames excluded.


Dictionary: yalngkal white wattle; ngulkurr good.


Dictionary: yumu bottlebrush tree; ngulkurr good.


Babajaka tree head in a second safe state frame.


Kabal tree sense with ngulkurr good; no fruit or bark-use construction.


babajaka yinyay janja-na-y | bloodwood.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Patz tree-standing frame with yinyay there and janjana-y standing; target remains bare.


The Moreton Bay ash tree is standing there.

bajar yinyay janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.ash.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Bajar selected as tree name only in generic standing frame.


The Moreton Bay fig tree is standing there.

baril-baril yinyay janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.fig.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baril-baril tree head remains bare in standing frame.


baway yinyay janja-na-y | black.bean.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baway tree head in Patz-modeled standing frame.


bilar yinyay janja-na-y | candlenut.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Bilar selected as tree, not nut-use row.


kabal yinyay janja-na-y | Leichhardt.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Kabal tree in standing frame; no fruit-taking construction.


mili yinyay janja-na-y | stinging.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Mili selected as stinging tree; no burn or instrument morphology.


The white wattle is standing in the scrub.

yalngkal madja-nga janja-na-y | white.wattle scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Yalngkal tree head plus verified madja-nga scrub LOC.


yumu yinyay janja-na-y | bottlebrush.tree there stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Yumu bottlebrush tree in standing frame.


The bloodwood tree is standing in the scrub.

babajaka madja-nga janja-na-y | bloodwood.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Babajaka tree head plus support-only scrub LOC.


The black bean tree is standing in the scrub.

baway madja-nga janja-na-y | black.bean.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baway tree head plus madja-nga support location.


The candlenut tree is standing in the scrub.

bilar madja-nga janja-na-y | candlenut.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST


The Leichhardt tree is standing in the scrub.

kabal madja-nga janja-na-y | Leichhardt.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Kabal tree head in scrub-location standing frame.


The stinging tree is standing in the scrub.

mili madja-nga janja-na-y | stinging.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Mili stinging tree only; no jellyfish or burn semantics.


The Moreton Bay fig tree is standing in the scrub.

baril-baril madja-nga janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.fig.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baril-baril tree head with support-only scrub LOC.


The Moreton Bay ash tree is standing outside.

bajar ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.ash.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Bajar tree name with support-only ngalkal-ba outside LOC.


yalngkal ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | white.wattle outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Yalngkal white wattle with ngalkal-ba support LOC.


The bottlebrush tree is standing outside.

yumu ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | bottlebrush.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Yumu bottlebrush tree with ngalkal-ba support LOC.


ngamu-ngku babajaka nyaji-ny | mother-ERG bloodwood.tree see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; babajaka bare object.


nganjan-angka bajar nyaji-ny | father-ERG Moreton.Bay.ash.tree see-PAST


Grandmother saw the Moreton Bay fig tree.

babi-ngka baril-baril nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG Moreton.Bay.fig.tree see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; baril-baril bare object.


karrkay-ngku baway nyaji-ny | child-ERG black.bean.tree see-PAST


kami-ngka bilar nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG candlenut.tree see-PAST


jalbu-ngku kabal nyaji-ny | woman-ERG Leichhardt.tree see-PAST

Kabal tree object; no fruit-harvest row.


dingkar-angka mili nyaji-ny | man-ERG stinging.tree see-PAST

Mili stinging tree object; no jellyfish or burn semantics.


ngayu yalngkal nyaji-ny | I white.wattle see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; yalngkal selected as white wattle.


ngana yumu nyaji-ny | we bottlebrush.tree see-PAST


jana babajaka nyaji-ny | they bloodwood.tree see-PAST


Mother saw the Moreton Bay fig tree in the scrub.

Ngamu-ngku baril-baril madja-nga nyajin.

ngamu-ngku baril-baril madja-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG Moreton.Bay.fig.tree scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support-only scrub LOC.


Father saw the black bean tree in the scrub.

nganjan-angka baway madja-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG black.bean.tree scrub-LOC see-PAST

Baway object plus madja-nga support location.


Grandmother saw the candlenut tree in the scrub.

babi-ngka bilar madja-nga nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG candlenut.tree scrub-LOC see-PAST


The child saw the Leichhardt tree in the scrub.

karrkay-ngku kabal madja-nga nyaji-ny | child-ERG Leichhardt.tree scrub-LOC see-PAST


Grandfather saw the stinging tree in the scrub.

kami-ngka mili madja-nga nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG stinging.tree scrub-LOC see-PAST

Mili stinging tree in perception frame only.


jalbu-ngku yalngkal ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG white.wattle outside-LOC see-PAST

Yalngkal object plus support-only outside LOC.


The man saw the bottlebrush tree outside.

dingkar-angka yumu ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG bottlebrush.tree outside-LOC see-PAST

Yumu object plus ngalkal-ba support location.


ngayu bajar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I Moreton.Bay.ash.tree outside-LOC see-PAST


ngana babajaka yinyay nyaji-ny | we bloodwood.tree there see-PAST


They saw the Moreton Bay fig tree there.

jana baril-baril yinyay nyaji-ny | they Moreton.Bay.fig.tree there see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; baril-baril object plus yinyay there.


bajar ngulkurr | Moreton.Bay.ash.tree good

Rule 142 consolidation: bajar selected as Moreton Bay ash / white gum tree, with ngulkurr good.


baril-baril ngulkurr | Moreton.Bay.fig.tree good

Baril-baril selected as one Moreton Bay fig tree head with ngulkurr good.


Bilar tree sense only; no nut-use row; yalbay big.


Mili selected as stinging tree only; no jellyfish or burn frame.


Babajaka tree head in a dry-state row; no wood/material inference.


Bajar tree sense only with marral dry; no ash residue.


baril-baril marral | Moreton.Bay.fig.tree dry


Baway tree sense only; no edible-fruit scene.


Kabal tree sense only; no fruit or bark-medicine row.


Mili stinging tree with marral dry; no burn/jellyfish reading.


Yalngkal tree name only with marral dry.


babajaka bayan-ba janja-na-y | bloodwood.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Tree-standing frame with bayan-ba camp support; target remains bare.


The Moreton Bay ash tree is standing at camp.

bajar bayan-ba janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.ash.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Bajar tree sense with bayan-ba support; no ash material row.


The Moreton Bay fig tree is standing at camp.

baril-baril bayan-ba janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.fig.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baril-baril remains a whole bare tree target.


The black bean tree is standing at camp.

baway bayan-ba janja-na-y | black.bean.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baway tree standing at camp; no fruit scene.


bilar bayan-ba janja-na-y | candlenut.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Bilar tree standing at camp; no nut-use row.


The Leichhardt tree is standing at camp.

kabal bayan-ba janja-na-y | Leichhardt.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Kabal tree standing at camp; no fruit row.


mili bayan-ba janja-na-y | stinging.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Mili stinging tree standing at camp; no instrument form.


yalngkal bayan-ba janja-na-y | white.wattle camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Yalngkal tree target with bayan-ba support.


The bottlebrush tree is standing at camp.

yumu bayan-ba janja-na-y | bottlebrush.tree camp-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST


The Moreton Bay ash tree is standing in the scrub.

bajar madja-nga janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.ash.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Bajar tree sense with madja-nga support; no residue ash.


The bottlebrush tree is standing in the scrub.

yumu madja-nga janja-na-y | bottlebrush.tree scrub-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Yumu tree target in scrub support frame.


babajaka ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | bloodwood.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Babajaka tree target with support-only outside LOC.


The Moreton Bay fig tree is standing outside.

baril-baril ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | Moreton.Bay.fig.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baril-baril target remains bare with ngalkal-ba support.


The black bean tree is standing outside.

baway ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | black.bean.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Baway tree target outside; no edible-fruit scene.


bilar ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | candlenut.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Bilar tree target outside; no nut-use row.


The Leichhardt tree is standing outside.

kabal ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | Leichhardt.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Kabal tree target outside; no fruit row.


mili ngalkal-ba janja-na-y | stinging.tree outside-LOC stand-REDUP-NONPAST

Mili stinging tree outside; no burn or instrument reading.


ngayu yumu yinyay nyaji-ny | I bottlebrush.tree there see-PAST

Replacement for a duplicate planned white-wattle row; pronoun A bare.


ngamu-ngku baway nyaji-ny | mother-ERG black.bean.tree see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; baway tree object bare.


nganjan-angka bilar nyaji-ny | father-ERG candlenut.tree see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bilar tree object, no nut row.


babi-ngka kabal nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG Leichhardt.tree see-PAST


karrkay-ngku mili nyaji-ny | child-ERG stinging.tree see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; mili stinging tree only.


kami-ngka yalngkal nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG white.wattle see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; yalngkal tree object.


jalbu-ngku yumu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG bottlebrush.tree see-PAST


dingkar-angka babajaka nyaji-ny | man-ERG bloodwood.tree see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; babajaka tree object.


ngayu baril-baril nyaji-ny | I Moreton.Bay.fig.tree see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; baril-baril whole lexical head.


ngana baway nyaji-ny | we black.bean.tree see-PAST


jana yumu nyaji-ny | they bottlebrush.tree see-PAST


Mother saw the Moreton Bay ash tree in the scrub.

ngamu-ngku bajar madja-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG Moreton.Bay.ash.tree scrub-LOC see-PAST

Bajar tree sense only with madja-nga support.


Father saw the bottlebrush tree in the scrub.

nganjan-angka yumu madja-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG bottlebrush.tree scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; yumu object plus scrub LOC.


Grandmother saw the bloodwood tree outside.

babi-ngka babajaka ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG bloodwood.tree outside-LOC see-PAST

Babajaka object plus ngalkal-ba support.


The child saw the Moreton Bay fig tree outside.

Karrkay-ngku baril-baril ngalkal-ba nyajin.

karrkay-ngku baril-baril ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG Moreton.Bay.fig.tree outside-LOC see-PAST

Baril-baril whole lexical head plus outside support.


Grandfather saw the black bean tree outside.

kami-ngka baway ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG black.bean.tree outside-LOC see-PAST

Baway object plus ngalkal-ba support; no edible-fruit row.


The woman saw the candlenut tree outside.

jalbu-ngku bilar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG candlenut.tree outside-LOC see-PAST

Bilar tree object plus outside support; no nut-use row.


The man saw the Leichhardt tree outside.

dingkar-angka kabal ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG Leichhardt.tree outside-LOC see-PAST

Kabal tree object plus outside support; no fruit/bark-use row.


Dictionary/Patz: dikal generic bird; ngulkurr good.


Dictionary: kurranji cassowary; yalbay big.


Dictionary: diwan scrub turkey; no egg or domestic-turkey row.


wabul ngulkurr | Torres.Strait.pigeon good

Dictionary: wabul Torres Strait Island pigeon; bird sense selected.


Dictionary: nili-nili duck; reduplicated lexical head kept whole.


Dictionary: kalbu black crow / species of crow; no totem claim.


Dictionary: dulku white crane; yalbay big.


birrbirr ngulkurr | parrot.lorikeet good

Dictionary: birrbirr parrot/parakeet/lorikeet; lexical head kept whole.


Dictionary: jamarbina goose; yalbay big.


Kurranji cassowary in a second safe state frame.


Diwan scrub turkey; no domestic-turkey or egg row.


Kalbu black crow with yalbay big; no totem claim.


Wabul pigeon sense only; no human/islander reading.


dikal yinyay jana-y | bird there stand-NONPAST

Patz/corpus support for bird standing and yinyay there; target remains bare.


kurranji yinyay jana-y | cassowary there stand-NONPAST


diwan yinyay jana-y | scrub.turkey there stand-NONPAST

Diwan scrub turkey in standing frame; no egg row.


The Torres Strait pigeon is standing there.

wabul yinyay jana-y | Torres.Strait.pigeon there stand-NONPAST


nili-nili yinyay jana-y | duck there stand-NONPAST

Nili-nili duck in standing frame; head kept whole.


kalbu yinyay jana-y | black.crow there stand-NONPAST


dulku yinyay jana-y | white.crane there stand-NONPAST


birrbirr yinyay jana-y | parrot.lorikeet there stand-NONPAST

Birrbirr parrot/lorikeet in standing frame; head kept whole.


jamarbina yinyay jana-y | goose there stand-NONPAST


kurranji madja-nga jana-y | cassowary scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST

Kurranji with support-only madja-nga scrub LOC.


The scrub turkey is standing in the scrub.

diwan madja-nga jana-y | scrub.turkey scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST

Diwan scrub turkey with madja-nga support LOC.


kalbu ngalkal-ba jana-y | black.crow outside-LOC stand-NONPAST


dulku ngalkal-ba jana-y | white.crane outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Dulku white crane with ngalkal-ba support.


jamarbina ngalkal-ba jana-y | goose outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Jamarbina goose with ngalkal-ba support.


dikal bayan-ba jana-y | bird camp-LOC stand-NONPAST

Dikal with support-only bayan-ba camp LOC.


birrbirr bayan-ba jana-y | parrot.lorikeet camp-LOC stand-NONPAST

Birrbirr bird head with bayan-ba support.


The Torres Strait pigeon is standing at camp.

wabul bayan-ba jana-y | Torres.Strait.pigeon camp-LOC stand-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku dikal nyaji-ny | mother-ERG bird see-PAST


nganjan-angka kurranji nyaji-ny | father-ERG cassowary see-PAST


babi-ngka diwan nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG scrub.turkey see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; diwan scrub turkey object.


karrkay-ngku wabul nyaji-ny | child-ERG Torres.Strait.pigeon see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; wabul bird sense only.


kami-ngka nili-nili nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG duck see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; nili-nili duck head kept whole.


jalbu-ngku kalbu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG black.crow see-PAST


dingkar-angka dulku nyaji-ny | man-ERG white.crane see-PAST


ngayu birrbirr nyaji-ny | I parrot.lorikeet see-PAST


ngana jamarbina nyaji-ny | we goose see-PAST


jana dikal nyaji-ny | they bird see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; dikal generic bird object.


ngamu-ngku kurranji madja-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG cassowary scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; madja-nga support location.


Father saw the scrub turkey in the scrub.

nganjan-angka diwan madja-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG scrub.turkey scrub-LOC see-PAST

Diwan scrub turkey in perception frame; no egg row.


Grandmother saw the Torres Strait pigeon outside.

babi-ngka wabul ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG Torres.Strait.pigeon outside-LOC see-PAST


Karrkay-ngku nili-nili ngalkal-ba nyajin.

karrkay-ngku nili-nili ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG duck outside-LOC see-PAST

Nili-nili duck head kept whole; outside support.


kami-ngka kalbu ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG black.crow outside-LOC see-PAST

Kalbu black crow with outside support; no totem claim.


jalbu-ngku dulku bayan-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG white.crane camp-LOC see-PAST


dingkar-angka birrbirr bayan-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG parrot.lorikeet camp-LOC see-PAST

Birrbirr parrot/lorikeet with camp support.


ngayu jamarbina yinyay nyaji-ny | I goose there see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; jamarbina goose with yinyay deictic support.


dikal madja-nga jana-y | bird scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST

Construction consolidation: dikal bird with support-only madja-nga scrub LOC.


dikal ngalkal-ba jana-y | bird outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Dikal bird with support-only outside LOC.


kurranji bayan-ba jana-y | cassowary camp-LOC stand-NONPAST

Kurranji cassowary with support-only bayan-ba camp LOC.


kurranji ngalkal-ba jana-y | cassowary outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Kurranji target remains bare; outside is support only.


diwan bayan-ba jana-y | scrub.turkey camp-LOC stand-NONPAST

Diwan scrub turkey only; no egg or domestic-turkey row.


diwan ngalkal-ba jana-y | scrub.turkey outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Diwan scrub turkey with support-only outside LOC.


The Torres Strait Island pigeon is standing in the scrub.

wabul madja-nga jana-y | Torres.Strait.Island.pigeon scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST

Wabul Torres Strait Island pigeon bird sense only.


The Torres Strait Island pigeon is standing outside.

wabul ngalkal-ba jana-y | Torres.Strait.Island.pigeon outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Wabul target remains bare; no human/islander reading.


nili-nili bayan-ba jana-y | duck camp-LOC stand-NONPAST

Nili-nili duck kept as a whole lexical head.


nili-nili madja-nga jana-y | duck scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST

Nili-nili whole head with support-only scrub LOC.


nili-nili ngalkal-ba jana-y | duck outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Nili-nili whole head with outside support.


kalbu bayan-ba jana-y | black.crow camp-LOC stand-NONPAST


The black crow is standing in the scrub.

kalbu madja-nga jana-y | black.crow scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST


dulku bayan-ba jana-y | white.crane camp-LOC stand-NONPAST


The white crane is standing in the scrub.

dulku madja-nga jana-y | white.crane scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST


birrbirr madja-nga jana-y | parrot.lorikeet scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST

Birrbirr parrot/lorikeet kept as a whole lexical head.


birrbirr ngalkal-ba jana-y | parrot.lorikeet outside-LOC stand-NONPAST

Birrbirr whole head with outside support.


jamarbina bayan-ba jana-y | goose camp-LOC stand-NONPAST


jamarbina madja-nga jana-y | goose scrub-LOC stand-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku dikal madja-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG bird scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; dikal object bare; madja-nga support location.


nganjan-angka dikal ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | father-ERG bird outside-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; outside support only.


babi-ngka kurranji bayan-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG cassowary camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; kurranji object bare.


Karrkay-ngku kurranji ngalkal-ba nyajin.

karrkay-ngku kurranji ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG cassowary outside-LOC see-PAST


Grandfather saw the scrub turkey at camp.

kami-ngka diwan bayan-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG scrub.turkey camp-LOC see-PAST


jalbu-ngku diwan ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG scrub.turkey outside-LOC see-PAST

Diwan scrub turkey with outside support; no domestic-turkey row.


The man saw the Torres Strait Island pigeon at camp.

dingkar-angka wabul bayan-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG Torres.Strait.Island.pigeon camp-LOC see-PAST

Wabul bird sense only; common-noun A ERG.


I saw the Torres Strait Island pigeon there.

ngayu wabul yinyay nyaji-ny | I Torres.Strait.Island.pigeon there see-PAST


ngana nili-nili bayan-ba nyaji-ny | we duck camp-LOC see-PAST


jana nili-nili madja-nga nyaji-ny | they duck scrub-LOC see-PAST


ngamu-ngku kalbu bayan-ba nyaji-ny | mother-ERG black.crow camp-LOC see-PAST


nganjan-angka kalbu madja-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG black.crow scrub-LOC see-PAST

Kalbu with scrub support; common-noun A ERG.


Grandmother saw the white crane in the scrub.

babi-ngka dulku madja-nga nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG white.crane scrub-LOC see-PAST


karrkay-ngku dulku ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG white.crane outside-LOC see-PAST


kami-ngka birrbirr yinyay nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG parrot.lorikeet there see-PAST

Birrbirr whole head; yinyay deictic support.


jalbu-ngku birrbirr madja-nga nyaji-ny | woman-ERG parrot.lorikeet scrub-LOC see-PAST


Dingkar-angka jamarbina bayan-ba nyajin.

dingkar-angka jamarbina bayan-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG goose camp-LOC see-PAST


ngana jamarbina ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we goose outside-LOC see-PAST


ngayu dikal nyaji-l | I bird see-NONPAST

Nyaji-l nonpast perception construction; pronoun A bare.


ngana kurranji nyaji-l | we cassowary see-NONPAST


jana diwan nyaji-l | they scrub.turkey see-NONPAST

Diwan scrub turkey only; present perception frame.


ngayu wabul nyaji-l | I Torres.Strait.Island.pigeon see-NONPAST

Wabul bird sense only; no human/islander reading.


ngana nili-nili nyaji-l | we duck see-NONPAST

Nili-nili whole duck head in present perception frame.


jana kalbu nyaji-l | they black.crow see-NONPAST


ngayu dulku nyaji-l | I white.crane see-NONPAST


ngana birrbirr nyaji-l | we parrot.lorikeet see-NONPAST


jana jamarbina nyaji-l | they goose see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku dikal nyaji-l | mother-ERG bird see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG in present perception frame.


nganjan-angka kurranji nyaji-l | father-ERG cassowary see-NONPAST


babi-ngka diwan nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG scrub.turkey see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; diwan scrub turkey only.


The child sees the Torres Strait Island pigeon.

karrkay-ngku wabul nyaji-l | child-ERG Torres.Strait.Island.pigeon see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; wabul bird sense only.


Dictionary/Patz: kuyu fish; ngulkurr good.


Dictionary: ngawiya sea turtle; yalbay big. Patz examples also show ngawuya.


Dictionary/Patz: ngujay freshwater turtle; yalbay big.


bilngkumu yalbay | saltwater.crocodile big

Dictionary: bilngkumu salt water crocodile; no story/fear row.


Dictionary/Patz: kubarr big black freshwater eel; no cooking/eating row.


Dictionary/Patz: yawu stingray; no spearing/storm belief row.


Dictionary/Patz: yaburr shark; no biting row.


Dictionary/Patz: kiju mud crab; no fear/nip row.


Dictionary/Patz: ngalngal sand crab; reduplicated lexical head kept whole.


Ngawiya sea turtle; no meat/hunting row.


ngujay ngulkurr | freshwater.turtle good

Ngujay freshwater turtle; no comparison or meat row.


Yawu stingray only; no storm or taboo row.


Patz supports bana-nga water LOC and nominal location clauses.


Ngawiya with support-only bana-nga water LOC.


ngujay bana-nga | freshwater.turtle water-LOC


The saltwater crocodile is in the water.

bilngkumu bana-nga | saltwater.crocodile water-LOC

Bilngkumu with water LOC; no story/fear/biting row.


kubarr bana-nga | freshwater.eel water-LOC


Yawu with water LOC; no spearing/storm row.


Yaburr with support-only water LOC; no biting row.


Ngalngal with water LOC; head kept whole.


ngamu-ngku kuyu nyaji-ny | mother-ERG fish see-PAST


nganjan-angka ngawiya nyaji-ny | father-ERG sea.turtle see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngawiya sea turtle object.


babi-ngka ngujay nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG freshwater.turtle see-PAST


karrkay-ngku bilngkumu nyaji-ny | child-ERG saltwater.crocodile see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bilngkumu object; no fear/story row.


kami-ngka kubarr nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG freshwater.eel see-PAST


jalbu-ngku yawu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG stingray see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; yawu stingray object.


dingkar-angka yaburr nyaji-ny | man-ERG shark see-PAST


ngayu kiju nyaji-ny | I mud.crab see-PAST


ngana ngalngal nyaji-ny | we sand.crab see-PAST


ngamu-ngku kuyu bana-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG fish water-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bana-nga support location.


nganjan-angka ngawiya bana-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG sea.turtle water-LOC see-PAST

Ngawiya object with support-only water LOC.


Grandmother saw the freshwater turtle in the water.

babi-ngka ngujay bana-nga nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG freshwater.turtle water-LOC see-PAST


The child saw the saltwater crocodile in the water.

karrkay-ngku bilngkumu bana-nga nyaji-ny | child-ERG saltwater.crocodile water-LOC see-PAST

Bilngkumu object with water LOC; no fear/biting/story row.


Grandfather saw the freshwater eel in the water.

kami-ngka kubarr bana-nga nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG freshwater.eel water-LOC see-PAST


The woman saw the stingray in the water.

jalbu-ngku yawu bana-nga nyaji-ny | woman-ERG stingray water-LOC see-PAST

Yawu object with water LOC; no storm/spearing row.


dingkar-angka yaburr bana-nga nyaji-ny | man-ERG shark water-LOC see-PAST


ngayu kiju bana-nga nyaji-ny | I mud.crab water-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; kiju object with water LOC.


ngana ngalngal bana-nga nyaji-ny | we sand.crab water-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; ngalngal whole head with water LOC.


Nyaji-l nonpast perception construction; pronoun A bare.


ngana ngawiya nyaji-l | we sea.turtle see-NONPAST

Ngawiya object in present perception frame.


jana ngujay nyaji-l | they freshwater.turtle see-NONPAST

Ngujay object in present perception frame.


ngayu bilngkumu nyaji-l | I saltwater.crocodile see-NONPAST


ngana kubarr nyaji-l | we freshwater.eel see-NONPAST

Kubarr eel object in present perception frame.


jana yawu nyaji-l | they stingray see-NONPAST

Yawu stingray object; no storm/spearing row.


ngayu yaburr nyaji-l | I shark see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku ngawiya nyaji-ny | mother-ERG sea.turtle see-PAST

Construction consolidation: common-noun A ERG; ngawiya sea turtle object.


nganjan-angka ngujay nyaji-ny | father-ERG freshwater.turtle see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngujay freshwater turtle object.


Grandmother saw the saltwater crocodile.

babi-ngka bilngkumu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG saltwater.crocodile see-PAST

Bilngkumu saltwater crocodile only; no fear/story row.


karrkay-ngku kubarr nyaji-ny | child-ERG freshwater.eel see-PAST

Kubarr freshwater eel object; no cooking/eating row.


kami-ngka yawu nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG stingray see-PAST

Yawu stingray only; no storm/spearing row.


jalbu-ngku yaburr nyaji-ny | woman-ERG shark see-PAST


dingkar-angka kiju nyaji-ny | man-ERG mud.crab see-PAST


ngayu ngalngal nyaji-ny | I sand.crab see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; ngalngal whole sand-crab head.


jana ngawiya nyaji-ny | they sea.turtle see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; ngawiya sea turtle object.


ngamu-ngku ngujay nyaji-ny | mother-ERG freshwater.turtle see-PAST


nganjan-angka bilngkumu nyaji-ny | father-ERG saltwater.crocodile see-PAST

Bilngkumu saltwater crocodile; no story/fear row.


babi-ngka kubarr nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG freshwater.eel see-PAST

Kubarr eel object; no sickness/eating row.


karrkay-ngku yawu nyaji-ny | child-ERG stingray see-PAST


kami-ngka yaburr nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG shark see-PAST


jalbu-ngku kiju nyaji-ny | woman-ERG mud.crab see-PAST


dingkar-angka ngalngal nyaji-ny | man-ERG sand.crab see-PAST


ngayu ngawiya nyaji-ny | I sea.turtle see-PAST


ngana bilngkumu nyaji-ny | we saltwater.crocodile see-PAST


jana kubarr nyaji-ny | they freshwater.eel see-PAST


ngamu-ngku ngawiya bana-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG sea.turtle water-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bana-nga support location.


Father saw the freshwater turtle in the water.

nganjan-angka ngujay bana-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG freshwater.turtle water-LOC see-PAST


Grandmother saw the saltwater crocodile in the water.

babi-ngka bilngkumu bana-nga nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG saltwater.crocodile water-LOC see-PAST

Bilngkumu object with water LOC; no fear/story row.


The child saw the freshwater eel in the water.

karrkay-ngku kubarr bana-nga nyaji-ny | child-ERG freshwater.eel water-LOC see-PAST


Grandfather saw the stingray in the water.

kami-ngka yawu bana-nga nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG stingray water-LOC see-PAST

Yawu object with water LOC; no storm/spearing row.


jalbu-ngku yaburr bana-nga nyaji-ny | woman-ERG shark water-LOC see-PAST


dingkar-angka kiju bana-nga nyaji-ny | man-ERG mud.crab water-LOC see-PAST


ngayu ngalngal bana-nga nyaji-ny | I sand.crab water-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; ngalngal with water support.


ngana kuyu bana-nga nyaji-ny | we fish water-LOC see-PAST


jana ngawiya bana-nga nyaji-ny | they sea.turtle water-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; sea turtle with water LOC.


Mother saw the freshwater turtle in the water.

ngamu-ngku ngujay bana-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG freshwater.turtle water-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngujay object with water LOC.


Father saw the saltwater crocodile in the water.

Nganjan-angka bilngkumu bana-nga nyajin.

nganjan-angka bilngkumu bana-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG saltwater.crocodile water-LOC see-PAST

Bilngkumu water-location perception; no fear/biting row.


Grandmother saw the freshwater eel in the water.

babi-ngka kubarr bana-nga nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG freshwater.eel water-LOC see-PAST

Kubarr water-location perception; no cooking/eating row.


The child saw the stingray in the water.

karrkay-ngku yawu bana-nga nyaji-ny | child-ERG stingray water-LOC see-PAST

Yawu water-location perception; no storm/spearing row.


kami-ngka yaburr bana-nga nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG shark water-LOC see-PAST


The woman saw the mud crab in the water.

jalbu-ngku kiju bana-nga nyaji-ny | woman-ERG mud.crab water-LOC see-PAST


dingkar-angka ngalngal bana-nga nyaji-ny | man-ERG sand.crab water-LOC see-PAST


ngayu ngawiya bana-nga nyaji-ny | I sea.turtle water-LOC see-PAST


We saw the saltwater crocodile in the water.

ngana bilngkumu bana-nga nyaji-ny | we saltwater.crocodile water-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bilngkumu with water LOC.


They saw the freshwater eel in the water.

jana kubarr bana-nga nyaji-ny | they freshwater.eel water-LOC see-PAST


ngayu kiju nyaji-l | I mud.crab see-NONPAST

Nyaji-l nonpast perception construction; pronoun A bare.


ngana ngalngal nyaji-l | we sand.crab see-NONPAST

Ngalngal whole head in present perception frame.


jana kuyu nyaji-l | they fish see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku kuyu nyaji-l | mother-ERG fish see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG in present perception frame.


nganjan-angka ngawiya nyaji-l | father-ERG sea.turtle see-NONPAST


babi-ngka ngujay nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG freshwater.turtle see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; freshwater turtle object.


karrkay-ngku bilngkumu nyaji-l | child-ERG saltwater.crocodile see-NONPAST


kami-ngka kubarr nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG freshwater.eel see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku yawu nyaji-l | woman-ERG stingray see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka yaburr nyaji-l | man-ERG shark see-NONPAST


Bikibiki pig loan/contact animal; yalbay big state predicate.


Kadar plains wallaby/wallaby; yalbay big state predicate.


Julmbanu grey kangaroo; Patz example has julmbanu as big grey kangaroo.


Walkarr black scrub goanna; only name and size.


Jarba generic snake only; no bite/fear/poison.


bajabaja yalbay | blue-tongue.lizard big

Bajabaja blue-tongue lizard animal sense only; no story-site row.


Bikibiki bare target with support locative madja-nga.


kadar ngalkal-ba | wallaby open.ground-LOC

Kadar bare target with support locative ngalkal-ba.


The grey kangaroo is on the open ground.

julmbanu ngalkal-ba | grey.kangaroo open.ground-LOC

Julmbanu bare target with support locative ngalkal-ba.


Kaya dog with support locative bayan-ba camp/house LOC.


walkarr madja-nga | black.scrub.goanna scrub-LOC

Walkarr bare target with support locative madja-nga.


Jarba generic snake with support locative; no bite/fear row.


The blue-tongue lizard is on the ground.

bajabaja bubu-ngu | blue-tongue.lizard ground-LOC

Bajabaja animal sense with support locative bubu-ngu.


Bikibiki bare target with support locative bayan-ba.


Kadar bare target with support locative madja-nga.


julmbanu madja-nga | grey.kangaroo scrub-LOC

Julmbanu bare target with support locative madja-nga.


Kaya dog with support locative ngalkal-ba outside/open ground.


The black scrub goanna is on the ground.

walkarr bubu-ngu | black.scrub.goanna ground-LOC

Walkarr bare target with support locative bubu-ngu.


jarba ngalkal-ba | snake open.ground-LOC

Jarba generic snake with support locative ngalkal-ba.


bajabaja madja-nga | blue-tongue.lizard scrub-LOC

Bajabaja animal sense with support locative madja-nga.


ngamu-ngku bikibiki nyaji-ny | mother-ERG pig see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bikibiki bare object.


nganjan-angka kadar nyaji-ny | father-ERG wallaby see-PAST


babi-ngka julmbanu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG grey.kangaroo see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; julmbanu bare object.


karrkay-ngku kaya nyaji-ny | child-ERG dog see-PAST


kami-ngka walkarr nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG black.scrub.goanna see-PAST


jalbu-ngku jarba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG snake see-PAST


dingkar-angka bajabaja nyaji-ny | man-ERG blue-tongue.lizard see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bajabaja animal object.


ngayu bikibiki madja-nga nyaji-ny | I pig scrub-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative madja-nga.


ngana kadar ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we wallaby open.ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative ngalkal-ba.


They saw the grey kangaroo on the open ground.

jana julmbanu ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | they grey.kangaroo open.ground-LOC see-PAST


ngamu-ngku kaya bayan-ba nyaji-ny | mother-ERG dog camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative bayan-ba.


Father saw the black scrub goanna in the scrub.

nganjan-angka walkarr madja-nga nyaji-ny | father-ERG black.scrub.goanna scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; walkarr animal sense only.


babi-ngka jarba madja-nga nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG snake scrub-LOC see-PAST


The child saw the blue-tongue lizard on the ground.

karrkay-ngku bajabaja bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | child-ERG blue-tongue.lizard ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bajabaja animal sense only.


kami-ngka bikibiki bayan-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG pig camp-LOC see-PAST


jalbu-ngku kadar madja-nga nyaji-ny | woman-ERG wallaby scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative madja-nga.


The man saw the grey kangaroo in the scrub.

Dingkar-angka julmbanu madja-nga nyajin.

dingkar-angka julmbanu madja-nga nyaji-ny | man-ERG grey.kangaroo scrub-LOC see-PAST


ngayu kaya ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I dog outside-LOC see-PAST


We saw the black scrub goanna on the ground.

ngana walkarr bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we black.scrub.goanna ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative bubu-ngu.


jana jarba ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | they snake open.ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; no bite/fear/poison row.


Mother saw the blue-tongue lizard in the scrub.

ngamu-ngku bajabaja madja-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG blue-tongue.lizard scrub-LOC see-PAST


ngayu kaya bayan-ba nyaji-l | I dog camp-LOC see-NONPAST


We see the black scrub goanna in the scrub.

ngana walkarr madja-nga nyaji-l | we black.scrub.goanna scrub-LOC see-NONPAST


jana jarba ngalkal-ba nyaji-l | they snake open.ground-LOC see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku bikibiki bayan-ba nyaji-l | mother-ERG pig camp-LOC see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka kadar madja-nga nyaji-l | father-ERG wallaby scrub-LOC see-NONPAST


Grandmother sees the grey kangaroo on the open ground.

babi-ngka julmbanu ngalkal-ba nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG grey.kangaroo open.ground-LOC see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative ngalkal-ba.


The woman sees the blue-tongue lizard on the ground.

jalbu-ngku bajabaja bubu-ngu nyaji-l | woman-ERG blue-tongue.lizard ground-LOC see-NONPAST


The man sees the black scrub goanna on the ground.

dingkar-angka walkarr bubu-ngu nyaji-l | man-ERG black.scrub.goanna ground-LOC see-NONPAST


bikibiki ngalkal-ba | pig open.ground-LOC

Rule 148 retained target with support locative ngalkal-ba.


Rule 148 retained target with support locative bubu-ngu.


Rule 148 retained target with support locative bayan-ba.


julmbanu bayan-ba | grey.kangaroo camp-LOC


julmbanu bubu-ngu | grey.kangaroo ground-LOC


Rule 148 retained dog target with support locative madja-nga.


Rule 148 retained dog target with support locative bubu-ngu.


The black scrub goanna is on the open ground.

walkarr ngalkal-ba | black.scrub.goanna open.ground-LOC

Rule 148 retained walkarr target with support locative ngalkal-ba.


walkarr bayan-ba | black.scrub.goanna camp-LOC

Rule 148 retained walkarr target with support locative bayan-ba.


Rule 148 retained jarba target; no bite/fear row.


Rule 148 retained jarba target with support locative bubu-ngu.


The blue-tongue lizard is on the open ground.

bajabaja ngalkal-ba | blue-tongue.lizard open.ground-LOC

Rule 148 retained bajabaja animal sense with support locative ngalkal-ba.


bajabaja bayan-ba | blue-tongue.lizard camp-LOC

Rule 148 retained bajabaja animal sense with support locative bayan-ba.


karrkay-ngku bikibiki nyaji-ny | child-ERG pig see-PAST


kami-ngka kadar nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG wallaby see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained wallaby object.


jalbu-ngku julmbanu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG grey.kangaroo see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained grey kangaroo object.


dingkar-angka kaya nyaji-ny | man-ERG dog see-PAST


ngamu-ngku walkarr nyaji-ny | mother-ERG black.scrub.goanna see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained goanna object.


nganjan-angka jarba nyaji-ny | father-ERG snake see-PAST


babi-ngka bajabaja nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG blue-tongue.lizard see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; bajabaja animal sense only.


ngayu kadar nyaji-ny | I wallaby see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; retained wallaby object.


jana walkarr nyaji-ny | they black.scrub.goanna see-PAST


ngana bajabaja nyaji-ny | we blue-tongue.lizard see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; bajabaja animal sense only.


jana bikibiki nyaji-ny | they pig see-PAST


ngayu julmbanu nyaji-ny | I grey.kangaroo see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; retained grey kangaroo object.


ngayu bikibiki ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | I pig open.ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative ngalkal-ba.


ngana kadar bayan-ba nyaji-ny | we wallaby camp-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative bayan-ba.


They saw the grey kangaroo on the ground.

jana julmbanu bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | they grey.kangaroo ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative bubu-ngu.


ngamu-ngku kaya madja-nga nyaji-ny | mother-ERG dog scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative madja-nga.


Father saw the black scrub goanna at the camp.

nganjan-angka walkarr bayan-ba nyaji-ny | father-ERG black.scrub.goanna camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative bayan-ba.


Grandmother saw the snake on the ground.

babi-ngka jarba bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG snake ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative bubu-ngu.


The child saw the blue-tongue lizard on the open ground.

Karrkay-ngku bajabaja ngalkal-ba nyajin.

karrkay-ngku bajabaja ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG blue-tongue.lizard open.ground-LOC see-PAST


kami-ngka bikibiki bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG pig ground-LOC see-PAST


The woman saw the wallaby on the ground.

jalbu-ngku kadar bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG wallaby ground-LOC see-PAST


The man saw the grey kangaroo at the camp.

dingkar-angka julmbanu bayan-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG grey.kangaroo camp-LOC see-PAST


ngayu kaya bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | I dog ground-LOC see-PAST


We saw the black scrub goanna on the open ground.

ngana walkarr ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we black.scrub.goanna open.ground-LOC see-PAST


jana jarba bayan-ba nyaji-ny | they snake camp-LOC see-PAST


Mother saw the blue-tongue lizard at the camp.

ngamu-ngku bajabaja bayan-ba nyaji-ny | mother-ERG blue-tongue.lizard camp-LOC see-PAST


ngayu bikibiki nyaji-l | I pig see-NONPAST


ngana kadar nyaji-l | we wallaby see-NONPAST


jana julmbanu nyaji-l | they grey.kangaroo see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku kaya nyaji-l | mother-ERG dog see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka walkarr nyaji-l | father-ERG black.scrub.goanna see-NONPAST


babi-ngka jarba nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG snake see-NONPAST


karrkay-ngku bajabaja nyaji-l | child-ERG blue-tongue.lizard see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka bikibiki nyaji-l | man-ERG pig see-NONPAST


Patz has kalka 'spear' and bubu-ngu ground/place LOC; lexical state/location only.


Dictionary and Patz list naybu 'knife'; ngulkurr predicate established.


Dictionary lists waymbil 'axe'; Patz supports dudu 'blunt'.


Patz ex.(197) karra rope; yalbay predicate established.


Patz ex.(162) makarr net; yalbay predicate established.


Dictionary/Patz support yinba fish spear; dudu blunt predicate.


Dictionary has balur spear thrower; ngulkurr predicate established.


Patz has kulji stone/rock; ngulkurr predicate established.


Dictionary/Patz support juku tree/wood; English selects wood/material sense.


Patz ex.(629) juwal-da digging stick; dictionary gives yam/digging-stick polysemy, selected here as implement.


Target plus support locative bayan-ba only.


Target plus support locative bubu-ngu only.


makarr ngalkal-ba | fish.net open.ground-LOC

Target plus support locative ngalkal-ba only.


kulji ngalkal-ba | stone open.ground-LOC


Target plus support locative madja-nga only.


juwal bubu-ngu | digging.stick ground-LOC

Selected juwal implement sense plus support locative bubu-ngu.


ngamu-ngku kalka nyaji-ny | mother-ERG spear see-PAST


nganjan-angka naybu nyaji-ny | father-ERG knife see-PAST


karrkay-ngku waymbil nyaji-ny | child-ERG axe see-PAST


kami-ngka karra nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG rope see-PAST


jalbu-ngku makarr nyaji-ny | woman-ERG fish.net see-PAST


dingkar-angka yinba nyaji-ny | man-ERG fish.spear see-PAST


babi-ngka balur nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG spear-thrower see-PAST


Pronoun A bare; selected wood/material sense.


jana juwal nyaji-ny | they digging.stick see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; selected juwal implement sense.


ngayu kalka bayan-ba nyaji-ny | I spear camp-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; target plus support locative.


ngana naybu bayan-ba nyaji-ny | we knife camp-LOC see-PAST


jana waymbil bayan-ba nyaji-ny | they axe camp-LOC see-PAST


ngamu-ngku karra bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | mother-ERG rope ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; target plus support locative.


Father saw the fish net on the open ground.

nganjan-angka makarr ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | father-ERG fish.net open.ground-LOC see-PAST


The child saw the fish spear at the camp.

karrkay-ngku yinba bayan-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG fish.spear camp-LOC see-PAST


Grandfather saw the spear-thrower at the camp.

kami-ngka balur bayan-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG spear-thrower camp-LOC see-PAST


jalbu-ngku kulji bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG stone ground-LOC see-PAST


dingkar-angka juku madja-nga nyaji-ny | man-ERG wood scrub-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; selected wood/material sense.


Grandmother saw the digging stick on the ground.

babi-ngka juwal bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG digging.stick ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; selected juwal implement sense.


ngayu kalka nyaji-l | I spear see-NONPAST


ngana naybu nyaji-l | we knife see-NONPAST


jana waymbil nyaji-l | they axe see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku karra nyaji-l | mother-ERG rope see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka makarr nyaji-l | father-ERG fish.net see-NONPAST


karrkay-ngku yinba nyaji-l | child-ERG fish.spear see-NONPAST


kami-ngka balur nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG spear-thrower see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku kulji nyaji-l | woman-ERG stone see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka juku nyaji-l | man-ERG wood see-NONPAST


babi-ngka juwal nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG digging.stick see-NONPAST


kalka ngalkal-ba | spear open.ground-LOC

Rule 150 retained target with support locative ngalkal-ba.


Rule 150 retained target with support locative bubu-ngu.


waymbil ngalkal-ba | axe open.ground-LOC


Rule 150 retained target with support locative bayan-ba.


yinba ngalkal-ba | fish.spear open.ground-LOC


balur bubu-ngu | spear-thrower ground-LOC


Rule 150 selected wood/material sense with support locative bubu-ngu.


Rule 150 selected digging-stick sense with support locative bayan-ba.


ngana waymbil nyaji-ny | we axe see-PAST


jana karra nyaji-ny | they rope see-PAST


ngamu-ngku makarr nyaji-ny | mother-ERG fish.net see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained fish-net object.


nganjan-angka yinba nyaji-ny | father-ERG fish.spear see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained fish-spear object.


karrkay-ngku balur nyaji-ny | child-ERG spear-thrower see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained spear-thrower object.


kami-ngka kulji nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG stone see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained stone object.


jalbu-ngku juku nyaji-ny | woman-ERG wood see-PAST


dingkar-angka juwal nyaji-ny | man-ERG digging.stick see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; selected digging-stick sense.


babi-ngka kalka nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG spear see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained spear object.


ngayu naybu bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | I knife ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative bubu-ngu.


ngana waymbil ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | we axe open.ground-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative ngalkal-ba.


jana karra bayan-ba nyaji-ny | they rope camp-LOC see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; support locative bayan-ba.


ngamu-ngku makarr bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | mother-ERG fish.net ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative bubu-ngu.


Father saw the fish spear on the open ground.

nganjan-angka yinba ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | father-ERG fish.spear open.ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative ngalkal-ba.


The child saw the spear-thrower on the ground.

karrkay-ngku balur bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | child-ERG spear-thrower ground-LOC see-PAST


kami-ngka kulji bayan-ba nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG stone camp-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; support locative bayan-ba.


jalbu-ngku juku bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | woman-ERG wood ground-LOC see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; selected wood/material sense.


The man saw the digging stick at the camp.

dingkar-angka juwal bayan-ba nyaji-ny | man-ERG digging.stick camp-LOC see-PAST


Grandmother saw the spear on the open ground.

babi-ngka kalka ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG spear open.ground-LOC see-PAST


ngayu waymbil bayan-ba nyaji-ny | I axe camp-LOC see-PAST


ngana karra bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | we rope ground-LOC see-PAST


jana makarr bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | they fish.net ground-LOC see-PAST


Mother saw the fish spear on the open ground.

ngamu-ngku yinba ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | mother-ERG fish.spear open.ground-LOC see-PAST


Father saw the spear-thrower on the ground.

nganjan-angka balur bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | father-ERG spear-thrower ground-LOC see-PAST


karrkay-ngku kulji bayan-ba nyaji-ny | child-ERG stone camp-LOC see-PAST


kami-ngka juku bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG wood ground-LOC see-PAST


The woman saw the digging stick at the camp.

jalbu-ngku juwal bayan-ba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG digging.stick camp-LOC see-PAST


dingkar-angka naybu bubu-ngu nyaji-ny | man-ERG knife ground-LOC see-PAST


Grandmother saw the axe on the open ground.

babi-ngka waymbil ngalkal-ba nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG axe open.ground-LOC see-PAST


ngayu naybu nyaji-l | I knife see-NONPAST


ngana waymbil nyaji-l | we axe see-NONPAST


jana karra nyaji-l | they rope see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku makarr nyaji-l | mother-ERG fish.net see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka yinba nyaji-l | father-ERG fish.spear see-NONPAST


karrkay-ngku balur nyaji-l | child-ERG spear-thrower see-NONPAST


kami-ngka kulji nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG stone see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku juku nyaji-l | woman-ERG wood see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka juwal nyaji-l | man-ERG digging.stick see-NONPAST


babi-ngka kalka nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG spear see-NONPAST


Patz grammar lists wawubaja 'a river' and yinyay 'there'; dictionary confirms river.


Dictionary confirms baral road/path noun; grammar has baral road/path examples and yinyay there.


Dictionary and Patz grammar confirm bana water and yinyay there.


Dictionary confirms jukar sand; grammar confirms yinyay local demonstrative.


Dictionary confirms manjal mountain; Patz grammar confirms manjal-ba mountain-LOC.


jalkaraburr yinyay | mountain.peak there

Dictionary confirms jalkaraburr high mountain reaches / mountain peak.


Dictionary confirms daburri brackish swamp water.


Dictionary confirms dajali deep water; Patz text has dajali in deep-water warning.


Dictionary confirms yalkan shallow water; Patz text has yalkan-ba shallow-water LOC.


Dictionary confirms ngalkal outside/open ground; grammar confirms yinyay there.


ngayu wawubaja nyaji-ny | I river see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; target geography noun bare.


Pronoun A bare; baral selected as road noun, not feel verb.


jana bana nyaji-ny | they water see-PAST


ngamu-ngku jukar nyaji-ny | mother-ERG sand see-PAST


nganjan-angka manjal nyaji-ny | father-ERG mountain see-PAST


karrkay-ngku jalkaraburr nyaji-ny | child-ERG mountain.peak see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jalkaraburr peak object.


babi-ngka daburri nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG swamp see-PAST


kami-ngka dajali nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG deep.water see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; dajali selected as deep-water noun.


jalbu-ngku yalkan nyaji-ny | woman-ERG shallow.water see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; yalkan selected as shallow-water noun.


dingkar-angka ngalkal nyaji-ny | man-ERG open.ground see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngalkal selected as outside/open-ground noun.


ngayu baral nyaji-l | I road see-NONPAST


ngana bana nyaji-l | we water see-NONPAST


jana jukar nyaji-l | they sand see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku manjal nyaji-l | mother-ERG mountain see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka jalkaraburr nyaji-l | father-ERG mountain.peak see-NONPAST


karrkay-ngku daburri nyaji-l | child-ERG swamp see-NONPAST


babi-ngka dajali nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG deep.water see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; dajali deep-water noun.


kami-ngka yalkan nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG shallow.water see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; yalkan shallow-water noun.


jalbu-ngku ngalkal nyaji-l | woman-ERG open.ground see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; ngalkal open-ground noun.


dingkar-angka wawubaja nyaji-l | man-ERG river see-NONPAST


ngayu wawubaja yinyay nyaji-ny | I river there see-PAST


ngana baral yinyay nyaji-ny | we road there see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; baral road noun plus yinyay.


jana bana yinyay nyaji-ny | they water there see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; water object plus yinyay.


ngamu-ngku jukar yinyay nyaji-ny | mother-ERG sand there see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; sand object plus yinyay.


nganjan-angka manjal yinyay nyaji-ny | father-ERG mountain there see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; mountain object plus yinyay.


karrkay-ngku jalkaraburr yinyay nyaji-ny | child-ERG mountain.peak there see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; jalkaraburr peak plus yinyay.


babi-ngka daburri yinyay nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG swamp there see-PAST

Common-noun A ERG; swamp object plus yinyay.


kami-ngka dajali yinyay nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG deep.water there see-PAST


jalbu-ngku yalkan yinyay nyaji-ny | woman-ERG shallow.water there see-PAST


dingkar-angka ngalkal yinyay nyaji-ny | man-ERG open.ground there see-PAST


nganjan-angka wawubaja nyaji-l | father-ERG river see-NONPAST


karrkay-ngku baral nyaji-l | child-ERG road see-NONPAST


babi-ngka bana nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG water see-NONPAST


kami-ngka jukar nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG sand see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku manjal nyaji-l | woman-ERG mountain see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka jalkaraburr nyaji-l | man-ERG mountain.peak see-NONPAST


ngayu daburri nyaji-l | I swamp see-NONPAST


ngana dajali nyaji-l | we deep.water see-NONPAST


jana yalkan nyaji-l | they shallow.water see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; yalkan shallow-water noun.


ngamu-ngku ngalkal nyaji-l | mother-ERG open.ground see-NONPAST


ngayu wawubaja yinyay nyaji-l | I river there see-NONPAST

Rule 152 retained target; pronoun A bare; yinyay support.


ngana baral yinyay nyaji-l | we road there see-NONPAST

Rule 152 retained road noun; pronoun A bare; yinyay support.


jana bana yinyay nyaji-l | they water there see-NONPAST

Rule 152 retained water noun; pronoun A bare; yinyay support.


ngamu-ngku jukar yinyay nyaji-l | mother-ERG sand there see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka manjal yinyay nyaji-l | father-ERG mountain there see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained mountain noun.


karrkay-ngku jalkaraburr yinyay nyaji-l | child-ERG mountain.peak there see-NONPAST


babi-ngka daburri yinyay nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG swamp there see-NONPAST


kami-ngka dajali yinyay nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG deep.water there see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; dajali retained as deep-water noun.


jalbu-ngku yalkan yinyay nyaji-l | woman-ERG shallow.water there see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; yalkan retained as shallow-water noun.


dingkar-angka ngalkal yinyay nyaji-l | man-ERG open.ground there see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; retained open-ground noun.


ngayu manjal nyaji-l | I mountain see-NONPAST


ngana jalkaraburr nyaji-l | we mountain.peak see-NONPAST


jana daburri nyaji-l | they swamp see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku dajali nyaji-l | mother-ERG deep.water see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; dajali deep-water noun.


nganjan-angka yalkan nyaji-l | father-ERG shallow.water see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; yalkan shallow-water noun.


karrkay-ngku ngalkal nyaji-l | child-ERG open.ground see-NONPAST


babi-ngka wawubaja nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG river see-NONPAST


kami-ngka baral nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG road see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku bana nyaji-l | woman-ERG water see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka jukar nyaji-l | man-ERG sand see-NONPAST


ngayu manjal nyaji-ny | I mountain see-PAST


ngana jalkaraburr nyaji-ny | we mountain.peak see-PAST


jana daburri nyaji-ny | they swamp see-PAST


ngamu-ngku dajali nyaji-ny | mother-ERG deep.water see-PAST


nganjan-angka yalkan nyaji-ny | father-ERG shallow.water see-PAST


karrkay-ngku ngalkal nyaji-ny | child-ERG open.ground see-PAST


babi-ngka wawubaja nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG river see-PAST


kami-ngka baral nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG road see-PAST


jalbu-ngku bana nyaji-ny | woman-ERG water see-PAST


dingkar-angka jukar nyaji-ny | man-ERG sand see-PAST


ngayu manjal yinyay nyaji-ny | I mountain there see-PAST


ngana jalkaraburr yinyay nyaji-ny | we mountain.peak there see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; retained peak noun plus yinyay.


jana daburri yinyay nyaji-ny | they swamp there see-PAST

Pronoun A bare; retained swamp noun plus yinyay.


ngamu-ngku dajali yinyay nyaji-ny | mother-ERG deep.water there see-PAST


nganjan-angka yalkan yinyay nyaji-ny | father-ERG shallow.water there see-PAST


karrkay-ngku ngalkal yinyay nyaji-ny | child-ERG open.ground there see-PAST


babi-ngka wawubaja yinyay nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG river there see-PAST


kami-ngka baral yinyay nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG road there see-PAST


jalbu-ngku bana yinyay nyaji-ny | woman-ERG water there see-PAST


dingkar-angka jukar yinyay nyaji-ny | man-ERG sand there see-PAST


jalbu-ngku wawubaja yinyay nyaji-l | woman-ERG river there see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka baral yinyay nyaji-l | man-ERG road there see-NONPAST


ngayu bana yinyay nyaji-l | I water there see-NONPAST


ngana jukar yinyay nyaji-l | we sand there see-NONPAST


jana manjal yinyay nyaji-l | they mountain there see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku jalkaraburr yinyay nyaji-l | mother-ERG mountain.peak there see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka daburri yinyay nyaji-l | father-ERG swamp there see-NONPAST


karrkay-ngku dajali yinyay nyaji-l | child-ERG deep.water there see-NONPAST


Grandmother sees the shallow water there.

babi-ngka yalkan yinyay nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG shallow.water there see-NONPAST


kami-ngka ngalkal yinyay nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG open.ground there see-NONPAST


ngayu kaba yinyay nyaji-l | I rain there see-NONPAST

Dictionary kaba rain; Patz has kaba rain as ABS(S); perception frame retained.


ngana muyar yinyay nyaji-l | we wind there hear-NONPAST

Dictionary muyar wind; Patz has muyar wind; nyaji-l covers hear.


jana ngurrban yinyay nyaji-l | they cloud there see-NONPAST

Dictionary ngurrban cloud; prior audited lexeme and perception rows.


ngamu-ngku wungar yinyay nyaji-l | mother-ERG sun there see-NONPAST

Dictionary wungar sun; Patz lists sun/time forms.


nganjan-angka kija yinyay nyaji-l | father-ERG moon there see-NONPAST

Dictionary/Patz kija moon/month; selected moon only.


karrkay-ngku yiril yinyay nyaji-l | child-ERG rainbow there see-NONPAST

Dictionary yiril rainbow; prior audited weather lexeme.


Grandmother hears the thunderstorm there.

babi-ngka jarramali yinyay nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG thunderstorm there hear-NONPAST

Dictionary/Patz jarramali thunderstorm; selected weather sense only.


kami-ngka jabulbina yinyay nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG thunder there hear-NONPAST

Dictionary jabulbina thunder out west; selected thunder sense.


jalbu-ngku kurrubijal yinyay nyaji-l | woman-ERG morning.star there see-NONPAST

Dictionary kurrubijal morning star; celestial noun.


dingkar-angka wurunurru yinyay nyaji-l | man-ERG whirlwind there see-NONPAST

Dictionary wurunurru whirlwind; selected weather noun.


ngayu ngurrban nyaji-l | I cloud see-NONPAST


ngana wungar nyaji-l | we sun see-NONPAST


jana kija nyaji-l | they moon see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku yiril nyaji-l | mother-ERG rainbow see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka jarramali nyaji-l | father-ERG thunderstorm hear-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; jarramali weather sense.


karrkay-ngku jabulbina nyaji-l | child-ERG thunder hear-NONPAST


babi-ngka kurrubijal nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG morning.star see-NONPAST


kami-ngka wurunurru nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG whirlwind see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku kaba nyaji-l | woman-ERG rain see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka muyar nyaji-l | man-ERG wind hear-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; wind heard with nyaji-l.


babi-ngka ngurrban nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG cloud see-PAST

Duplicate-safe common-noun A; cloud object.


kami-ngka wungar nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG sun see-PAST

Duplicate-safe common-noun A; sun object.


ngamu-ngku yiril nyaji-ny | mother-ERG rainbow see-PAST


nganjan-angka jarramali nyaji-ny | father-ERG thunderstorm hear-PAST


karrkay-ngku jabulbina nyaji-ny | child-ERG thunder hear-PAST


babi-ngka kurrubijal nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG morning.star see-PAST


kami-ngka wurunurru nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG whirlwind see-PAST


jalbu-ngku kaba nyaji-ny | woman-ERG rain see-PAST


dingkar-angka muyar nyaji-ny | man-ERG wind hear-PAST


ngayu ngurrban yinyay nyaji-ny | I cloud there see-PAST


ngana wungar yinyay nyaji-ny | we sun there see-PAST


jana kija yinyay nyaji-ny | they moon there see-PAST


ngamu-ngku yiril yinyay nyaji-ny | mother-ERG rainbow there see-PAST


nganjan-angka jarramali yinyay nyaji-ny | father-ERG thunderstorm there hear-PAST


karrkay-ngku jabulbina yinyay nyaji-ny | child-ERG thunder there hear-PAST


babi-ngka kurrubijal yinyay nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG morning.star there see-PAST


kami-ngka wurunurru yinyay nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG whirlwind there see-PAST


jalbu-ngku kaba yinyay nyaji-ny | woman-ERG rain there see-PAST


dingkar-angka muyar yinyay nyaji-ny | man-ERG wind there hear-PAST


jalbu-ngku ngurrban yinyay nyaji-l | woman-ERG cloud there see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka wungar yinyay nyaji-l | man-ERG sun there see-NONPAST


ngayu kija yinyay nyaji-l | I moon there see-NONPAST


ngana yiril yinyay nyaji-l | we rainbow there see-NONPAST


jana jarramali yinyay nyaji-l | they thunderstorm there hear-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; jarramali weather sense.


ngamu-ngku jabulbina yinyay nyaji-l | mother-ERG thunder there hear-NONPAST


nganjan-angka kurrubijal yinyay nyaji-l | father-ERG morning.star there see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; morning star plus yinyay.


karrkay-ngku wurunurru yinyay nyaji-l | child-ERG whirlwind there see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; whirlwind plus yinyay.


babi-ngka kaba yinyay nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG rain there see-NONPAST


kami-ngka muyar yinyay nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG wind there hear-NONPAST


Dictionary kaba rain; Patz demonstrative yinyay there; bare deictic identification.


Dictionary muyar wind; Patz demonstrative yinyay there.


Dictionary ngurrban cloud; yinyay support.


Dictionary wungar sun; no day/season reading.


Dictionary/Patz kija moon; selected moon only.


Dictionary yiril rainbow; Patz demonstrative yaluy here; avoids old duplicate Yiril yinyay.


Dictionary/Patz jarramali thunderstorm; selected weather sense only.


Dictionary jabulbina thunder; selected thunder only.


ngayu kaba yaluy nyaji-l | I rain here see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; yaluy local support; target bare.


ngayu muyar yaluy nyaji-l | I wind here hear-NONPAST

nyaji-l covers hearing; wind target bare.


ngayu ngurrban yaluy nyaji-l | I cloud here see-NONPAST


ngayu wungar yaluy nyaji-l | I sun here see-NONPAST


ngayu kija yaluy nyaji-l | I moon here see-NONPAST

Moon object only; no month/place reading.


ngayu yiril yaluy nyaji-l | I rainbow here see-NONPAST


ngayu jarramali yaluy nyaji-l | I thunderstorm here hear-NONPAST


ngayu jabulbina yaluy nyaji-l | I thunder here hear-NONPAST


ngayu kurrubijal yaluy nyaji-l | I morning.star here see-NONPAST


ngayu wurunurru yaluy nyaji-l | I whirlwind here see-NONPAST


yundu kaba yaluy nyaji-l | you rain here see-NONPAST

Patz yundu with nyaji-l/nyaji-ny; target bare.


yundu muyar yaluy nyaji-l | you wind here hear-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; wind heard.


yundu ngurrban yaluy nyaji-l | you cloud here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; cloud object.


yundu wungar yaluy nyaji-l | you sun here see-NONPAST


yundu kija yaluy nyaji-l | you moon here see-NONPAST


yundu yiril yaluy nyaji-l | you rainbow here see-NONPAST


yundu jarramali yaluy nyaji-l | you thunderstorm here hear-NONPAST


yundu jabulbina yaluy nyaji-l | you thunder here hear-NONPAST


yundu kurrubijal yaluy nyaji-l | you morning.star here see-NONPAST


yundu wurunurru yaluy nyaji-l | you whirlwind here see-NONPAST


jana kaba yaluy nyaji-ny | they rain here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; past perception.


jana muyar yaluy nyaji-ny | they wind here hear-PAST


jana ngurrban yaluy nyaji-ny | they cloud here see-PAST


jana wungar yaluy nyaji-ny | they sun here see-PAST


jana kija yaluy nyaji-ny | they moon here see-PAST


jana yiril yaluy nyaji-ny | they rainbow here see-PAST


jana jarramali yaluy nyaji-ny | they thunderstorm here hear-PAST


jana jabulbina yaluy nyaji-ny | they thunder here hear-PAST


jana kurrubijal yaluy nyaji-ny | they morning.star here see-PAST


jana wurunurru yaluy nyaji-ny | they whirlwind here see-PAST


ngamu-ngku kaba yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG rain here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku muyar yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG wind here hear-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku ngurrban yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG cloud here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku wungar yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG sun here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku kija yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG moon here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku yiril yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG rainbow here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku jarramali yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG thunderstorm here hear-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; thunderstorm weather sense.


ngamu-ngku jabulbina yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG thunder here hear-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku kurrubijal yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG morning.star here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku wurunurru yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG whirlwind here see-NONPAST


Dictionary/Patz kabal Leichhardt tree; yinyay local demonstrative.


Dictionary/Patz jujabala ironwood tree; no burning-use row.


Dictionary kangka wild grape; target bare.


Dictionary/Patz nganjirr grass tree; no burning-use row.


Dictionary junda wild plum; no eating/gathering row.


Dictionary/Patz jikan grass; target bare.


Dictionary/Patz buyku paperbark; no material-use row.


kanunjul yinyay | grass.tree.resin there

Dictionary kanunjul grass-tree resin; no burning-use row.


Dictionary/Patz yibuy loya cane; no weaving/tie row.


Dictionary/Patz wukay hairy yam; no digging/eating row.


ngayu kabal yaluy nyaji-l | I Leichhardt.tree here see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; target bare; yaluy support.


ngayu jujabala yaluy nyaji-l | I ironwood.tree here see-NONPAST


ngayu kangka yaluy nyaji-l | I wild.grape here see-NONPAST


ngayu nganjirr yaluy nyaji-l | I grass.tree here see-NONPAST


ngayu junda yaluy nyaji-l | I wild.plum here see-NONPAST


ngayu jikan yaluy nyaji-l | I grass here see-NONPAST


ngayu buyku yaluy nyaji-l | I paperbark here see-NONPAST


ngayu kanunjul yaluy nyaji-l | I grass.tree.resin here see-NONPAST


ngayu yibuy yaluy nyaji-l | I loya.cane here see-NONPAST


ngayu wukay yaluy nyaji-l | I hairy.yam here see-NONPAST


yundu kabal yaluy nyaji-l | you Leichhardt.tree here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; target bare.


yundu jujabala yaluy nyaji-l | you ironwood.tree here see-NONPAST


yundu kangka yaluy nyaji-l | you wild.grape here see-NONPAST


yundu nganjirr yaluy nyaji-l | you grass.tree here see-NONPAST


yundu junda yaluy nyaji-l | you wild.plum here see-NONPAST


yundu jikan yaluy nyaji-l | you grass here see-NONPAST


yundu buyku yaluy nyaji-l | you paperbark here see-NONPAST


yundu kanunjul yaluy nyaji-l | you grass.tree.resin here see-NONPAST


yundu yibuy yaluy nyaji-l | you loya.cane here see-NONPAST


yundu wukay yaluy nyaji-l | you hairy.yam here see-NONPAST


jana kabal yaluy nyaji-ny | they Leichhardt.tree here see-PAST


jana jujabala yaluy nyaji-ny | they ironwood.tree here see-PAST


jana kangka yaluy nyaji-ny | they wild.grape here see-PAST


jana nganjirr yaluy nyaji-ny | they grass.tree here see-PAST


jana junda yaluy nyaji-ny | they wild.plum here see-PAST


jana jikan yaluy nyaji-ny | they grass here see-PAST


jana buyku yaluy nyaji-ny | they paperbark here see-PAST


jana kanunjul yaluy nyaji-ny | they grass.tree.resin here see-PAST


jana yibuy yaluy nyaji-ny | they loya.cane here see-PAST


jana wukay yaluy nyaji-ny | they hairy.yam here see-PAST


ngamu-ngku kabal yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG Leichhardt.tree here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku jujabala yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG ironwood.tree here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku kangka yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG wild.grape here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku nganjirr yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG grass.tree here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku junda yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG wild.plum here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku jikan yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG grass here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku buyku yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG paperbark here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku kanunjul yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG grass.tree.resin here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku yibuy yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG loya.cane here see-NONPAST


ngamu-ngku wukay yaluy nyaji-l | mother-ERG hairy.yam here see-NONPAST


Rule 156 retained target; yaluy local demonstrative here.


Retained ironwood-tree target; no burning-use row.


Retained wild-grape target; no medicine or storm-control row.


Retained grass-tree target; no burning/ritual row.


Retained wild-plum target; no eating/gathering row.


Retained grass target; no walking-through/snake/feed row.


Retained paperbark target; no cover/roof/material row.


Retained grass-tree resin target; no burning/storm-control row.


Retained loya-cane target; no weaving/tying/material row.


Retained hairy-yam target; no digging/eating/cooking row.


ngayu kabal nyaji-l | I Leichhardt.tree see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; retained target bare; nyaji-l nonpast.


yundu jujabala nyaji-l | you ironwood.tree see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; retained target bare.


ngayu kangka nyaji-l | I wild.grape see-NONPAST


yundu nganjirr nyaji-l | you grass.tree see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; grass-tree noun only.


ngayu junda nyaji-l | I wild.plum see-NONPAST


yundu jikan nyaji-l | you grass see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; grass noun only.


ngayu buyku nyaji-l | I paperbark see-NONPAST


yundu kanunjul nyaji-l | you grass.tree.resin see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; resin noun only.


ngayu yibuy nyaji-l | I loya.cane see-NONPAST


yundu wukay nyaji-l | you hairy.yam see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; hairy-yam noun only.


ngana kabal nyaji-l | we Leichhardt.tree see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; retained target bare.


jana jujabala nyaji-l | they ironwood.tree see-NONPAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; retained target bare.


ngamu-ngku kangka nyaji-l | mother-ERG wild.grape see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; wild-grape noun only.


nganjan-angka nganjirr nyaji-l | father-ERG grass.tree see-NONPAST

Common-noun A ERG; grass-tree noun only.


karrkay-ngku junda nyaji-l | child-ERG wild.plum see-NONPAST


babi-ngka jikan nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG grass see-NONPAST


kami-ngka buyku nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG paperbark see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku kanunjul nyaji-l | woman-ERG grass.tree.resin see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka yibuy nyaji-l | man-ERG loya.cane see-NONPAST


ngana wukay nyaji-l | we hairy.yam see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; hairy-yam noun only.


ngana kabal nyaji-ny | we Leichhardt.tree see-PAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; past perception.


yundu jujabala nyaji-ny | you ironwood.tree see-PAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; past perception.


jana kangka nyaji-ny | they wild.grape see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; past perception.


nganjan-angka nganjirr nyaji-ny | father-ERG grass.tree see-PAST


karrkay-ngku junda nyaji-ny | child-ERG wild.plum see-PAST


babi-ngka jikan nyaji-ny | grandmother-ERG grass see-PAST


kami-ngka buyku nyaji-ny | grandfather-ERG paperbark see-PAST


jalbu-ngku kanunjul nyaji-ny | woman-ERG grass.tree.resin see-PAST


dingkar-angka yibuy nyaji-ny | man-ERG loya.cane see-PAST


ngana wukay nyaji-ny | we hairy.yam see-PAST


ngayu kabal yinyay nyaji-l | I Leichhardt.tree there see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; yinyay support; retained target bare.


ngana jujabala yinyay nyaji-l | we ironwood.tree there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; yinyay support.


jana kangka yinyay nyaji-l | they wild.grape there see-NONPAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; yinyay support.


ngamu-ngku nganjirr yinyay nyaji-l | mother-ERG grass.tree there see-NONPAST


nganjan-angka junda yinyay nyaji-l | father-ERG wild.plum there see-NONPAST


karrkay-ngku jikan yinyay nyaji-l | child-ERG grass there see-NONPAST


babi-ngka buyku yinyay nyaji-l | grandmother-ERG paperbark there see-NONPAST


Grandfather sees the grass-tree resin there.

kami-ngka kanunjul yinyay nyaji-l | grandfather-ERG grass.tree.resin there see-NONPAST


jalbu-ngku yibuy yinyay nyaji-l | woman-ERG loya.cane there see-NONPAST


dingkar-angka wukay yinyay nyaji-l | man-ERG hairy.yam there see-NONPAST


Dictionary bama people/person; Patz generic human term and 'that person' example.


Dictionary/Patz dingkar male/man; bare deictic only.


Dictionary/Patz jalbu female/woman; bare deictic only.


Dictionary karrkay child/young one; noun sense only.


Dictionary/Patz ngamu mother; kin noun only.


Dictionary/Patz nganjan father; kin noun only.


Dictionary/Patz jawun friend/relation; selected friend sense.


Dictionary/Patz dunyu husband; bare deictic only.


Dictionary/Patz warru young man; no plural/pair row.


Dictionary/Patz wulman old man; no husband/old-animal sense.


ngayu bama nyaji-l | I person see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; bama selected person sense.


ngayu dingkar nyaji-l | I man see-NONPAST


ngayu jalbu nyaji-l | I woman see-NONPAST


ngayu karrkay nyaji-l | I child see-NONPAST


ngayu ngamu nyaji-l | I mother see-NONPAST


ngayu nganjan nyaji-l | I father see-NONPAST


ngayu jawun nyaji-l | I friend see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; jawun selected friend sense.


ngayu dunyu nyaji-l | I husband see-NONPAST


ngayu warru nyaji-l | I young.man see-NONPAST


ngayu wulman nyaji-l | I old.man see-NONPAST


yundu bama nyaji-l | you person see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; bama selected person sense.


yundu dingkar nyaji-l | you man see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; dingkar object bare.


yundu jalbu nyaji-l | you woman see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; jalbu object bare.


yundu karrkay nyaji-l | you child see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; child noun only.


yundu ngamu nyaji-l | you mother see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; kin noun object.


yundu nganjan nyaji-l | you father see-NONPAST


yundu jawun nyaji-l | you friend see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; friend sense only.


yundu dunyu nyaji-l | you husband see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; husband noun only.


yundu warru nyaji-l | you young.man see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; young-man noun only.


yundu wulman nyaji-l | you old.man see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; old-man sense only.


jana bama nyaji-ny | they person see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; past perception.


jana dingkar nyaji-ny | they man see-PAST


jana jalbu nyaji-ny | they woman see-PAST


jana karrkay nyaji-ny | they child see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; child noun object.


jana ngamu nyaji-ny | they mother see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; kin noun object.


jana nganjan nyaji-ny | they father see-PAST


jana jawun nyaji-ny | they friend see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; friend sense only.


jana dunyu nyaji-ny | they husband see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; husband noun only.


jana warru nyaji-ny | they young.man see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; young-man noun only.


jana wulman nyaji-ny | they old.man see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; old-man sense only.


ngana bama yaluy nyaji-l | we person here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; yaluy support.


ngana dingkar yaluy nyaji-l | we man here see-NONPAST


ngana jalbu yaluy nyaji-l | we woman here see-NONPAST


ngana karrkay yaluy nyaji-l | we child here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; child noun only.


ngana ngamu yaluy nyaji-l | we mother here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; mother noun only.


ngana nganjan yaluy nyaji-l | we father here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; father noun only.


ngana jawun yaluy nyaji-l | we friend here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; friend sense only.


ngana dunyu yaluy nyaji-l | we husband here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; husband noun only.


ngana warru yaluy nyaji-l | we young.man here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; young-man noun only.


ngana wulman yaluy nyaji-l | we old.man here see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; old-man sense only.


Rule 158 consolidates bama in a bare yaluy deictic frame.


Bare target plus yaluy; no event semantics.


Bare target plus yaluy; woman noun only.


ngayu bama yinyay nyaji-l | I person there see-NONPAST


ngayu dingkar yinyay nyaji-l | I man there see-NONPAST


ngayu jalbu yinyay nyaji-l | I woman there see-NONPAST


ngayu karrkay yinyay nyaji-l | I child there see-NONPAST


ngayu ngamu yinyay nyaji-l | I mother there see-NONPAST


ngayu nganjan yinyay nyaji-l | I father there see-NONPAST


ngayu jawun yinyay nyaji-l | I friend there see-NONPAST


ngayu dunyu yinyay nyaji-l | I husband there see-NONPAST


ngayu warru yinyay nyaji-l | I young.man there see-NONPAST


ngayu wulman yinyay nyaji-l | I old.man there see-NONPAST


yundu bama yaluy nyaji-l | you person here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; yaluy support.


yundu dingkar yaluy nyaji-l | you man here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; dingkar object bare.


yundu jalbu yaluy nyaji-l | you woman here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; jalbu object bare.


yundu karrkay yaluy nyaji-l | you child here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; child noun only.


yundu ngamu yaluy nyaji-l | you mother here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; mother noun only.


yundu nganjan yaluy nyaji-l | you father here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; father noun only.


yundu jawun yaluy nyaji-l | you friend here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; friend sense only.


yundu dunyu yaluy nyaji-l | you husband here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; husband noun only.


yundu warru yaluy nyaji-l | you young.man here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; young-man noun only.


yundu wulman yaluy nyaji-l | you old.man here see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; old-man sense only.


jana bama yaluy nyaji-ny | they person here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; past perception.


jana dingkar yaluy nyaji-ny | they man here see-PAST


jana jalbu yaluy nyaji-ny | they woman here see-PAST


jana karrkay yaluy nyaji-ny | they child here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; child noun only.


jana ngamu yaluy nyaji-ny | they mother here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; mother noun only.


jana nganjan yaluy nyaji-ny | they father here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; father noun only.


jana jawun yaluy nyaji-ny | they friend here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; friend sense only.


jana dunyu yaluy nyaji-ny | they husband here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; husband noun only.


jana warru yaluy nyaji-ny | they young.man here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; young-man noun only.


jana wulman yaluy nyaji-ny | they old.man here see-PAST

Third-person plural pronoun A bare; old-man sense only.


ngana bama yinyay nyaji-l | we person there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; yinyay support.


ngana dingkar yinyay nyaji-l | we man there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; dingkar object bare.


ngana jalbu yinyay nyaji-l | we woman there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; jalbu object bare.


ngana karrkay yinyay nyaji-l | we child there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; child noun only.


ngana ngamu yinyay nyaji-l | we mother there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; mother noun only.


ngana nganjan yinyay nyaji-l | we father there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; father noun only.


ngana jawun yinyay nyaji-l | we friend there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; friend sense only.


ngana dunyu yinyay nyaji-l | we husband there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; husband noun only.


ngana warru yinyay nyaji-l | we young.man there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; young-man noun only.


ngana wulman yinyay nyaji-l | we old.man there see-NONPAST

Inclusive pronoun A bare; old-man sense only.


Dictionary/Patz babi grandmother; bare deictic only.


Dictionary/Patz kami grandfather; bare deictic only.


Dictionary/Patz kalnga mother's brother; no possessive morphology.


Dictionary/Patz bimakay father's sister; bare target.


Dictionary/Patz ngaji mother's father; bare target.


Dictionary jija grandchild from son's child; bare target.


kaminjarr yinyay | daughter's.child there

Dictionary/Patz kaminjarr grandchild from daughter's child; bare target.


Dictionary/Patz kangkal own child; no possessive morphology.


Dictionary/Patz yaba older brother; eel homograph closed.


Dictionary/Patz babarr older sister; young-cassowary homograph closed.


ngayu babi nyaji-l | I grandmother see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; grandmother object bare.


ngayu kami nyaji-l | I grandfather see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; grandfather object bare.


ngayu kalnga nyaji-l | I mother's.brother see-NONPAST


ngayu bimakay nyaji-l | I father's.sister see-NONPAST


ngayu ngaji nyaji-l | I mother's.father see-NONPAST


ngayu jija nyaji-l | I son's.child see-NONPAST


ngayu kaminjarr nyaji-l | I daughter's.child see-NONPAST


ngayu kangkal nyaji-l | I own.child see-NONPAST


ngayu yaba nyaji-l | I older.brother see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; older-brother sense only.


ngayu babarr nyaji-l | I older.sister see-NONPAST

Pronoun A bare; older-sister sense only.


yundu babi nyaji-l | you grandmother see-NONPAST

Second-person pronoun A bare; grandmother object bare.